La culture de sécurité s'impose à l'agenda des entreprises. Cette notion n'est pas nouvelle puisque le terme est apparu dès la fin des années 80 suite à l'accident de Tchernobyl. L'existence d'une culture de sûreté défaillante a été la principale cause expliquant la catastrophe.L'usage du terme s'est très largement répandu et les définitions sont nombreuses. En croisant différents travaux, trois grands facteurs explicatifs se révèlent prédominants dans la culture de sécurité : les facteurs « organisationnel », « comportemental » et « psychologique ».L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de concevoir un « système » de modèles permettant de décrire et d'évaluer sur le terrain chacun des trois facteurs. Pour ce faire, des « raccourcis » (ou « réductions » théorique et méthodologique), qui seront discutées et justifiées, ont été explorés.Ainsi, le facteur « organisationnel » est traduit selon le processus de l'analyse des conformités légales (le rapport au prescrit). ». Le facteur « comportemental » quant à lui assimilé au processus de maîtrise des risques (le rapport au réel). Enfin, le facteur « psychologique » est directement relié au processus d'évaluation du « climat de sécurité ».Chaque processus a fait l'objet d'un effort de modélisation. Chacun des modèles a permis de repérer des variables descriptives et explicatives. Certaines ont été reliées dans le but de traduire la relation entre les trois facteurs.Le « système » de modèles ainsi constitué a fait l'objet d'une expérimentation à grande échelle conduite en partenariat avec une entreprise française de rang mondial. Deux sites ont été impliqués. La thèse détaille le cadre théorique et méthodologique. Elle présente la démarche de modélisation mise en œuvre et discute amplement des résultats de l'expérimentation. Elle propose enfin des pistes de généralisation du dispositif constitué. / Safety culture is increasingly important to the corporate agenda. The SafetyCulture concept is not new, but gained popularity in the late 80s following the Chernobyl accident. The main cause of the disaster was said to be a deficient Safety culture.The term is now used widely and definitions are numerous. The Safety culture literature contains three major explanatory factors shaping the formation of a safety culture: "organizational", "behavioural" and "psychological".The objective of this thesis is to develop a "system" of models which will enable description and evaluation of these three factors in applied settings. To achieve this goal, theoretical and methodological "shortcuts", or mappings, were developed and explored. The "organizational" factor is mapped with the process of compliance management. Similarly, the "behavioural" factor is likened to the process of risk management. Finally, the "psychological" factor is directly related to the assessment process of the "safety climate". The implications of these translations are discussed in this thesis.Each of these processes has been modelled. Every model has allowed the identification of descriptive and explanatory variables. Some have been linked to each other in order to translate the relationship between the three factors. The "system" of models was tested on a large sample in partnership with a global French company. Two locations were involved.This thesis describes the theoretical and methodological framework. It describes the modelling process that has been implemented and discusses the results of the experimentation. Finally it proposes possibilities for the enhancement of the models that have been developed.

Notre thèse s’inscrit dans la lignée d’un premier travail de recherche durant lequel nous avions mis en évidence le recours par les préventeurs à l’accommodation de certaines consignes au cours des visites de sécurité. Ce résultat a suscité de nouveaux questionnements quant aux conséquences de ce phénomène sur leur santé mais aussi sur les performances du système de management de la sécurité. Notre travail de thèse s’est ainsi centré sur la caractérisation des difficultés rencontrées par les préventeurs lors des séquences de résolution de problèmes initiées par la mise en évidence d’écarts à la prescription au cours de la visite de sécurité mais aussi sur l’identification des déterminants méthodologiques qui en sont à l’origine. Trois méthodes ont été utilisées : des relevés des traces de l’activité à l’aide de la méthode de l’agenda, des observations ouvertes de l’activité d’un échantillon préventeurs en entreprise et des observations systématiques des phases de visites de sécurité couplées à des techniques de verbalisations. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse sont que : (i) les préventeurs en entreprise ne consacrent que très peu de temps aux visites de sécurité, (ii) ce phénomène de "désertion" du terrain ne peut être uniquement expliqué par le poids des tâches administratives, (iii) le contexte temporel dans lequel sont réalisées les visites de sécurité et l’absence d’artefact support pour les échanges ne favorisent pas le développement du phénomène de synchronisation cognitive puisque tous les écarts ne sont pas levés par des solutions explicitement approuvées par l’ensemble des interlocuteurs, (iv) les préventeurs développent des stratégies de défense pour réduire les effets de ce manque de performance sur leur santé, (v) les modifications du contexte temporel et l’intégration de l’artefact vidéo facilitant les échanges permettent d’améliorer les performances en matière de résolution de problèmes et de développer dans quelques mesures la santé des préventeurs; les solutions produites sont alors plus nombreuses ou plus complexes, les échanges plus riches et les contraintes mieux gérées. Les résultats de cette thèse permettent à la fois de poursuivre la caractérisation du travail des préventeurs en entreprise, de rendre compte des effets de l’autoconfrontation sur les interviewers mais aussi de proposer une méthode de conception d’artefact basée sur l’approche instrumentale qui facilite l’appropriation. / Our thesis is in line with a first research work in which we highlighted the use by OSH to accommodation of some instructions during safety inspections. This has raised new questions about the consequences of this phenomenon on the health of the OSH but also on the performance of the safety management system. Our thesis then focused on the characterization of the difficulties encountered by OSH during problem solving sequences initiated by the detection of deviations from the prescription safety during the visit, but also on identifying methodological determinants that are at the origin. Three methods were used: statement traces of the activity using the method of the agenda, open observations of the activity of a sample of OSH enterprises and systematic observations visit phases security coupled with verbalisation techniques. The main results of this thesis are: (i) OSH in companies only spend very little time for safety inspections, (ii) the phenomenon of "desertion" of the land can’t be solely explained by the weight of administrative tasks (iii) the temporal context in which are carried out safety inspections and the lack of media artifact exchanges, do not favor the development of cognitive synchronization phenomenon, since all differences are not explicitly approved by surveying the solutions of all interlocutors, (iv) OSH develop defense strategies reducing the effects of this lack of performance on their health, (v) changes in the temporal context and the integration of video artifacts facilitating trade, allows improved performance in terms of deviations lifted; the solutions produced are then more numerous and more complex, exchanges are richer and constraints are better managed. The results of this thesis allow both to continue with the characterization of the work of OHS in companies, to account for the effects of self-confrontation on interviewers but also to offer an artifact design method based on the instrumental approach which facilitates ownership.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Low back pain (LBP) is a significant problem among the nursing population worldwide. Manual lifting and shifting of heavy objects and patients are primary contributing factors. Nurses are supposed to be knowledgeable about the risk factors and preventive measures and effectively apply it into practice to prevent them from sustaining back injuries. Strategies to reducing the incidences of LBP in nurses have been previously implemented but with little outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between occupational risk factors and the prevalence of LBP in nurses at MOI, Tanzania. Therefore, the study examined; the prevalence of LBP amongst nurses, work-related risk factors contributing to LBP, knowledge and effectiveness of back care techniques, and barriers to effective back care techniques in clinical nurses. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Construction manual workers are at a high risk of suffering from occupational related low back pain because of high-risk activities involved and the nomadic nature of the workforce. Low back pain and its associated disability continue to plague the construction industry. The prevalence of occupational related low back pain among manual workers in construction companies is believed to be due to high exposure to awkward postures for long hours, heavy manual work and exposure to whole-body vibration in the work environment. As a result of these risky exposures, low back pain has consistently been the leading cause of both occupational disability and absenteeism in the construction industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of occupational related low back pain on the functional activities of the manual workers in a construction company in Cape Town. The prevalence and the predisposing factors of low back pain among construction manual workers were established as well as the effect of occupational-related low back pain on the functional activities of the manual workers was also determined. A crosssectional descriptive study using quantitative method was utilized. A convenient sampling method was employed and all the 212 available participants at two construction settings were recruited for the study. The population was categorised into four main occupational groups; masons, handymen, labourers and foremen. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire as a closed ended interview guide. The questionnaire comprised of four parts. Part one was used to determine the demographic data while parts two, three and four utilised three standardizedclose-ended validated questionnaires. These are; the Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire, the Profile Fitness Mapping questionnaire and the Pain and Disability Questionnaire. Data was captured and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 spreadsheet for statistical analysis. The study was conducted under the adherence of the ethical considerations. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses describe the association between the investigated independent variables with the occurrence of occupational related low back pain in the study. Results are presented using tables, charts and graphs. The results revealed a 25% prevalence of low back pain while the one month and one week prevalence rates were 69% and 54% respectively. Masons recorded the highest low back pain prevalence rate (58%). Initial onset of low back pain was mainly attributed to bending (48%) and load lifting (28%). The chi-square test at p< 0.05 was done. The results revealed a lack of association between low back pain and the socio-demographic characteristics. Participants confirmed suffering physical, emotional, financial and functional problems with 41.5% reporting sickness absence and a mean of 4 days being lost during the past year. Further chi-square test for proportion revealed an association between low back pain and participants ‟ability to; lift (p=0.006), bend back forwards (p=0.001) and ability to bend back backwards (p=0.014). To prevent impairment, activity limitation and participation restriction among construction manual workers, a number of factors must be addressed at epidemiological level as highlighted in the recommendations of this study. / South Africa

Magister Public Health - MPH / Human Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem. Globally, the number of new HIV infections is decreasing but the total number of people living with the disease is increasing. An estimated 5.7 million South Africans are currently living with the disease. The life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa has slowly increased due to the availability of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART). The progressive "chronicity" of HIV may be associated with a variety of impairments and disabilities for people living with HIV. This emphasising the increasingly important role that physiotherapists play to minimize the disabling impact of the disease and improve quality of life for PLHIV. The aim of study was to determine the HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and the occupational risk perception of physiotherapists practicing in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. This study utilized a cross sectional descriptive quantitative survey to collect data. The data was collected via a structured self-administered postal questionnaire. The questionnaires were captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed statistically using CDC Epi-Info version 3.5.1. Data was analysed descriptively and the chi-square test, T-tests and ANOVA was used to identify any statistically significant relationship between variables. The results of the study identified that the physiotherapists in the study have "high" general HIV related knowledge, although major gaps regarding HIV prevention and transmission still exists. The physiotherapists expressed a positive attitude towards PLHIV, while they perceive themselves to be at low risk of HIV transmission risk when managing PLHIV. The physiotherapists with more than 10 years' experience had significantly better HIV related knowledge compared to those with less than 10 years' experience while the attitudes of married physiotherapists towards PLHIV were significantly less favourable than those who were not married. There is a need for intervention strategies to address the HIV knowledge gaps of physiotherapists. Intervention strategies need to address physiotherapists HIV prevention and transmission knowledge.

La presente investigación busco optimizar la gestión de riesgos laborales para mejorar los indicadores de desempeño en seguridad en la Empresa de Telecomunicaciones Inversiones PG; con ello se busca mantener una minimización de los riesgos que se susciten al desarrollar diversas labores tanto en campo como en oficina. La metodología de investigación estuvo basada en un estudio de tipo aplicada, nivel descriptivo y diseño preexperimental, empleando como instrumento el análisis documental y la observación. Así mismo, se tuvo en cuenta la aplicación de técnicas como la verificación de indicadores de Seguridad de la empresa de telecomunicaciones Inversiones PG, mapeo de procesos e IPERC, permitiendo detectar las carencias presentes en la empresa en relación a la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. Al realizar el análisis inicial se tuvo en cuenta que la empresa de telecomunicaciones presentaba un nivel de implementación del 37% con un estatus “Desaprobado”, además de contar con una alta presencia de riesgos mecánicos (36%) y consigo observar un total de 75 incidentes de riesgo y 16 accidentes incapacitantes, por lo cual se propuso el diseño del plan de gestión de riesgos logrando un aumento en el nivel de implementación (77%) presentando un estatus “Aprobado”, además de contemplar las diversas actividades de prevención y minimización de los riesgos presentes. / This research sought to optimize the management of occupational risks to improve safety performance indicators in the Telecommunications Company Inversiones PG; thus, it seeks to maintain a minimization of the risks that arise when developing various tasks both in the field and in the office. The research methodology was based on an applied study, descriptive level and pre-experimental design, using documentary analysis and observation as instruments. Likewise, the application of techniques such as the verification of Safety indicators of the telecommunications company Inversiones PG, process mapping and IPERC was taken into account, allowing to detect the deficiencies present in the company in relation to Safety and Health at Work. The initial analysis took into account that the telecommunications company had an implementation level of 37% with a "Disapproved" status, in addition to having a high presence of mechanical risks (36%) and a total of 75 risk incidents and 16 disabling accidents, for which the design of the risk management plan was proposed, achieving an increase in the implementation level (77%) with an "Approved" status, in addition to contemplating the various activities for the prevention and minimization of the risks present.

Diploma thesis is focused on occupational risk management, safety and health protection at work. The aim of my diploma thesis was to review level of OHSAS 18001 requirement filfilment in a particular organisation. Inseparabily part of standard requirements is observing the state legislation. Since the firm chosen carry on business in SR, the teoretical part of the thesis compares czech and slovak state legislation with purpose of illustrating differences between czech and slovak legislative environment in field of occupational safety and health protection. Practical part of the thesis contains review of OHSAS 18001 requirements fulfilment in organization and evaluates the possibility of succesful certification.

This diploma thesis elaborated on the subject „Contemporary Health and Safety at Work Problems and their Influence on the Functioning of an Organization“ focuses on the description of contemporary state of Health and safety at work problems in work activities, where the source of risk is represented by chemical substances, from the point of view of a company. The thesis sets out a view of legislative definition for the mentioned topic and also the possible application of safety at work management programs. This part also includes a summary description of risk analysis methods. In the practical part of the thesis, there is an organizational directive for a fictive company engaged in chemical production made. This directive will identify possible occupational risks resulting from the manufacturing process, and it will also evaluate the amount of risk for particular work activities in conjunction with hazard factors. The next part of the thesis contains a proposal of measures for risk reduction, based upon the previously mentioned evaluation. In the final part of the thesis, the author contemplates the possibilities of health and safety at work system improvement.

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