Atualmente, uma atividade que se tornou estratégica a nível nacional é o cultivo de espécies oleaginosas para o mercado alimentício e energético, em especial o plantio da palma de óleo (dendê) na região nordeste do estado do Pará, na Amazônia oriental. Esta cultura, assim como tem apresentado benefícios, como fixação do homem no campo, recuperação de áreas degradadas e redução da perda de solo, também tem apresentado riscos de ordem social e ambiental, como possíveis expropriações de terras e aumento do desmatamento e empobrecimento da diversidade ecológica. Mas se conhece pouco ainda dos impactos da expansão dessa cultura sobre o balanço hídrico e processos erosivos. Por isso, este trabalho estimou os impactos da expansão da cultura da palma de óleo na dinâmica de mudança de uso e cobertura da terra, bem como no escoamento superficial e na produção de sedimentos. Para isto, aplicou-se o modelo hidrossedimentológico Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) e o modelo de dinâmica espacial Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small region extent (CLUES) sobre as sub-bacias não monitoradas dos rios Bujaru (SBRB) e Mariquita (SBRM), com calibração do SWAT realizada a partir da técnica de regionalização de vazão por regressão não linear e medições em campo com o molinete hidrométrico. A princípio, as equações de regressão se apresentaram eficientes nas estimativas de dados de vazão para as sub-bacias, fundamentadas no bom resultado da calibração e validação sobre as estações reais. Nas áreas de palma de óleo, o modelo foi capaz de estimar com bom grau de eficiência a evapotranspiração nestas Unidades de Resposta Hidrológica da SBRB (1089,2 mm) e da SBRM (1093,1 mm), em relação a literatura e medidas em torre de monitoramento micrometeorológico. O modelo CLUE-S foi capaz de integralizar as variáveis explanatórias com as demandas agregadas e as características de elasticidade com o objetivo de gerar cenários futuros de uso e cobertura da terra, bem como modelar a palma de óleo nas sub-bacias, identificando as variáveis biofísicas como as principais forçantes de mudança de uso e cobertura da terra. As estimativas de escoamento superficial e produção de sedimentos apontaram para uma redução na SBRB e um aumento na SBRM entre os cenários de 2008, 2013 e o cenário projetado com o CLUE-S para 2023 em especial por razão da grande variação das áreas de vegetação secundária. As áreas de Palma de Óleo tiveram menor escoamento superficial e produção de sedimentos médio mensal do período mais chuvoso em ambas sub-bacias e em todos os cenários em relação as áreas de Agricultura Geral e Pastagem. Os resultados também mostraram a boa capacidade do uso integrado dos modelos SWAT e CLUE-S na geração de dados que contribuem para a análise do impacto ambiental da expansão da palma de óleo na região nordeste do estado do Pará, sendo também importante para o planejamento e gestão ambiental rural em bacias hidrográficas não monitoradas na Amazônia Oriental, pois demonstra a eficiência do método em proporcionar o aumento dos conhecimentos do comportamento hidrológico destas bacias em relação a dinâmica espacial de uso e cobertura do solo. / Nowadays, oilseed production for food and energy has become a strategic activity at national level in Brazil, particularly oil palm crops located in the Northeast of Pará State, Eastern Amazon. Oil palm crops have shown benefits such as keeping farmers on the land, recovering degraded areas and reducing soil loss. Conversely, it may also increase social and environmental risks linked to land tenure instability and land expropriation, deforestation and biodiversity losses. In such context, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the impacts of such crop on the local water balance and erosion processes. Thus, this research estimated the impacts of increasing oil palm crops on land use and land cover change dynamics, as well as on runoff and soil erosion processes. To do so, it was applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the spatial explicit framework Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small region extent (CLUE-S) over two ungauged sub-basins of Bujaru (SBRB) and Mariquita (SBRM) rivers. SWAT calibration was done by the regionalization streamflow method that adopts nonlinear regression and field measurements using a current meter. Initially, regression equations were effective in streamflow data estimation for the subbasins, this was based on effective calibration and validation results upon real stations. In the oil palm crop areas, the SWAT modeling was able to successfully estimate evapotranspiration on both hydrologic response unit of SBRB (1089,2 mm) and SBRM (1093,1mm) when compared to the literature and measures in micrometeorological monitoring tower. When applying CLUE-S model it was capable to integrate explanatory variables to scenario demands and elasticity parameters determining land use/cover change. Such integration allowed modelling oil palm spatial-temporal dynamics in current and future scenario demands within the two sub-basins SBRB and SBRM, as well as the identification of biophysical variables as the core drivers of land use/cover change. Runoff and sediment yield pointed out towards a decline in SBRB and an increase in SBRM in the current scenario between 2008 and 2013, as well as in the future scenario modelled using CLUE-S land use/cover change maps for 2023, particularly because of a large variation in the dynamics of secondary vegetation between the two sub-basins. Oil palm areas had smaller monthly average runoff and sediment yield in the rainiest period in both sub-basins and in current and future scenarios regarding agriculture and pasture areas. The results also show a suitable capability of integration between SWAT and CLUE-S models when generating data that contribute to the analysis of environmental impact of oil palm expansion in the Northeast of Para State. Such contribution is also relevant to the rural environmental planning and management in ungauged river-basins in Eastern Amazon, since the results found here demonstrate the efficiency of the method in providing an improved knowledge of the hydrological behavior of these basins concerning land use and land cover changes dynamics.

Submitted by MARGARITA INES RESTREPO MENDEZ null (mirestrepo10@gmail.com) on 2017-07-07T00:52:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação vfinal2017.pdf: 4896894 bytes, checksum: 23260c7c562f17485d66b4630c7dd377 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-13T16:33:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mendez_mir_me_ippri.pdf: 4896894 bytes, checksum: 23260c7c562f17485d66b4630c7dd377 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-13T16:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mendez_mir_me_ippri.pdf: 4896894 bytes, checksum: 23260c7c562f17485d66b4630c7dd377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-18 / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as mudanças nas atividades produtivas de mulheres rurais Afro-colombianas devido à expansão em seus territórios do cultivo da palma de óleo. Essa expansão é o resultado da dinâmica global de territorialização do capital nas zonas rurais por meio da compra e acumulação de terras por investidores privados, a fim de instalar grandes monoculturas, projetos de infraestrutura e/ou exploração de minerais, para o qual têm recebido o apoio dos governos nacionais com a reorientação de políticas agrícolas que lhes permitem a intervenção em territórios locais. Os países da América Latina, incluindo a Colômbia, não são isentos dessa dinâmica global. Este país tem aumentado as áreas de cultivo da palma de óleo para fins de exportação durante as últimas duas décadas. Isto levou a uma transformação nos meios de vida das comunidades rurais e étnicas, devido à ocupação física e simbólica de seus territórios, à apropriação dos seus recursos, incluindo terra e água, dos quais essas comunidades obtém seu sustento. Essas transformações são vivenciadas de forma diferente nas mulheres camponesas, devido às relações patriarcais-capitalistas e discriminatórias em que vivem, onde a sua voz e reconhecimento tanto no produtivo quanto no reprodutivo é invisível, da mesma maneira que os seus direitos sobre a propriedade dos ativos produtivos. Situações que as levam a uma maior condição de vulnerabilidade, empobrecimento e dependência. Este estudo foi realizado no município de Maríalabaja, cidade localizada no norte da Colômbia. Este município era produtor de uma grande quantidade e variedade de alimentos antes de 1998, quando se começou a instalar o cultivo da palma de óleo. Além disso, a maioria da sua população autodeclara-se camponesa e tem sido afetada pelo conflito armado interno colombiano. Foi usada uma metodologia qualitativa com o objetivo de descrever as atividades realizadas por mulheres pertencentes a organizações de agricultores, antes e após a instalação cultivo da palma de óleo, analisando as transformações vivenciadas por elas, as formas de resistência e os desafios que enfrentam para permanecer no território. / This study aimed to assess changes in the productive activities of Afro Colombian rural women due to the expansion of oil palm plantation in their territories. This expansion is a result of global dynamics of territorialization of capital in rural areas through the purchase and ownership of lands by private investors in order to install large monocrop plantations, infrastructure projects and/or mineral exploration. For which investors have been supported by national governments through the readjustment of agricultural policies that allow them to interfere in local territories. Latin American countries, including Colombia, have not been exempt from global dynamics. This country has increased areas of palm oil plantation to serve exportation purposes during the last two decades, which has led to transformation in the means of living of rural and ethnic communities, due to the physical and symbolic occupation of their territories and the appropriation of their resources, including land and water, from which communities derive their sustenance. These transformations are presented differently on rural women, because of the patriarchal-capitalist and discriminatory societies in which they live, where their voice and recognition to both productive and reproductive aspects are made invisible, as well as their rights to the ownership of the productive assets. Situations that leave them in a more vulnerable condition of impoverishment and dependence. We carried out a qualitative study in the municipality Maríalabaja which is located in Northern Colombia. This town used to produce large quantity and variety of food before 1998 when the setting-up of oil palm plantation started. In addition, the majority of its population considers themselves farmers and has suffered the Colombian internal armed conflict. We aimed to describe the activities carried out by women belonging to farmers' organizations before and after the setting-up of oil palm plantation, and to assess transformations experienced by them in their means of living, ways of resistance and challenges they currently face to remain in the territory. / La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las transformaciones en las actividades productivas de mujeres campesinas por la expansión del cultivo de palma de aceite en sus territorios. Dicha expansión es debida a las dinámicas globales de la territorialización del capital en las áreas rurales mediante la compra y acaparamientos de tierras por parte de inversores privados, con el fin de instalar grandes plantaciones de monocultivos, proyectos de infraestructura y/o exploraciones de minerales, para lo cual han contado con el apoyo de los gobiernos nacionales, mediante la reorientación de las políticas públicas agrarias que les permitan la intervención en los territorios locales. Los países latinoamericanos no han estado exentos de éstas dinámicas globales, entre ellos Colombia, el cual ha incrementado las áreas de cultivo de la palma de aceite con fines exportables durante el presente siglo, generando transformaciones en los medios de vidas de las comunidades rurales, campesinas y étnicas, por la ocupación material y simbólica de sus territorios, por la apropiación de sus recursos, entre ellos la tierra y el agua, de los cuales las comunidades derivan el sustento. Estas transformaciones se presentan de manera diferenciada en las mujeres campesinas, por las relaciones patriarcales-capitalistas y discriminatorias en las que viven, en donde su voz y reconocimiento tanto en lo productivo como reproductivo es invisibilizado, al igual que sus derechos en la propiedad de los activos productivos. Situaciones que llevan a empobrecerlas, siendo menos autónomas y más dependientes y vulnerables. Para la presente investigación se recurre a la metodología cualitativa, tomando como estudio de caso el municipio de Maríalabaja, ubicado al norte de Colombia, el cual era productor de gran cantidad y variedad de alimentos antes de 1998 cuando comenzó la instalación del cultivo de palma de aceite, y además caracterizado porque la mayoría de su población ha sufrido el conflicto armado interno colombiano. La investigación pretendió conocer las actividades productivas desarrolladas por las mujeres que pertenecen a organizaciones campesinas antes y después de la instalación del cultivo, analizando las transformaciones vivenciadas por ellas, las formas de resistencia y los desafíos que enfrentan para permanecer en el territorio.

No description available.

Traditionally, fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) have been used extensively in aquafeeds, mainly due to their excellent nutritional properties. However, various reasons dictate the use of sustainable alternatives and the reduction of the dependence on these commodities in fish feeds. Hence, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate the effects of the replacement of FM and FO with two vegetable oils (VO) and an oilseed meal on the growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient and fatty acids (FA) digestibility and tissue FA composition and metabolism in three commercially important European fish species. Specifically, in Experiment I crude palm oil (PO) was used to replace FO in diets for rainbow trout. In Experiments II and III FO was replaced with rapeseed oil (RO) in diets for Atlantic salmon at various dietary protein/lipid levels aiming also at further reductions of FM by using low protein (high lipid) diet formulations. In Experiments II and III the fish were reared at low and high water temperatures, respectively, in order to elucidate, also, the potential effects of temperature. Lastly, the effects of the replacement of FM with full fat soya meal (FFS) in Atlantic cod were investigated in Experiment IV. The results of the present thesis showed no negative effects on growth performance and feed utilization in rainbow trout when FO was replaced with PO. The dietary inclusion of RO improved the growth of Atlantic salmon, possibly, due to changes in the nutrient and FA digestibilities and FA catabolism while, the growth and feed utilization were unaffected by the dietary protein/lipid level. However, the growth of Atlantic cod was affected negatively by the replacement of FM with FFS. The proximate composition of the fish whole body was in most cases unaffected by dietary treatments. The changes in dietary formulations affected the dietary FA compositions and resulted in significant changes in the fish tissue FA compositions. It was clearly shown that the fish tissue total lipid FA composition reflects the FA composition of the diet, although specific FA were selectively utilized or retained in the tissues by the fish. These may have serious implications not only for fish metabolism and growth but also for the quality of the final product, especially in terms of possible reductions of n-3 HUFA.

La lutte contre les rongeurs est souvent un enjeu majeur dans les agroécosystèmes. Nous avons conduit une étude comparative dans des plantations de palmiers à huile dans les provinces de Riau et de Bangka en Indonésie. Dans les deux zones, des chouettes ont été introduites pour la lutte contre les rats ; toutefois, à Riau les rats sont maintenus à des niveaux de population acceptables sans recours au raticide, tandis qu’à Bangka les dégâts des rats sont très importants et l’usage de raticide intensif. Nous avons comparé ce deux systèmes en terme d’abondance et/ou de régime alimentaire de deux prédateurs, chouettes et petits carnivores. D’après nos résultats, les petits carnivores sont beaucoup plus abondants dans les plantations à Riau qu’à Bangka, et le chat léopard (Prionailurus bengalensis) est absent à Bangka tandis que cette espèce domine à Riau. Nos résultats suggèrent également que la prédation sur les rats par les chouettes et les petits carnivores serait moindre à Bangka qu’à Riau. D’une manière générale, cette étude confirme l’hypothèse selon laquelle les petits carnivores, notamment les chats léopard, joueraient un rôle important dans la lutte contre les rats en palmeraies. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé la distribution spatiale des petits carnivores en plantation. Nos résultats suggèrent que, bien que l’habitat palmeraie soit largement utilisé la nuit par certains petits carnivores comme le chat leopard, qui y trouve une abondante ressource alimentaire, la plupart des espèces sont dépendantes de la forêt. Les gestionnaires des palmeraies devraient adapter leurs pratiques, afin de favoriser les petits carnivores dans une perspective de lutte contre les rats. / Rodent pest control is often a major issue in agroecosystems. We conducted a 3-year comparative study (2010-2012) in oil palm plantations in Riau and Bangka provinces, in Indonesia: in both areas barn owls have been introduced for rat control, and were at least as abundant in Bangka plantations than in Riau, but in Riau rat populations have been maintained at an acceptable level without the use of rodenticide, whereas in Bangka intensive rodenticide applications did not prevent high levels of rat damage. We compared these two contrasting systems in terms of predator community (barn owls and small carnivores) abundance and/or diet. We found that small carnivores were much more abundant in Riau plantations than in Bangka, and that the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was the dominant species in Riau while absent from Bangka. Our results on diet suggested that rat prey intake from barn owls and from the small carnivore community would be less in Bangka plantations than in Riau. Broadly, our results suggest that small carnivores, notably the leopard cat, play an important role in rodent control. In addition, we investigated spatial distribution of small carnivores within the oil palm habitat. Our results support the hypothesis that, although the oil palm may be habitable for some small carnivore species such as the leopard cat, where they supposedly forage at night, most species still need forest for their survival in oil palm landscapes. Oil palm plantations managers should adapt agricultural practices and land-use to enhance small carnivores, with the view to improve rodent control.

No description available.