Le statut des militaires en France s'est toujours inscrit dans la spécificité. En effet, bien que la loi numéro 72-662 portant statut général des militaires du 13 juillet 1972, puis la loi numéro 2005-270 du 25 mars 2005, reconnaissent aux militaires la qualité de citoyen, elles aménagent, dans un second temps, un ensemble de sujétions qui restreignent, voire interdisent, aux militaires l'exercice de libertés inhérentes à la qualité de citoyen. Les militaires ne peuvent être considérés comme des citoyens 'ordinaires' puisque, d'une part, ils sont des agents de l'état et sont, de ce fait, astreints à des sujétions propres aux agents publics; d'autre part, de la spécificité des missions qu'ils assument découlent des sujétions qui leur sont propres. Cependant, le rapprochement des militaires à la société civile organisée par la loi du 25 mars 2005 ainsi que les évolutions de la société civiles et de l'armée française ont conduit à s'interroger sur les justifications de sujétions des militaires. La présente thèse a ainsi pour objet l'étude des sujétions militaires au regard des droit et libertés garantis à tout citoyen français. / The legal situation of the French military has alway been specific. The legislators of 1972 and 2005 have progressively put an end to the capitis deminutio which prevent the soldiers to exercise their rights and liberties. For this purpose, the legal framework of the military has been progressively approched to the legal framework of the official, while preserving specific principles forming the very basis of the military state. The military have recovered the substance part of their the rights and liberies aknowleged to the cititizens, and consequently, they are legaly between the citizen, the official and the soldier.

Within the DIECOFIS framework, ec3, the Division of Business Statistics from the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration and ISTAT worked together to find methods to create a comprehensive database of enterprise data required for taxation microsimulations via integration of existing disparate enterprise data sources. This paper provides an overview of the broad spectrum of investigated methodology (including exact and statistical matching as well as imputation) and related statistical quality indicators, and emphasises the relevance of data integration, especially for official statistics, as a means of using available information more efficiently and improving the quality of a statistical agency's products. Finally, an outlook on an empirical study comparing different exact matching procedures in the maintenance of Statistics Austria's Business Register is presented.

During the normalization period, the topic of countryside life in literature started to reappear. Many prosaic works depicted character's departure from the city to the countryside and his/her beginning of their new life in unknown surroundings. This thesis focuses on such works of art, published between the 1970s and 1980s. It compares four officially published examples of countryside novels containing any mark of escapism (in novels written by Jan Otčenášek, Bohumil Říha, Jiří Medek, Jan Kostrhun) with examples of prose published in samizdat or exile (Mojmír Klánský, Milan Kundera). Through intertextual as well as thematic and compositional analysis, the thesis investigates common features contained in this "escapist" literature. The analysis is inspired by the poetics of space and by the concept of the countryside as an idyllic space.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The 1996 South African Constitution contains a number of provisions that deal specifically with the protection of languages and of rights relating to language. The most important of these is section 6 which recognises 11 languages as official languages. This recognition is in line with recent developments in international law where common standards in relation to the protection of minority languages are in the process of being developed. The recognition of multilingualism as well as its implementation is thus becoming an obligation resting on all states, including South Africa. International law shows that persons belonging to linguistic minorities are entitled not only to protection against discrimination based on the language they speak, that is, formal equality, but also to positive state action in order to ensure their substantive equality. International law furthermore prescribes that where protection is given to minority languages, the principle of proportionality must guide states, and that legislation needs to be sufficiently detailed in bringing about such protection. The present thesis has as its main aims the interpretation of the provisions of the 1996 Constitution, in accordance with the above-mentioned international standards and the evaluation of the extent to which South African has complied with its constitutional obligations. The thesis in addition makes proposals in relation to what needs to be done to comply with such obligations. This is done in respect of the three levels of government - national, provincial and local - as well as the three state branches - the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In addition, the implementation of the constitutional requirements in the educational sector is analysed.The thesis shows that a number of steps have thus far been taken in the process of giving effect to the relevant provisions of the Constitution. This includes the adoption of language policies on the national, provincial and local levels, as well as the enactment of language legislation in some provinces. In many provinces as well as municipalities, little effort has however been made to comply with these constitutional obligations. On the national level, much likewise still remains to be done in this regard. The current South African Languages Bill (2011) only caters for the activities of the national government, and does so in a way which conflicts with international norms. The Bill does not deal with parliament or the courts, and much uncertainty remains about the way in which the Constitution is to be given effect to in relation to these state branches. In relation to education, the issue of single-medium schools has been controversial, but has now been resolved by the Constitutional Court. Commendable policies have furthermore been adopted to provide for mother-tongue education, but it appears that English is slowly becoming the dominant language in education, at the expense of mother-tongue instruction.

With more than 30 million people living with HIV/AIDS and about 2.5 million people infected in 2006 alone, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has become one of the highest priorities on the global development agenda. About 65% of the world population living with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa also lags behind in achieving international development goals and the burden of HIV/AIDS further exacerbates the cycle of poverty and inequality. Donor aid is often given on the assumption that the recipient country has adequate capacity in the government to manage all aspects of development: planning, fiscal management, programme design, financial control and budgeting, project implementation, accountability and monitoring and evaluation. The multiplicity of funding modalities in the donor field makes the absorption and spending of aid a challenge. The national capacity influences the ability to absorb donor aid and the role of public administration in the national development programmes cannot be over-emphasised. To attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the Millennium Declaration of the United Nations, special attention needs to be given to HIV/AIDS. Should the AIDS pandemic not be resolved properly, almost all the MDG might be in jeopardy. The Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness, harmonisation and alignment does not make any provision for safeguarding funds for the mitigation of the impact of HIV/AIDS in recipient countries. The United Nations’ UNAIDS has made it clear that to effectively attain any development goals in the developing world, mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in all development activities needs to be done. Conceptually, mainstreaming HIV/AIDS means to bring HIV/AIDS to the centre of the development agenda, which requires change at individual, departmental and organisational level. From this overview emerges the research question: ‘Will the changing international official development assistance environment have an influence on financing the response to HIV/AIDS in the developing countries of southern Africa?’ This is a qualitative and descriptive study, based on a literature survey utilising a deductive approach in the fields of public administration, public financial management, development, development administration, HIV/AIDS and official development assistance (ODA). A model for a sector-based approach to financing the AIDS epidemic in the country was developed. The model is based on the many different mechanisms, best practices and lessons learned of many different organisations. It suggest one overarching body with legal status that can manage a country’s HIV and AIDS programme as a cross cutting issue. The Central body will have representation of all sectors, including government, donors and multilaterals. All the role players in the field should be involved in the development, planning and implementation of the programmes. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

This research examines the gap between the socio-political and economic reality of Palestine, under Israeli Occupation, and the perceptions, assumptions and limitations of small aid donors like Switzerland in a colonial context. It looks at how global and Swiss aid is formulated and dispensed to fragile ‘non-states’ like Palestine. My thesis found that aid in general is ineffective, with Swiss aid in particular being modest, lacking robustness and failing to respond to the colonial context that prevents Palestine from profiting the most from international aid. In addition, Swiss aid is afflicted by many shortcomings that have been identified by contemporary research: a large part of aid is tied; consultations with local partners are limited, excluding, by and large, civil society; and time constraints are such that current programs are generally designed on a relatively short-term basis.

Socio-economic processes have long underlined the value of language and ethno-linguistic categories in Canada. The Quiet Revolution, widely considered to be one such process, has resulted in the production of Quebec's English-speaking minority. Although recent studies pertaining to Quebec's English-speaking minority have largely focused on the construction of identity, little research has explored the perceived value of language. While Quebec City’s English-speaking minority is increasingly bilingual, figures suggest that its youth continues to migrate. Through a critical perspective, this thesis explores how Quebec City’s English-speaking minority is navigating the uneven distribution and rising value of bilingualism. Using a qualitative approach, I conducted 15 interviews with participants who attended an English-language high school in Quebec City. Results revealed that participants mobilized ethnic and economic language ideologies as a means to negotiate the value of their linguistic practices and that these language ideologies structured mobility and enabled participants to reposition themselves within a new linguistic market.

This diploma thesis deals with current trends in development co-operation. It defines what we now understand under the term new forms of development co-operation. The aim is to explore if Czech Republic use these new forms of development co-operation. The aim will be reached through the case study of Czech Official Development Cooperation in Ethiopia, one of the priority countries of Czech Official Development Assistance.

Constitution d’un corpus rassemblant les dates des événements à caractère officiel relevées dans la documentation égyptienne, entre l’Ancien Empire et la fin du Nouvel Empire (env. 3000 – 1100 av. J.-Chr.) ; les seules dates retenues dans le corpus sont les dates complètes, qui notent, en plus de l’année, la saison, le mois et le jour, selon l’usage des anciens Égyptiens. À partir de cette base de données, plusieurs thèmes ont été abordés en analyse : calendrier et système de datation ; les dates d’avènements, de couronnement, de décès et d’enterrement des rois ; les dates de séjour du roi à Thèbes au Nouvel Empire ; les dates d’expéditions aux mines et aux carrières ; les dates artificielles ; enfin, les dates manifestant une concordance avec un événement notable connu par ailleurs (d’ordre historique, astronomique ou religieux). Le but de la recherche entreprise était d’une part de mettre en exergue, au sein de la base de données constituée, les événements officiels susceptibles d’avoir été entrepris à dessein à une date spécifique, d’autre part de tenter de comprendre les raisons de ces choix calendériques. Un calendrier général regroupant les données du corpus ainsi que les dates des célébrations religieuses et des diverses fêtes, est donnée (sous forme de tableau synoptique) en annexe. / Constitution of a corpus bringing together the dates of the official events found in the egyptian documentation, from the Old Kingdom to the end of the New Kingdom (ca. 3000-1100 BC). The only dates kept in the corpus are the complete ones, which give season, month and day in addition to year, according to ancient egyptian use. From this database, several themes were addressed in the analysis: calendar and dating system; dates of accession, coronation, death and burial of kings; dates of king’s stay in Thebes during the New Kingdom; dates of quarries and mines expeditions; artificial dates; and dates showing a significant correlation with a significant event known elsewhere (historical, astronomical or religious). The aim of this research was firstly to highlight, within the database, the official events that may have been deliberately started by a specific date, secondly to try to understand the reasons for these calendrical choices. A general time frame containing the data of the corpus and the dates of various religious celebrations and festivals, is given (in the form of summary table) attached.

This paper focuses on analytical official discourses of "Lula government" about the notion of ethnodevelopment maroon. The objective is to develop an analysis on the articulations of these discourses, observing the references which are activated, the correlations established and the meanings that they suggest. Making use of the methodological strategy of discourse analysis, the study moves to an interpretative universe that seeks to understand the set of statements that articulated in the body become the documental reference that reflects the political-government about development of the narrative on ethnic maroon. The intention is to analyze the relationship ethnicity-maroon permeated by a theoretical paradigm that relates it with the notion of development. Among our principal considerations, the text appears for the need of a new standards that may overcome some theoretical reductionism that permeat the analysis on the subject quilombos in the current context. It suggests an opportunity cost which is located in a universe of discussions very diversified and complex, involving international agencies, academic knowledge, social movements; also involving notions of development, citizenship, justice, democracy, which are involved in your current political context. / Este trabalho tem como foco analítico os discursos oficiais do Governo Lula em torno da noção de etnodesenvolvimento quilombola. O objetivo é desenvolver uma análise sobre as articulações destes discursos, observando quais são as referências acionadas, as correlações estabelecidas e os significados que sugerem. Fazendo uso da estratégia metodológica da análise do discurso, o estudo desloca-se para um universo interpretativo que procura perceber o conjunto de enunciados que, articulados, transformam-se no corpo documental que traduz a referência político-governamental da narração sobre desenvolvimento étnico quilombola. O intuito é analisar a relação etnia-quilombo permeado por um paradigma teórico, que o relaciona a noção de desenvolvimento. Dentre as principais considerações a que chegamos, o texto aponta para a necessidade de novos referenciais que possam superar certo reducionismo teórico que permeia a análise acerca do tema quilombos no atual contexto. Sugere uma possibilidade analítica que lhe situa em um universo de discussões muito variadas e complexas, envolvendo agências internacionais, conhecimento acadêmico, movimentos sociais; envolvendo ainda noções de desenvolvimento, de cidadania, de justiça, de democracia que estão implicadas pelo contexto político em que se encontram e constituem.