O objetivo da tese é analisar as diferentes formas de Política Industrial (PI) na Noruega e no Brasil para desenvolver a cadeia produtiva de Petróleo e Gás (P&G), com ênfase em identificar lições e contribuições da experiência norueguesa. A corrente de pensamento de PI evolucionária foi a base teórica da análise. Três ensaios constituem o trabalho, de forma a cumprir o objetivo proposto, sendo os dois primeiros em inglês e o terceiro em português. O primeiro ensaio faz a revisão teórica de políticas industriais, definindo o seu conceito, caracterizando a perspectiva histórica de suas teorias, além de discutir outros aspectos relevantes relacionados ao tema, como, por exemplo: a sua relação com políticas macroeconômicas; a sua estabilidade e previsibilidade; a coordenação das políticas; políticas horizontais e verticais; tipos de instrumentos; mensuração de resultados; o atrelamento de benefícios a progressos em competitividade/metas; e a sua duração. O artigo também discute as principais abordagens nos dias atuais sobre políticas industriais (ortodoxa e evolucionária). Assim, identifica que políticas industriais historicamente foram implementadas em processos de desenvolvimento industrial, e que ainda existe espaço para continuar sendo praticada, a despeito da criação da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e suas consequências. O segundo ensaio analisa o bem-sucedido desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G na Noruega, promovendo mudanças estruturais na sua economia. A Noruega se destacou no desenvolvimento do setor de P&G por conseguir, em pouco mais de 20 anos de políticas implementadas (1972-1994): fortalecer o seu desenvolvimento socioeconômico; evitar a desindustrialização decorrente da doença holandesa; desenvolver empresas de petróleo locais (estatal e privadas); desenvolver a cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G ampla e competitiva internacionalmente, incluindo a formação de clusters relacionados ao setor; e, por fim, se tornar uma referência em inovação no setor de P&G. O ensaio também identificou quais foram as principais ações implementadas na Noruega para desenvolver este setor. A despeito de o desenvolvimento da indústria de P&G norueguesa ter sido marcado por fatores internos e externos favoráveis, alguns desafios relevantes tiveram de ser superados, como, por exemplo, sobrecustos, atrasos nas entregas e importantes empresas locais falirem. O terceiro ensaio identificou que a cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G no Brasil tem evoluído, as políticas industriais têm sido aperfeiçoadas, mas o seu desenvolvimento, além de apresentar alguns problemas semelhantes ao que a Noruega teve que superar no passado, carrega outras particularidades. Ao analisar as políticas industriais implementadas nos dois países para o desenvolvimento deste setor, identificou-se que, em alguma medida, a Noruega já está sendo utilizada como referência para o Brasil, mas ainda existem lições e contribuições a serem aprendidas deste caso de sucesso. Entretanto, as diferenças socioeconômicas, políticas e culturais, agravadas por uma atual conjuntura global e interna mais adversa, tornam o desafio do Brasil de desenvolver a cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G ampla e competitiva mais difícil do que foi para a Noruega. / The aim of this thesis is to analyse different forms of Industrial Policy (IP) in Norway and Brazil to develop the Oil and Gas (O&G) supply chain, identifying the lessons and contributions from the Norwegian experience. The evolutionist view of IP forms the theoretical basis of the analysis, which is structured in three parts. The first two essays are in English and the third in Portuguese. The first essay presents a theoretical review of IP, defining the concept and placing the theories within a historical perspective, in addition to discussing other relevant issues, such as: its relation to macroeconomic policies; its stability and predictability; policy coordination; horizontal and vertical policies; types of instruments; measurement of results; linking benefits to progress in competitiveness/targets; and, finally, its duration. The article also discusses the main approaches taken towards IP today (orthodox and evolutionary). Thus, we see how IP was historically implemented in industrial development processes and find that there is still room to continue implementing it, despite the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its consequences. The second essay analyses the successful development of the O&G supply chain in Norway, promoting structural changes in the economy. Norway stood out in the development of the O&G sector for having succeeded, in just over 20 years of policy implementation (1972-1994), in: enhancing its socio-economic development; avoiding de-industrialization due to the Dutch disease; developing local oil companies (state and private); developing a broad and internationally competitive O&G supply chain, including the formation of clusters related to the O&G sector, and, moreover setting a benchmark in innovation in the O&G sector. The essay also illustrates the main actions implemented in Norway to develop the O&G sector. Although the development of the Norwegian O&G industry was marked by internal and external favourable factors, some relevant challenges had to be overcome, including cost overruns, delays in deliveries and important local companies went bankrupt. The third essay finds that the O&G supply chain in Brazil has evolved, the industrial policies have been improved, but while its development also shows some problems similar to those that Norway had to overcome in the past, it also has other peculiarities. On analysing the industrial policies implemented in both countries to develop this sector, it emerges that to some extent, Norway is already being used as reference for Brazil, but there are still lessons and contributions to be learned from this successful case. However, due to socio-economic, political and cultural differences, compounded by today’s more adverse global and domestic environment, the challenge Brazil has to face in developing a broad and competitive O&G supply chain is tougher than it was for Norway.

This dissertation examines the shifting and multi-scalar governance of oil and gas projects in Peruvian Amazon. Using cases studies of oil extraction in blocks 1AB (192), 8 in Loreto (2006 to 2015), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process for the expansion of the Camisea gas project in block 88 in Cusco, this dissertation explores how environmental decision-making processes of oil and gas projects are structured and enacted. In doing so, this study sheds light on the shifting interactions, negotiations, struggles and (at times) open conflicts between actors that define why, how and where hydrocarbon projects take place in the Amazon. Recognizing the variety of actors, I organize my analysis around government institutions, indigenous mobilizations, environmental assessments and the economic distribution of revenues from oil and gas projects. From my analysis I argue that resource extraction is changing substantially the relationship between the government and the indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Amazon. These changes involve profound changes in indigenous rights and the creation of new institutions and capacities in the state to address the social-environmental effects of extractive industries. The surge of social-environmental conflicts and the influence of international finance institutions have prompted the Peruvian government to reform the institutional framework regulating resource extraction. This reforms are taking place amid the globalization of indigenous rights, discourses, and laws (such as the Prior Consultation Law) granting special rights to indigenous peoples. However, power-knowledge asymmetries in the decision-making processes (such as the environmental assessments) tend to increase the sense of mistrust among the local populations, resulting in increasing social-environmental conflicts. In addition, the uneven distribution of benefits from resource extraction is creating regional disparities, increasing the dependency of some regions on resource extraction. An examination of the implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment process for the expansion of the Camisea project in block 88 exposes unresolved practices of representation and citizenship of the indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation. However, overall, Amazonian indigenous people’s struggles are shifting the traditional national, social, and political life. They are ethnic minorities and citizens struggling for their rights to participate in decision-making processes and in the distribution of economic benefits from extraction, both particularity and equality.

On 28 July 2010, the Nigerian Federal Executive Council approved January 1, 2012 as the effective date for the convergence of Nigerian Statement of Accounting Standards (SAS) or Nigerian GAAP (NG-GAAP) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). By this pronouncement, all publicly listed companies and significant public interest entities in Nigeria were statutorily required to issue IFRS based financial statements for the year ended December, 2012. This study investigates the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the financial statements of Nigerian listed Oil and Gas entities using six years of data which covers three years before and three years after IFRS adoption in Nigeria and other African countries. First, the study evaluates the impact of IFRS adoption on the Exploration and Evaluation (E&E) expenditures of listed Oil and Gas companies. Second, it examines the impact of IFRS adoption on the provision for decommissioning of Oil and Gas installations and environmental rehabilitation expenditures. Third, the study analyses the impact of the adoption of IFRS on the average daily Crude Oil production cost per Barrel. Fourth, it examines the extent to which the adoption and implementation of IFRS affects the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study further explores the impact of IFRS adoption on the contractual relationships between Nigerian Government and Oil and Gas companies in terms of Joint Ventures (JVs) and Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) as it relates to taxes, royalties, bonuses and Profit Oil Split. A Paired Samples t-test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Index of Conservatism analyses were conducted simultaneously where the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures of GAAP and IFRS were computed and analysed and the significance of the differences of the mean, median and Conservatism Index values were compared before and after IFRS adoption. Questionnaires were then administered to the key stakeholders in the adoption and implementation of IFRS and the responses collated and analysed. The results of the analyses reveal that most of the accounting numbers, financial ratios and industry specific performance measures examined changed significantly as a result of the transition from GAAP to IFRS. The E&E expenditures and the mean cost of Crude Oil production per barrel of Oil and Gas companies increased significantly. The GAAP values of inventories, GPM, ROA, Equity and TA were also significantly different from the IFRS values. However, the differences in the provision for decommissioning expenditures were not statistically significant. Gray’s (Gray, 1980) Conservatism Index shows that Oil and Gas companies were more conservative under GAAP when compared to the IFRS regime. The Questionnaire analyses reveal that IFRS based financial statements are of higher quality, easier to prepare and present to management and easier to compare among competitors across the Oil and Gas sector but slightly more difficult to audit compared to GAAP based financial statements. To my knowledge, this is the first empirical research to investigate the impact of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of listed Oil and Gas companies. The study will therefore make an enormous contribution to academic literature and body of knowledge and void the existing knowledge gap regarding the impact and implications of IFRS adoption on the financial statements of Oil and Gas companies.

O objetivo da tese é analisar as diferentes formas de Política Industrial (PI) na Noruega e no Brasil para desenvolver a cadeia produtiva de Petróleo e Gás (P&G), com ênfase em identificar lições e contribuições da experiência norueguesa. A corrente de pensamento de PI evolucionária foi a base teórica da análise. Três ensaios constituem o trabalho, de forma a cumprir o objetivo proposto, sendo os dois primeiros em inglês e o terceiro em português. O primeiro ensaio faz a revisão teórica de políticas industriais, definindo o seu conceito, caracterizando a perspectiva histórica de suas teorias, além de discutir outros aspectos relevantes relacionados ao tema, como, por exemplo: a sua relação com políticas macroeconômicas; a sua estabilidade e previsibilidade; a coordenação das políticas; políticas horizontais e verticais; tipos de instrumentos; mensuração de resultados; o atrelamento de benefícios a progressos em competitividade/metas; e a sua duração. O artigo também discute as principais abordagens nos dias atuais sobre políticas industriais (ortodoxa e evolucionária). Assim, identifica que políticas industriais historicamente foram implementadas em processos de desenvolvimento industrial, e que ainda existe espaço para continuar sendo praticada, a despeito da criação da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e suas consequências. O segundo ensaio analisa o bem-sucedido desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G na Noruega, promovendo mudanças estruturais na sua economia. A Noruega se destacou no desenvolvimento do setor de P&G por conseguir, em pouco mais de 20 anos de políticas implementadas (1972-1994): fortalecer o seu desenvolvimento socioeconômico; evitar a desindustrialização decorrente da doença holandesa; desenvolver empresas de petróleo locais (estatal e privadas); desenvolver a cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G ampla e competitiva internacionalmente, incluindo a formação de clusters relacionados ao setor; e, por fim, se tornar uma referência em inovação no setor de P&G. O ensaio também identificou quais foram as principais ações implementadas na Noruega para desenvolver este setor. A despeito de o desenvolvimento da indústria de P&G norueguesa ter sido marcado por fatores internos e externos favoráveis, alguns desafios relevantes tiveram de ser superados, como, por exemplo, sobrecustos, atrasos nas entregas e importantes empresas locais falirem. O terceiro ensaio identificou que a cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G no Brasil tem evoluído, as políticas industriais têm sido aperfeiçoadas, mas o seu desenvolvimento, além de apresentar alguns problemas semelhantes ao que a Noruega teve que superar no passado, carrega outras particularidades. Ao analisar as políticas industriais implementadas nos dois países para o desenvolvimento deste setor, identificou-se que, em alguma medida, a Noruega já está sendo utilizada como referência para o Brasil, mas ainda existem lições e contribuições a serem aprendidas deste caso de sucesso. Entretanto, as diferenças socioeconômicas, políticas e culturais, agravadas por uma atual conjuntura global e interna mais adversa, tornam o desafio do Brasil de desenvolver a cadeia produtiva do setor de P&G ampla e competitiva mais difícil do que foi para a Noruega. / The aim of this thesis is to analyse different forms of Industrial Policy (IP) in Norway and Brazil to develop the Oil and Gas (O&G) supply chain, identifying the lessons and contributions from the Norwegian experience. The evolutionist view of IP forms the theoretical basis of the analysis, which is structured in three parts. The first two essays are in English and the third in Portuguese. The first essay presents a theoretical review of IP, defining the concept and placing the theories within a historical perspective, in addition to discussing other relevant issues, such as: its relation to macroeconomic policies; its stability and predictability; policy coordination; horizontal and vertical policies; types of instruments; measurement of results; linking benefits to progress in competitiveness/targets; and, finally, its duration. The article also discusses the main approaches taken towards IP today (orthodox and evolutionary). Thus, we see how IP was historically implemented in industrial development processes and find that there is still room to continue implementing it, despite the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its consequences. The second essay analyses the successful development of the O&G supply chain in Norway, promoting structural changes in the economy. Norway stood out in the development of the O&G sector for having succeeded, in just over 20 years of policy implementation (1972-1994), in: enhancing its socio-economic development; avoiding de-industrialization due to the Dutch disease; developing local oil companies (state and private); developing a broad and internationally competitive O&G supply chain, including the formation of clusters related to the O&G sector, and, moreover setting a benchmark in innovation in the O&G sector. The essay also illustrates the main actions implemented in Norway to develop the O&G sector. Although the development of the Norwegian O&G industry was marked by internal and external favourable factors, some relevant challenges had to be overcome, including cost overruns, delays in deliveries and important local companies went bankrupt. The third essay finds that the O&G supply chain in Brazil has evolved, the industrial policies have been improved, but while its development also shows some problems similar to those that Norway had to overcome in the past, it also has other peculiarities. On analysing the industrial policies implemented in both countries to develop this sector, it emerges that to some extent, Norway is already being used as reference for Brazil, but there are still lessons and contributions to be learned from this successful case. However, due to socio-economic, political and cultural differences, compounded by today’s more adverse global and domestic environment, the challenge Brazil has to face in developing a broad and competitive O&G supply chain is tougher than it was for Norway.

Submitted by Natalia de Souza Gonçalves (natalia.goncalves@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T14:23:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Atualizada_Dissertação Yuri Prestes 2016 PPGO l.pdf: 5509758 bytes, checksum: 8f72293dc72621c1a2af7560c8875b2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Atualizada_Dissertação Yuri Prestes 2016 PPGO l.pdf: 5509758 bytes, checksum: 8f72293dc72621c1a2af7560c8875b2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Este trabalho tem foco em processos físicos oceanográficos que dominam a interação entre o estuário do Rio Pará e a Plataforma Continental Amazônica (PCA). Esta, amplamente estudada pela comunidade científica por diversas áreas do conhecimento, comumente atrelada à influência do Rio Amazonas sobre a plataforma continental e/ou às correntes oceânicas de contorno oeste que atuam nessa região do Oceano Atlântico tropical. Contudo, uma importante questão ainda não respondida é qual a influência do estuário do Rio Pará sobre a PCA? O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a interação das forçantes físicas dentro do sistema Rio Pará-PCA. Medições eulerianas na plataforma e no estuário foram realizadas de modo a abranger as variabilidades temporais da área de estudo. Na plataforma, a coleta de dados ocorreu de Abril à Julho de 2008, período que abrange a diminuição da descarga fluvial, mudanças na direção dos alísios e intensificação da Corrente Norte do Brasil (CNB). No estuário, os levantamentos realizados ocorreram ao longo de um ciclo completo de maré semidiurno, durante o período seco (Outubro 2014) e o período chuvoso (Junho 2015) da região amazônica. Também foi elaborado um modelo em caixa (box model) de descarga para estivar a magnitude do aporte fluvial do Rio Pará. A propagação da onda de maré domina o sistema, gerando fluxos bidirecionais em regiões de micromaré a mais de 300 km de distância da foz do estuário. Na PCA, a maré gera intensas correntes barotrópicas no sentido da componente de velocidade transversal à plataforma, até alcançar a foz do sistema estuarino. Na quebra da plataforma, no período em que a CNB se intensifica, suas bordas de corrente atingem a PCA em profundidades < 100 m, agindo como um importante mecanismo nas trocas entre a plataforma amazônica e o oceano profundo do Atlântico Tropical. A magnitude da descarga média estimada pelo box model foi de 2 x 104 m3s-1, demonstrando também que o maior contribuinte hídrico para o Rio Pará é o Rio Tocantins. A força de empuxo gerada pela descarga fluvial interage com a força da maré, produzindo variabilidade lateral no estuário do Rio Pará. Na margem direita, há tendência de fluxos laminares, estratificação vertical e correntes baroclínicas, com processos mistura principalmente por difusão. Entre tanto, na margem esquerda, foi verificado a presença de fluxos turbulentos, ausência de gradientes de densidade vertical e correntes barotrópicas, de modo que os processos de mistura por advecção dominam a mistura no sistema. Os resultados apresentados ao longo de três artigos científicos enfatizaram o quão complexo e dinâmico é o sistema Rio Pará-PCA. Esta característica dinâmica do sistema gera a extrema necessidade de que as atividades potencialmente danosas devem ser desenvolvidas juntamente com medidas de prevenção para evitar danos ao meio ambiente. / This work aims to study on oceanographic physical process that dominate the interaction between the Pará River estuary and Amazon Continental Shelf (ACS). This widely studied by the scientific community in various areas of geosciences, commonly associated to Amazon River influence on the continental shelf, or to boundary ocean currents which occur in western of Atlantic Tropical. However, an important question not answered yet, is the influence of Para River estuary on the ACS? The objective of this study is to analyze the interaction of physical forcings within the Pará River-ACS system. Eulerian measurements on the platform and in the estuary were carried out to cover the temporal variability of the study area. On the amazon shelf, data collection occurred from period of April to July 2008 covering the decrease in river discharge, changes in the direction of the trade and intensification of the North Brazil Current (NBC). In the estuary, the surveys occur over a full semidiurnal tidal cycle during the amazonian dry season (October 2014) and the rainy season (June 2015). It was also prepared a discharge box model to estimate the magnitude of fluvial contribution of Pará River on the ACS. The tidal wave propagation dominates the system, generating bidirecional flows in microtides regions more than 300 km away from the estuary mouth. In the ACS, the tides creates intense barotropic currents towards the across-shelf velocity component until reach the mouth of the estuary system. On the shelf break, in the period in which the CNB intensifies, its current edges reach the ACS at < 100 depth, acting as an important mechanism in the exchange process between the Amazon shelf and the deep ocean of the Atlantic Tropical. The estimated of average discharge magnitude by box model was 2 x 104 m3s-1, also showing that the largest input to the Pará River is the Tocantins River. The buoyancy force generated by river discharge interacts with the tidal force, producing lateral variability in the estuary of Para River. On the right margin, there is a tendency of laminar flow, vertical stratification and baroclinic currents, with mixing processes primarily forced by diffusion. Meanwhile, the left margin, it was verified the presence of turbulent flow, no vertical density gradients, and intense barotropic currents, so that the advection processes dominate the mixing in the system. The results presented over the three papers emphasize how complex and dynamic is the Pará river-ACS system. This dynamic characteristic generates extreme need for potentially damaging activities should be developed together with preventive measures to avoid damage to the environment.

Orientador: Sergio Nascimento Bordalo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T09:03:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarvalhoFilho_ClodoaldodeOliveira_D.pdf: 11155676 bytes, checksum: 1cc462d182c41677707cebc202d69d93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A elevação a gás (gas lift) intermitente é empregada na indústria do petróleo para manter a produção viável nos reservatórios em depleção ou nos poços de baixa produtividade. O padrão cíclico do gas lift intermitente torna complexo o comportamento dinâmico do poço, dificultando o projeto e a operação deste sistema. Dentre as versões existentes, os métodos convencional (GLI) e invertido (GLI-I)- este último não abordado na literatura - são tomados como objetos de estudo. Evoluindo a partir dos modelos pré-existentes, nos quais os ciclos de gas lift são tratados como uma seqüência de etapas estanques, o comportamento do poço é modelado no presente trabalho, considerando a ocorrência de etapas simultâneas e acopladas ao longo dos ciclos. As interações no poço e suas conexões com o reservatório e a superfície, e.g., escoamentos de líquido e gás, são representadas por um conjunto completo de equações algébricas e diferenciais ordinárias temporais não-lineares, válidas para todas as etapas do ciclo. A simulação dinâmica do sistema é efetuada com a solução numérica de subconjuntos de equações do modelo, estabelecidos interativamente a cada etapa, para cada intervalo de tempo. Os resultados de simulação do GLI foram comparados com medições experimentais realizadas por outros autores, apresentando boa concordância. A análise dos ciclos de GLI e GLI-I em diversas condições operacionais possibilitou delinear faixas com ciclos e produção estáveis. O ganho econômico da produção foi avaliado para ambos os métodos, determinando o melhor compromisso entre a ciclagem do poço e o seu desempenho operacional a cada ciclo. A modelagem e o algoritmo de simulação desenvolvidos podem ser estendidos às demais versões de gas lift, constituindo uma ferramenta única e de grande valor para os engenheiros envolvidos com estes sistemas / Abstract: The intermittent gas lift is used in the oil industry to keep up a viable production from depleting reservoirs or low productivity wells. The cyclical pattern of the intermittent gas lift causes the dynamic behavior of the well to become complex, making it difficult to design and operate of such systems. Amongst the existing versions, the conventional (IGL) and the inverted (I-IGL) methods - the last one not covered in literature - are taken as objects of study. Evolving from the preexisting models, in which the gas lift cycles are treated as a sequence of self-contained stages, the behavior of the well, in the present work, takes into account the occurrence of simultaneous and coupled stages throughout the cycles. The interactions of the well and its connections with the reservoir and the surface, e.g., liquid and gas flows, are represented by a complete set of non-linear algebraic and time dependent ordinary differential equations, valid for alI the stages of the cycle. The dynamic simulation of the system is carried out with the numerical solution of the equation subsets of the model, interactively established for each stage, at each time step. The results of the simulations of the IGL were compared with experimental measurements carried through by other authors, presenting good agreement. The analysis of the IGL and I-IGL cycles under various operational conditions made it possible to delineate ranges of steady cycles and production. The production economic profit was evaluated for both versions, detennining the best compromise between the well cycling and its operational performance at each cycle. The developed modeling and the simulation algorithm can be extended to other gas lift versions, constituting a unique tool of great value for the engineers involved with these systems / Doutorado / Explotação / Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

This research paper is broken up into three sections, namely an evaluation report, a literature review and research methodology. The evaluation report section is the assessment of the current state of change readiness within the Eskom Contact Centre’s based upon what the literature on change readiness prescribes. The timing of the change readiness assessment is just prior to significant organisational change. The organisational change that was about to be initiated by the organisation was initiated from the boardroom of the most senior echelons of the organisation, and was directed in a top down approach, being a strategic organisational change. The change is deemed to be critical to the organisation being able to meet its long term strategic and sustainability objectives. A critical examination of the literature explored the meaning of change readiness, the importance of it and explained the consequences for organisations that commit to transformational agendas without being ready. Key concepts such as such resistance to change and organisational inertia are described and differentiated from change readiness. The ADKAR change model and its change readiness assessment instrument were used due to the organisations preference for the model. The ADKAR model formed the framework for the analyses of the data, the discussion of the results and the recommendations to the organisation. The research conducted was quantitative in nature; a questionnaire was distributed to the employees of the seven Eskom Contact centre sites around the country through an email. A slightly modified version of the ADKAR change readiness questionnaire was sent via email with an on-line questionnaire link on it; and questions on individual readiness for change were used to assess the level of readiness of the employees. Most of the descriptive and inferential statistics were analysed with the use of Excel (version, 2010), with Factor Analysis being done in Statistica. The results of the research showed that: [iii] - The factors as proposed by the ADKAR change readiness assessment questionnaire (i.e. Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability and Reinforcement) are not different enough to be considered as independent factors for this data set. Based on factor analysis, the factors were subsequently amended from five to three, namely Readiness, Opportunity Realisation and Uncertainty. - The Contact Centre employees were somewhat ready for change. - The Contact Centres needed to focus on all amended ADKAR factors in order to improve the readiness of the department. - The readiness levels in response to the roll out were more or less uniform. The study shows that given Eskom’s preference for the ADKAR model, future research within Eskom should therefore be conducted more circumspectly with respect to ascertaining the validity of the ADKAR factors. The study also makes mention that future work and/or research will need to be conducted, specifically on the readiness of the organisation itself, in order to improve the probability of transformational success. The ADKAR assessment is a people focused assessment and therefore focuses only on the readiness of the individual. Factors such as the adequacy of the current state of resources within the organisation, which incorporate aspects such as infrastructure, technology and staffing, will also need to be assessed to make a more holistic statement of change readiness. A concise review of the literature is incorporated into the Evaluation Report of Section 1 to underpin the study. In Section 2 a more extensive review of the literature is presented. Similarly, the design of the research is discussed in more detail in Section 3 to both describe and justify the appropriateness of the research methodology, and to give a detailed account of the way in which the research was carried out.

Through the Global Gas Flaring Reduction (GGFR) initiative a substantial amount of effort and international attention has been focused on the reduction of gas flaring since 2002 (Elvidge et al., 2009). Nigeria is rated as the second country in the world for gas flaring, after Russia. In an attempt to reduce and eliminate gas flaring the federal government of Nigeria has implemented a number of gas flaring reduction projects, but poor governmental regulatory policies have been mostly unsuccessful in phasing it out. This study examines the effects of pollution from gas flaring using multiple satellite based sensors (Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+) with a focus on vegetation health in the Niger Delta. Over 131 flaring sites in all 9 states (Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross Rivers, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers) of the Niger Delta region have been identified, out of which 11 sites in Rivers State were examined using a case study approach. Land Surface Temperature data were derived using a novel procedure drawing in visible band information to mask out clouds and identify appropriate emissivity values for different land cover types. In 2503 out of 3001 Landsat subscenes analysed, Land Surface Temperature was elevated by at least 1 ℃ within 450 m of the flare. The results from fieldwork, carried out at the Eleme Refinery II Petroleum Company and Onne Flow Station, are compared to the Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ data. Results indicate that Landsat data can detect gas flares and their associated pollution on vegetation health with acceptable accuracy for both Land Surface Temperature (range: 0.120 to 1.907 K) and Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (sd ± 0.004). Available environmental factors such as size of facility, height of stack, and time were considered. Finally, the assessment of the impact of pollution on a time series analysis (1984 to 2013) of vegetation health shows a decrease in NDVI annually within 120 m from the flare and that the spatio-temporal variability of NDVI for each site is influenced by local factors. This research demonstrated that only 5 % of the variability in δLST and only 12 % of the variability in δNDVI, with distance from the flare stack, could be accounted for by the available variables considered in this study. This suggests that other missing factors (the gas flaring volume and vegetation speciation) play a significant role in the variability in δLST and δNDVI respectively.

Magister Legum - LLM / The objective of this study is to analyse the law relating to exploration and production of oil and gas in Tanzania in relation to the protection of FDI. The analysis will be based on the international standards for the protection of FDI. Some of these standards are contained in international instruments and some of them have attained the status of customary international law. Examples of such standards include: Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET), Full Protection and Security (FPS), non-arbitrariness and non-discrimination, among others. Some international instruments to be referred to include the 1992 World Bank Guidelines on Treatment of FDI and the CERDS.

Oil and Gas companies have the inevitable need to operate in a global environment and therefore have a global reach. This thesis seeks to understand the nature and degree of localisation of the websites in this industry. This thesis introduces two notions of ‘global’, and seeks to examine the relationship between them: the first of which is the Global reach or operations of companies and the second is where a company’s communication is localised in language and cultural terms. A company can be seen to be ‘global’ in one of these two notions and it is this relationship that this thesis seeks to explore. The contribution of this thesis firstly, is that it adds to previous studies of website localisation, which have focused primarily on consumer goods and the retail industry, by examining a different kind of industry. Secondly, it takes into account the important semiotic and symbolic dimensions of language and culture when looking at localisation practices. The thesis thus contributes to the growing literature on website localisation and practices in Multinational companies. This study was carried out on 387 corporate and country specific websites of 16 Oil and Gas Companies to understand the extent and nature of their localisation practises particularly the way that language and culture are presented. The websites were studied using a qualitative and quantitative research design which involved carrying out a linguistic/semiotic analysis and a cultural analysis to give a balanced perspective of localisation practices. The conclusions of the study were that the companies operated a ‘glocal’ strategy, a combination of both a localised and a globalised (standardised) strategy. The companies had a combination of globally standardised features such as the website layouts, images, colour schemes, logos and the use of global celebrities on their websites and a limited degree of localisation where the ‘local’ is signified by local country websites, local news stories, local languages, local celebrities, images of local sights, images of company’s local office buildings and local petrol stations.