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An investigation on compensation for damage of oil pollution from ships with a specific reference to law and practice in ChinaWu, Yan January 2008 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Law
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Marine waste in Hong KongLam, Ho-cheung., 林浩祥. January 2003 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong KongTsui, Kai-man., 徐啓文. January 1996 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management
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The Role and Function of the Private Oil Spill Response Company:--Case Studies and Establishment of Framework for Taiwan--Lin, Shih-Chang 03 September 2003 (has links)
none
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The Study of Using Waste Tire Powder and Polypropylene Fiber Cut End for the Recovery of Spilled OilKu, Hui-chia 12 August 2004 (has links)
Statistic data indicates that about 100,000 tones of waste tire were generated each year. Current recycling market of waste tire is very small. Therefore, many waste tires remain untreated and cause severe health and safety problems in storage. PP fiber cut end is the waste material after cutting off the fiber. Traditional reuse way was to be the toy¡¦s fillers. If we can reuse the materials properly to develop a market of additional value, it will be a big contribution to the society. In this research, recycled waste tire powder and PP fiber cut end are used as oil adsorbents for the purpose of oil recovery during the process of oil spill emergency response. PP fiber cut end and waste tire powder are capable of adsorbing oil due to their hydrophobic surface property and the capillary forces developed during the contact with oil, therefore, makes them a perfect material for oil recovery. The major advantage of recycled PP fiber cut end is its high oil adsorbing capacity (approximately 48.4g/g). But, after reuse, its oil adsorbing speed was slow down, so does the oil adsorbing capacity. On the other hand, with good elasticity, the waste tire powder can be reused for more than 100 times without loosing its capability. However, the oil adsorbing capacity of waste tire powder is far less than PP fiber (approximately 2.84g/g). Finally, we combine PP fiber cut end and waste tire powder, to see if we can take the advantage of each product and make the best utilization of the composite material. Results indicate the composite material can be reused for more than 100 times without loosing its capability, and its performance is even better than the combination of each individual product. In the other test, we can see the composite material can not only adsorb engine oil and crude oil, but also adsorb emulsified oil. In the test, the composite material can recover up to 28 times of its own weight of oil. With the invented set up, the oil recover work is much easier to operate, and moreover, the composite material is less expensive. Only a squeeze roller and a collection container are required to recover oil. So, the composite material is indeed having practicability and mobility. Finally, the composite material is an excellent adsorbent compares with other products available on the market.
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Derivitives of petroleum hydrocarbons upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in a laboratory environmentBuell, Nancy Rebecca, January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Geosciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.
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A laboratory study on the development of a biological pollution control system for contaminated soils /Ugwuegbu, Benjamin U. January 1996 (has links)
This study describes a laboratory scale development of an in-situ bioremediation method, which uses a water table management system to supply nutrients to subsoil microorganisms, for biostimulation and subsequent biodegradation of pollutants such as fertilizer-nitrate and hydrocarbons (e.g., diesel oils), in the unsaturated zone of the soil. The study, which was divided into two parts: first nitrate bioremediation and secondly diesel biodegradation, was carried out on packed soil columns. / For the nitrate study, different levels of glucose were introduced into packed soil columns, 1,000 mm long x 200 mm, diameter, via subirrigation in order to supplement the organic carbon levels in the soil. Two sandy soils were used, with 1.6% and 3.4% organic matter content, respectively; and the water table in the soil columns was maintained at a depth of 350 mm below the surface. Fertilizer-nitrate was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 180 kg/ha nitrate-N. Simulated rainfall was used to leach nitrates to lower depths. The efficacy of using the subirrigation system, as a method for nutrient delivery in the bioremediation of leached nitrate, was monitored with time and with reference to the nitrate residue, redox potential of the soil solution, and solubilized Fe and Mn. / Leached nitrate was denitrified to less than 10 mg/L nitrate-N, which is the limit permitted in drinking water. The ideal organic carbon range was considered to be the glucose level (20 mg/L glucose-C) that reduced mom nitrate and gave redox potential and soluble Fe and Mn levels, similar to the control soil solution, when subjected to 96 days of subirrigation. Successful delivery of nutrient for the bioremediation of nitrate, within the farm boundaries, will be considered a "break through" toward nitrate residue control if this novel approach to nitrate control is demonstrated in the field. The delivery method will offer a technical solution to on-farm nitrate pollution. It is inexpensive, easy to adopt, and does not require major changes in the current farm practices. / In the second part of the study, a diesel contaminated sandy soil was packed in columns, 2,000 nun long x 200 nun diameter. The subirrigation method was used to supply two different combinations of treatments to the microorganisms in the soil for the biodegradation of the diesel namely: air, water and nutrients (N, P etc.), and air and water. The success of using subirrigation, to deliver nutrients to the soil in the columns, was monitored by measuring the trend in the reduction of soil diesel-TPH (diesel-total petroleum hydrocarbon) residue with time. Results obtained from the treated columns were compared with each other, and with the control columns undergoing passive biodegradation. / The study showed that subirrigation can be used as a method of nutrient delivery in the -bioremediaton of diesel contaminated soil. The TPH in the contaminated soil decreased, from an initial 670 mg diesel TPH/kg soil to an acceptable level of 40 mg diesel TPH/kg soil, in 82 days in the columns subjected to a combination of nutrient, air and water treatments. If this method of delivering biostimulants to the subsoil microbial population is demonstrated in the field, it will be invaluable to in-situ bioremediation of contaminated soils.
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Marine salvage : from Rhodian law to Lloyd's open form, 2000.Gengan, Amsha. January 2003 (has links)
The origins of marine salvage law may be traced to a code of Rhodian Sea laws promulgated in 500BC. Presently, while salvage law retains the foundations of this early codification, it has undergone a complete metamorphosis in order to adapt to changing circumstances and new
challenges of the 20th and 21st century. Over the past few decades there have been many major oil spills. When they occurred each spill, for different reasons was declared as the most environmentally damaging. In their wake, they leave a trail of death and destruction of the eco-system. As public concern for and awareness of the marine environment increases, governments and salvors face increased pressure to avert wide-scale pollution. In these instances, the stakes are high and the necessity and effectiveness of professional salvage only too clear. This study investigates the role played by the professional salvor and considers how the developments in the law have impacted upon the salvor's role in salvage operations. This work has its genesis with this background in mind. It is essentially a study of the changes and developments in the law of Marine Salvage. The law relating to salvage is dynamic and international in nature. Dynamic in that it needs to adapt to new economic and environmental factors. This study examines and explains how these economic and environmental factors impacted upon and necessitated changes to the law of salvage. It is international, in that salvage operations invariably involve parties from
different countries. In some instances of large-scale pollution disasters the physical environment affected may encompass different countries/waters. At times the discussion into the practical aspects of the salvage operations, salvage tugs and the industry as a whole has a tendency to become rather technical. For this I make no apology, for the world of marine salvage has totally fascinated and captured my attention. In the international context the law relating to Salvage may be found in the International Convention on Salvage 1989. Many countries have ratified the convention and have subsequently enacted their own statutes based on the provisions of the Salvage convention. Other countries like South Africa have chosen not to ratify the convention and have formulated their own Statutes relating to the salvage.
The salvage laws of the United Kingdom are perhaps mostly widely used. Its popularity may be attributed to London being the salvage arbitration capital of the world as well as the influential use of LOF in salvage operations which stipulates English law as the lex contractus.
The United Kingdom has ratified the International Salvage Convention and enacted the Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Pollution) Act 1994 which gave effect to the provisions of the convention. The current statute regulating Salvage is the Merchant Shipping Act of 1995. The principal focus of this work will be English law, as applied in the United
Kingdom as well as South African law. Passing reference is also made to the
provisions of American law where relevant. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.
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Exploitation of indigenous fungi in low-cost ex situ attenuation of oil- contaminated soil.McGugan, Brandon Ross. January 1997 (has links)
The central aim of this study was to determine if indigenous fungi of an oil-contaminated
soil could be effectively used in a low-cost bioremediation of the soil. Since some of the
contaminant had been present at the site for over two decades, the indigenous microbial
species had been subjected to specific selection pressures for a protracted period, thus
facilitating key enzymatic capabilities for hydrocarbon degradation. Analysis of the
pertinent influential parameters of soil bioremediation indicated that an ex situ technique,
utilising the catabolic activities of the indigenous soil fungi, was a feasible low-cost option.
Fungi were isolated from the contaminated soil through a variety of techniques. The
abilities of these isolates to degrade the contaminant oil and a range of representative
hydrocarbon molecules was evaluated by a systematic screening programme. Sixty-two
isolates were initially examined for their growth potential on hydrocarbon-supplemented
agar. A bioassay, utilising hydrocarbon-impregnated filter paper discs, was then used to
examine the abilities of 17 selected isolates to catabolise three representative hydrocarbon
molecules (hexadecane, phenanthrene and pristane) in different concentrations. In the same
bioassay, the influence of a co-metabolite (glucose) on growth potential was also examined.
Eight fungal species: Trichophyton sp.; Mucor sp.; Penicillium sp.; Graphium sp.;
Acremoniwn sp.; Chaetomium sp.; Chrysosporium sp.; and an unidentified basidiomycete
were then selected. Liquid batch cultures with a hydrocarbon mixture of hexadecane,
phenanthrene, pristane and naphthalene facilitated quantitative analysis (HPLC) of the
hydrocarbon catabolic abilities of the selected isolates.
Ex situ bioremediation was evaluated at laboratory-scale by both bioaugmentation and
biostimulation in soil microcosm trials. During the course of the study, total petroleum
hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration (U.S. EPA Method 418.1) was used as a simple and
inexpensive parameter to monitor hydrocarbon disappearance in response to soil
treatments. Soil microbial activities were estimated by use of a fluorescein diacetate
hydrolysis bioassay. This was found to be a reliable and sensitive method to measure the activity of respiring heterotrophs as compared with the unreliable data provided by plate
counts.
In the bioaugmentation trial, the eight selected isolates were individually used to inoculate
(30% v/v) the contaminated soil. The highest rate of biodegradation (50.5% > than the
non-sterile control) was effected by an Acremonium species after 50 days incubation
(25°C). The second highest rate of biodegradation (47% > than the non-sterile control)
was achieved with a soil treatment of sterile barley/beer waste only. Comparable rates of
hydrocarbon degradation were achieved in simple biostimulation trials. Thus, due to its
lower cost, biostimulation was the preferred remediation strategy and was selected for
further laboratory investigation. Common agricultural or industrial lignocellulosic wastes
such as: wood chips; straw; manure; beer brewery waste; mushroom compost; and spent
mushroom substrate were used as soil treatments, either alone or in combination. The
effect of the addition of a standard agricultural fertiliser was also examined. The highest
level of biodegradation (54.4% > the non-sterile control) was recorded in a microcosm
supplemented (40% v/v) with chicken manure.
Finally, an ex situ bioremediation technique was examined in a pilot-scale field trial. Wood
chips and chicken manure were co-composted with the contaminated soil in a low-cost,
low-maintenance bioremediation system know as passive thermal bio venting. Extensive
monitoring of the thermal environment within the biopile was made as an indirect measure
of microbial activity. These data were then used to optimise the composting process.
Three-dimensional graphical representations of the internal temperatures, in time and
space, were constructed. From these graphs, it was determined that an inner core region of
approximately 500 cm3 provided a realistic simulation of conditions within a full-scale
biopile. During this trial a TPH reduction of 68% was achieved in 130 days.
The findings of this research suggested that the utilisation of fungal catabolism is applicable
to soils contaminated with a wide range of hydrocarbon contaminants. Passive thermal
bioventing offers a bioremediation strategy which is highly suitable for South African
conditions in terms of its low level of technological sophistication, low maintenance design and, most importantly, its relatively low cost. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.
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Civil liability for damage caused by oil pollution from off-shore platforms : a comparative analysis of international and domestic instruments.Blom, Karl. January 2013 (has links)
This dissertation addresses the question of liability for oil spills emanating from offshore
installations, beginning with an analysis of international law, specifically international customary
law, global conventions and regional agreements. Following the analysis of the present
international law, a number of proposals are considered in motivation of a global convention
specifically addressing offshore platforms. Key areas addressed are the scope of the proposed
convention, the standard of liability imposed, the quantum of liability suggested, financial
security measures, dispute resolution proceedings and alternatives to a global convention. Legal
instruments discussed in this portion include the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, the
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution and a number of global and regional
legal instruments. This discussion will also draw analogies with the nuclear compensation
regime in motivation for strict liability between States.
The domestic legal framework of the United States of America and South Africa are discussed
and contrasted. The primary federal marine pollution legislation of the USA, the Oil Pollution
Act of 1990, is compared to South Africa’s Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act 6
of 1981 in order to determine which provisions are successful and which ought to be amended or
supplemented. Other sources of South Africa law considered include the National Environmental
Management Act 107 of 1998, the Maritime Zones Act 15 of 1994, the Admiralty Jurisdiction
and Regulation Act 105 of 1983 as well principles of South African common law.
The objectives of this research are to identify all the international and domestic legal instruments
that are applicable to offshore platforms, critically evaluate their provisions and propose realistic
amendments and instruments that resolve any lacunae or weaknesses that are identified. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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