No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is to explain and evaluate the law concerning compensation for tanker-source oil pollution damage under three different liability regimes: (a) the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969 and the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971 including the Protocols of 1976, 1984 and 1992 to these Conventions. (b) the Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning Liability for Oil Pollution (TOVALOP) and the Contract Regarding a Supplement to Tanker Liability for Oil Pollution (CRISTAL) as at the 20th February, 1994. (c) the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and U.S. State Legislation. In this context the thesis explains inter alia the evolution of law from fault to no-fault liability and from limited to increasingly limitless liability. The thesis examines the notion of damage eligible for compensation, for example, ecological and pure economic damage. Conclusions are reached as to the role increasingly stringent liability provisions may have on the quality of the tanker-process. The impact that the U. S. Oil Pollution Act 1990, and associated U.S. state legislation may have on the international pollution regimes covered by the various international Conventions and associated voluntary agreements is also discussed. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Hamburg. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. [231]-243).

This diploma thesis deals with the problem of oil pollution of the marine environment caused by vessels. At the beginning of the thesis, the most important international agreements dealing with the protection of the marine environment and conventions regulating the cooperation of states in the elimination of the consequences of oil pollution are introduced. The thesis focuses mainly on the international conventions governing liability of an individual entity due to oil pollution of the oceans, but also briefly deals with the question of the state liability. The work analyses relevant US legislation, and compares this with an examination into the stance of the European Union and the Czech Republic with regards to this problem. In conclusion, some provisions of the international conventions are subjected to criticism and possible changes to the legislation are proposed.

The persistance of industrially derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the subsurface may be significantly affected by the metabolism of soil bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the ability of indigenous soil bacteria to decrease the concentration of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene) and to utilize the compounds as a substrate for growth. Soil cores from petroleum contaminated and non-contaminated sites contained 10⁵ - 10⁷ viable microorganisms per gram dry weight of soil. Gram negative rod-shaped bacteria predominated. Decreases in the concentration of the four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were observed during incubation with bacterial isolates in aqueous suspension by the use of high performance liquid chromatography. Corresponding increases in bacterial numbers indicated utilization of the compounds as a carbon source. Soil samples from the contaminated sites contained greater numbers of bacteria utilizing anthracene and pyrene than soil samples from non-contaminated sites. Degradation rates of the four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were related to the compound, its concentration, and the bacterium. Biodegradation of pyrene was positively correlated with the presence of oxygen. Pyrene was biodegraded by an Acinetobacter sp. under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. Studies with radiolabeled ¹⁴C-anthracene demonstrated utilization of the labeled carbon as a source of carbon by viable bacterial cells in aqueous suspension. Incorporation of ¹⁴C into cellular biomass however was not observed during incubation of ¹⁴C-anthracene in soil.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Johannesburg, 2017. / PCBs are chemical compounds which were synthesised in the laboratory in the 1920s. They are classified under the category of POPs. They were mainly used in electrical equipments and transformers as the insulating material. PCBs were released to the environment in the form of oil spillages, combustion of PCB-containing equipments and others. Its production was banned in the 1970s after its toxic, persistent, bioaccumulative and carcinogenic behaviour was discovered. This study was conducted to determine and monitor the level of PCB in soil contaminated by oil spillages from pole mounted transformers in Polokwane, Limpopo, South Africa after sites have been remediated. Seventy eight soil samples were collected from five sites. The QuEChERS extraction method and GC-MS was used to extract and analyse PCBs. The PCB congeners targeted in this study are PCB-180, PCB-158 and PCB-101. The concentration of PCB-180 ranges between 10.02 and 78.30 μg kg -1, PCB-158 ranges between 3.89 and 45.36 μg kg -1 and PCB-101 ranges between 2.42 and 39.12 μg kg -1. The PCB congener with the highest concentration at all sites is PCB-180 followed by PCB-158 while PCB-101 has the least concentration; this order is consistent in all sampling sites. PCB concentrations after bioremediation were found to be extremely higher than concentrations before bioremediation which suggest that the bioremediation process was not efficient including actual analytical methods used. In comparison to the range of the PCB levels reported in literature, the PCB concentration determined from this study is found within a higher range. The PCBs concentration at all five sites was found to be below the legal limits. / LG2018

The focus of this study is on the use of bioremediation, as the primary method of decontamination for a soil contaminated with industrial waste oils. The area from which the samples were taken was used as a disposal site for oily wastewater for a period of more than 20 years. During this time the soil became severely contaminated. The site is approximately 1 acre in area and consists of three distinct soil strata: a solidified petroleum layer, a peat layer and a layer of muck and mud. This soil is approximately 96% organic matter. The purpose of this study is to determine if: given these site characteristics, is bioremediation a feasible option. Three phases were conducted to determine the usefulness of bioremediation in this situation. Phase one focused on the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) through nutrient addition and aeration. Phase two focused on quantifying and characterizing the reductions observed in phase one. Phase three again focused on quantifying and characterizing the reductions observed in phase one. The three phases of the study provided strong evidence that bioremediation was occurring in the soil and therefore, would be a viable means of remediation for a site with similar characteristics.

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Ocean Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Diane B. Greene. / M.S.

No description available.

Thesis (M.M.S.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 94-101. Also available online.