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Preliminary evidence suggests that balance deficits constitute an important secondary impairment in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The main objective of this thesis was to describe balance impairment and fall risk in individuals with COPD and to examine interventions for improving balance and reducing fall risk in the context of pulmonary rehabilitation. The first study of this thesis showed that falls are common in patients with COPD and that fallers are characterized by impairments in standard clinical balance measures, such as the Berg Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go. In the second study, we found that the exercise component of conventional pulmonary rehabilitation has only modest effects on balance and fall risk in COPD, highlighting the need to examine the role of balance-specific training for these patients. The third study of this thesis identified the postural control subsystems most responsible for the observed balance deficits in COPD. Compared with age-matched controls, individuals with COPD demonstrated reductions in all balance control subsystems and slower reaction times in response to external perturbations. In this study, we also showed that deficits in balance in patients with COPD were associated with peripheral muscle weakness and reduced physical activity levels. These results informed the design of the final study of this thesis, a randomized controlled trial evaluating the addition of specific balance training to pulmonary rehabilitation for improving balance in patients with COPD. Preliminary results from this study suggest that the addition of thrice weekly balance exercises to a conventional pulmonary rehabilitation program is effective for optimizing gains in measures of functional balance and fall risk. The findings from the four studies included in this thesis support the need for incorporating balance assessment and treatment for at-risk patients with COPD, as part of their comprehensive management.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity is strongly associated with the degree of overnight peripharyngeal fluid accumulation. We hypothesized that intravenous fluid loading would cause upper airway (UA) narrowing or increase the frequency of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep (apnea-hypopnea index; AHI). We employed a controlled, randomized double-crossover experiment in 9 healthy men aged 23-46 years. In the control, subjects were administered approximately 80 ml of normal saline intravenously during sleep. In the intervention, subjects were administered approximately 1850 ml of saline during sleep while wearing compression stockings to localize fluid rostrally. The intervention induced nuchal fluid accumulation, resulting in an increase in neck circumference (+0.1 cm during control, +0.6 cm during intervention, P< 0.01 ) and a decrease in UA cross-sectional area (-0.08 cm2 during control, -0.43 cm2 during intervention, P = 0.023). Although the intervention did not increase the AHI (control AHI = 19.5, intervention AHI = 30.3, P = 0.249), the AHI during the intervention correlated with age (r = 0.8, P < 0.01). Thus, intravenous saline loading during sleep can narrow the UA, which in older men may induce or worsen OSA. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity is strongly associated with the degree of overnight peripharyngeal fluid accumulation. We hypothesized that intravenous fluid loading would cause upper airway (UA) narrowing or increase the frequency of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep (apnea-hypopnea index; AHI). We employed a controlled, randomized double-crossover experiment in 9 healthy men aged 23-46 years. In the control, subjects were administered approximately 80 ml of normal saline intravenously during sleep. In the intervention, subjects were administered approximately 1850 ml of saline during sleep while wearing compression stockings to localize fluid rostrally. The intervention induced nuchal fluid accumulation, resulting in an increase in neck circumference (+0.1 cm during control, +0.6 cm during intervention, P< 0.01 ) and a decrease in UA cross-sectional area (-0.08 cm2 during control, -0.43 cm2 during intervention, P = 0.023). Although the intervention did not increase the AHI (control AHI = 19.5, intervention AHI = 30.3, P = 0.249), the AHI during the intervention correlated with age (r = 0.8, P < 0.01). Thus, intravenous saline loading during sleep can narrow the UA, which in older men may induce or worsen OSA. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

The incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is expected to rise in the coming years. Presently, in health care there has been a shift of the provision of care to the home therefore, the major burden of care falls on informal caregivers. The challenges that these caregivers face may be compounded by residing in a rural area where the provision of health care services has been increasingly compromised. In the literature, there has been an abundance of information looking at the experiences of caregivers of people with other chronic illnesses. However, the information on the lived experience of caregivers of people with severe COPD has been minimal. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience and meaning of that experience for spousal caregivers providing care to a person with severe COPD living in rural Saskatchewan. Face-to-face, conversational interviews, along with observations of the caregivers and their spouses interactions and environment, were utilized to collect information from five women caring for their husbands with severe COPD living in rural Saskatchewan. Hermeneutic phenomenological reflection, as guided by the works of van Manen, utilized writing, collaborative discussion, life world existentials, and imaginative variation to illuminate themes and the overall essence of this experience. Five overlapping themes identified stemmed from the essence of unrelenting responsibility: 1) Assuming additional roles; 2) Ongoing vigilance; 3) Unfulfilled expectations; 4) Emotional burden; 5) Intermittent reprieve. This study assists in understanding the challenges faced by COPD caregivers and further aids in our understanding of how COPD patients manage their condition. In addition, it will facilitate the identification of strategies and actions to meet the needs sensitive to this population.

This thesis aimed at developing and evaluating a tailored behavioural sleep medicine intervention for enhanced physical activity and healthy eating in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and overweight. Participants with moderate or severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index ≥15) and obesity (Studies I-II) or overweight (Studies III-IV), treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (Studies I-II) or admitted to CPAP treatment (Studies III-IV), were recruited from the sleep clinic at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. Semi-structured individual interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis (Study I). Data on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were collected with three measurement methods and analysed regarding the level of measurement agreement (Study II). Potential disease-related and psychological correlates for the amount of MVPA, daily steps and sedentary time were explored using multiple linear regression (Study III). Physical activity and eating behaviour changes were examined after a six month behaviour change trial (Study IV). A tailored behavioural sleep medicine intervention targeting physical activity and healthy eating in combination with first- time CPAP treatment was compared with CPAP treatment and advice on the association between weight and OSAS. According to participants’ conceptions, a strong incentive is needed for a change in physical activity and bodily symptoms, external circumstances and thoughts and feelings influence physical activity engagement (Study I). Compared with accelerometry, the participants overestimated the level of MVPA and underestimated sedentary time when using self-reports (Study II). The participants spent 11 hours 45 minutes (71.6% of waking hours) while sedentary. Fear of movement contributed to the variation in steps and sedentary time. Body mass index was positively correlated to MVPA (Study III). The experimental group increased intake of fruit and fish and reduced more weight and waist circumference compared with controls. There were no changes in physical activity (Study IV). The novel tailored behavioural sleep medicine intervention combined with first-time CPAP facilitated eating behaviour change, with subsequent effects on anthropometrics, but it had no effects on physical activity and sedentary time. Fear of movement may be a salient determinant of sedentary time, which has to be further explored in this population. The results confirm sedentary being a construct necessary to separate from the lower end of a physical activity continuum and highlight the need of developing interventions targeting sedentary behaviours specifically.

La qualité de vie des personnes présentant une maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC) est souvent compromise par l'incapacité de fournir un effort physique continu même s'il est de faible durée ou de faible intensité. De plus, ils sont soumis à plusieurs limitations fonctionnelles dues à une capacité ventilatoire réduite. Lors d'efforts physiques ou même d'accomplissement d'activités de la vie quotidienne, il y a une rapide apparition des symptômes d'essoufflement. Cette inactivité physique prolongée provoque une dégradation importante des muscles périphériques ainsi qu'une atrophie musculaire: moins ils en accomplissent, plus leur état physique se détériore et plus les efforts physiques deviennent presque impossibles à réaliser. Au cours des années, les programmes de réadaptation pulmonaire ont démontré une certaine efficacité pour briser ce cercle vicieux. Plusieurs patients atteints de MPOC sévère en sont toutefois exclus en raison de leur trop grande faiblesse musculaire et d'autres abandonnent le programme puisqu'ils ont peine à suivre ce dernier. Si l'on veut que l'accessibilité à ce type de programme soit augmentée, il faut penser à une nouvelle approche d'entraînement, qui pourrait être bénéfique pour les patients atteints de MPOC sévère. L'électrostimulation (ÉSM) devient donc une technologie intéressante à utiliser avec ce type de patient. L'ÉSM peut diminuer les irritants associés à l'entraînement traditionnel ce qui devrait réduire le nombre de cas d'abandon et s'assurer d'une plus grande participation à la réadaptation pulmonaire classique. Plusieurs avantages résident dans l'utilisation de l'ÉSM comme la réduction au minimum des symptômes d'hypoxie ou de dyspnée, la facilité à contrôler les paramètres d'entraînement, l'enrayement du risque de blessures causées par le matériel traditionnel (poids, poulies, etc.), la facilité à cibler un groupe musculaire ou même un muscle et finalement l'appareil est petit et peu encombrant. Est-ce que l'ÉSM pourrait augmenter la force musculaire des muscles en périphérie et par le fait même augmenter la capacité fonctionnelle des patients atteints de MPOC? L'ÉSM pourra augmenter la force des muscles en périphérie, soit les quadriceps et les mollets, des sujets MPOC. L'ÉSM devrait aussi contribuer à améliorer leur force musculaire, leur capacité fonctionnelle et par conséquent leur qualité de vie. Cette technique devrait contribuer à diminuer les irritants associés à l'entraînement traditionnel. Dans cette étude, 9 sujets ont subi l'ÉSM. Les sujets choisis détiennent une moyenne du VEMS prédit de 28,44 ± 15,65 %, donc représente une catégorie sévère de la MPOC. Le programme d'ÉSM s'est déroulé au domicile des sujets pour un total de 5 séances par semaines pour un volume total de 15 séances. Lors de la séance, 20 minutes sont consacrées à l'ÉSM des quadriceps suivi de 20 minutes pour l'ÉSM des mollets. La fréquence de stimulation a été fixée à 50 Hertz (Hz). Chacune des impulsions a eu une durée 400 µs et l'intensité (courant) fût fixé, au départ, entre 10 et 20 mA. Par la suite, l'intensité a été augmentée au niveau le plus élevé pouvant être toléré par le sujet. La durée de chaque contraction a été de 10 secondes, suivi d'une période de récupération de 5 secondes entre chaque contraction. Les tests pré et post programme effectué afin de remarquer les bienfaits de l'ÉSM sont le test de lRM, le test de marche de 6 minutes ainsi que la force de préhension. Les fréquences cardiaques ainsi que la tension artérielle ont été mesurées tout au long des séances d'ÉSM. Les résultats obtenus sont significatifs quant à l'augmentation de la force au niveau des membres inférieurs au test de lRM (p < 0,004) ainsi qu'à l'augmentation de la capacité fonctionnelle au test de marche de 6 minutes (p < 0,019). De plus, il n'y aurait eu aucun effet significatif de l'ÉSM sur les signes vitaux des sujets (TA et FC). Les résultats confirment l'hypothèse voulant que l'ÉSM des muscles en périphérie permette l'augmentation de la force de ces derniers ainsi qu'une augmentation de la capacité fonctionnelle chez les patients présentant une MPOC de type sévère. Il est fort probable que l'augmentation de la force des membres inférieurs a contribué à l'augmentation de la capacité fonctionnelle et ainsi faire un lien avec l'augmentation de la qualité de vie. Ils ont maintenant plus de chance d'accéder au programme traditionnel de réadaptation. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Activité physique, Maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC), Électrostimulation musculaire (ÉSM), Réadaptation pulmonaire, Dysfonction respiratoire, Qualité de vie.

The incidence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is expected to rise in the coming years. Presently, in health care there has been a shift of the provision of care to the home therefore, the major burden of care falls on informal caregivers. The challenges that these caregivers face may be compounded by residing in a rural area where the provision of health care services has been increasingly compromised. In the literature, there has been an abundance of information looking at the experiences of caregivers of people with other chronic illnesses. However, the information on the lived experience of caregivers of people with severe COPD has been minimal. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience and meaning of that experience for spousal caregivers providing care to a person with severe COPD living in rural Saskatchewan. Face-to-face, conversational interviews, along with observations of the caregivers and their spouses interactions and environment, were utilized to collect information from five women caring for their husbands with severe COPD living in rural Saskatchewan. Hermeneutic phenomenological reflection, as guided by the works of van Manen, utilized writing, collaborative discussion, life world existentials, and imaginative variation to illuminate themes and the overall essence of this experience. Five overlapping themes identified stemmed from the essence of unrelenting responsibility: 1) Assuming additional roles; 2) Ongoing vigilance; 3) Unfulfilled expectations; 4) Emotional burden; 5) Intermittent reprieve. This study assists in understanding the challenges faced by COPD caregivers and further aids in our understanding of how COPD patients manage their condition. In addition, it will facilitate the identification of strategies and actions to meet the needs sensitive to this population.

Syftet med studien var att jämföra livskvalitet, kunskap om KOL och antal patienter som inlett ett rökstopp där en grupp erhöll standard vård och en annan grupp förutom standard vård även fick ett strukturerat omhändertagande på en distriktssköterskeledd KOL- mottagning med undervisning i egenvård.Studien genomfördes med kvasiexperimentell design. Urvalet var 52 patienter från primärvården med diagnosen KOL. Patienterna matchades utifrån kön, sjukdomens svårighetsgrad och slumpades sen till två grupper, en interventionsgrupp och en jämförandegrupp. Jämförandegruppen erhöll standardvård medan interventionsgruppen utöver standardvård erhöll två utbildningsbesök i egenvård hos astma KOL-sjuksköterskan på en vårdcentral i mellansverige.Som datainsamlingsmetod har två enkäter använts. En enkät som innehöll frågor om kön, ålder, civilstånd, utbildning, upplevd kunskap om KOL och rökstatus samt en enkät som hade till syfte att ge information om hur andningsbesvären påverkar patientens livskvalitet. Båda grupperna har svarat på enkäterna vid två tillfällen, vid det första besöket och vid det sista besöket efter tre månader. Interventionsgruppen har däremellan fått två utbildningsbesök.Resultaten visade statistiskt säkerställda skillnader mellan grupperna gällande livskvalitet, rökstopp och kunskaper om KOL. Interventionsgruppen hade fått minskade andningsbesvär, hade ökat sin fysiska aktivitet och fått en bättre psykosocial hälsa. Medan jämförande gruppen hade försämrats något i alla dessa avseenden. I interventionsgruppen hade sex av sexton rökande patienter slutat att röka, medan ingen hade slutat av de fjorton rökande patienterna i jämförandegruppen. Patienterna i interventions- gruppen hade också väsentligen större kunskaper om sin sjukdom jämfört med patienterna i jämförandegruppen.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is defined as a sleep related breathing disorder that causes the body to stop breathing for about 10 seconds and mostly ends with a loud sound due to the opening of the airway. OSAS is traditionally diagnosed using polysomnography, which requires a whole night stay at the sleep laboratory of a hospital, with multiple electrodes attached to the patient&#039 / s body. Snoring is a symptom which may indicate presence of OSAS / thus investigation of snoring sounds, which can be recorded in the patient&#039 / s own sleeping environment, has become popular in recent years to diagnose OSAS. In this study, we aim to develop a new method to detect post-apnea snoring episodes with the goal of diagnosing apnea or creating a new criteria similar to apnea / hypopnea index. In this method, first segmentation is done to eliminate the silence parts and only deal with active. Then these episodes are represented by distinctive features / some of these features are available in literature but some of them are novel. Finally, these episodes are classified using supervised and unsupervised methods. We are especially interested in detecting post apnea episodes, hence the apnea periods. False alarm rates are reduced by adding additional constraints into the detection algorithm. These methods are applied to snoring sound signals of OSAS patients, recorded in Gulhane Military Medical Academy, to verify the success of our algorithms.