Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Junior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T18:53:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrino_MarcilioHaddad_D.pdf: 2714544 bytes, checksum: e672b70a8b7d69be2cd8e546921e9f58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os dutos têm se tornado o principal meio de transporte para gás natural, petróleo e derivados nas últimas décadas. Diversos novos projetos, visando a extensão da malha dutoviária atual estão sendo implantados e as dimensões das redes de distribuição de países desenvolvidos mostram que este tipo de modal será cada vez mais utilizado, acompanhando o crescimento do Brasil. Dutovias com tais dimensões requerem esquemas de manutenção adequados, com técnicas otimizadas de inspeção. A falha, em muitos casos, pode levar a desastres ambientais, com conseqüências econômicas e sociais imensuráveis. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma nova metodologia para a medição de tensões mecânicas em dutos baseada na variação da velocidade de ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (ondas Lcr). Como objetivos específicos foram estudadas a influência da temperatura sobre o resultado da medição, a influência da textura do material para dutos e a determinação e validação do método matemático mais adequado para emprego na determinação das tensões. Para a determinação das tensões no duto foi construído um dispositivo especial para movimentar o conjunto de transdutores ao longo dos pontos de medição. Foram realizadas medições na direção longitudinal e transversal do duto e esses levantamentos foram comparados com medidas de tensão determinadas através de extensômetros. Os resultados finais da tese mostraram a excelente correlação entre a tensão aplicada e a resposta do sistema indicando que a técnica pode ser empregada em campo / Abstract: Pipelines have become the main transport means for natural gas, petroleum and derivatives in the last decades. Several new projects aiming the extension of the current pipeline mesh are being deployed and the size of distribution networks in developed countries show that this kind of modal will be increasingly used, following the growth of Brazil. Pipelines with such dimensions require proper schedules for maintenance, with optimized techniques of inspection. In many cases a flaw can lead to environmental disasters with economic and social consequences. This work is aimed to develop a new methodology for the measurement of mechanical stress in pipelines based in the variation of the speed of longitudinal critically refracted waves (Lcr waves). A more specific objectives, this study treats with the influence of the temperature on the measurement results, the influence of the texture of the material for pipelines and the determination and validation of the most suitable mathematical method for determination of the stress. For the determination of the stress in the pipeline a special device was constructed to move the set of transducers along the points of measurement. Measurements were performed in the longitudinal and transversal directions of the pipeline and the results were compared with stress measures determined by strain gages. The final results of the thesis showed the excellent correlation between the applied stress and the response of the system indicating that the technique can be employed in field / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Cid Carvalho de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T18:36:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marini_BrunoConti_M.pdf: 1252984 bytes, checksum: 40439ec279501ea9ca594d950e42a229 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Uma das formas mais econômicas e, em relação ao meio ambiente, mais seguras de se transportar combustíveis é bombeá-los através de redes de dutos. Contudo, as diversas restrições operacionais que precisam ser consideradas fazem com que o planejamento das atividades de bombeamento se transforme em um grande desafio. Dentre os diversos cenários em que o problema se apresenta, investiga-se nessa dissertação o caso de uma rede composta de um único duto onde diversos produtos são bombeados unidirecionalmente. Trata-se de uma situação real enfrentada pela Petrobras no gerenciamento da rede OSBRA. Na literatura existem propostas de vários modelos matemáticos para tratar esta instância particular do problema. Contudo, no melhor do nosso conhecimento, não existem comparações efetivas entre estes modelos e os algoritmos usados para computá-los. Nessa dissertação faz-se uma comparação aprofundada entre três desses modelos, a qual se baseia em uma metodologia sugerida pelos técnicos da Petrobras. Neste trabalho são destacadas não só as dificuldades envolvendo a implementação dos modelos, bem como as deficiências encontradas na aplicação da metodologia de comparação usada pela empresa. Propostas são feitas nessa dissertação no intuito de superar estes obstáculos / Abstract: One of the most economical and, with respect to the environment, safest ways to transport fuel is to pump them through pipeline networks. However, the several operational constraints that have to be considered turn the planning of these activities into a major challenge. Among the several cenarios in which the problem arises, in this dissertation we investigate the case of a network composed of a single pipeline through which several products are pumped unidirectionally. This is a real situation faced by Petrobras in the management of the OSBRA network. In the literature there are proposals of various mathematical models to tackle this particular instance of the problem. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no effective comparisons of these models and of the algorithms used to compute them. In this dissertation an in-depth comparison is made between three of these models, which is based on a methodology suggested by the technical staff of Petrobras. In this work we highlight not only the difficulties involving the implementation of the models but also the deficiencies encountered in the application of the comparison methodology used by the company. Proposals are made in this dissertation in an attempt to overcome these obstacles / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Atualmente existem diferentes definições para o conceito de fragilidade ambiental, o que dificulta sua aplicação e a comparação entre os resultados de diferentes métodos. Este trabalho realiza uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática a cerca desse conceito e adota a definição considerada mais adequada. Com base na definição adotada foi proposto e aplicado um método para avaliar a fragilidade ambiental de uma área de estudo. Esse método utiliza pesos para ponderar os diferentes atributos (meio físico, biótico e socioeconômico) envolvidos na análise de fragilidade ambiental, que são definidos com a aplicação do Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP). O método proposto também se fundamenta na utilização de um programa de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a estruturação da base de dados, a realização das análises espaciais e a ponderação dos mapas necessários. A área de estudo corresponde a um setor do oleoduto São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA), com extensão de 18,5 km e largura de 2 km (área total de 83,99 km²) e utilizou-se uma base cartográfica digital na escala 1:10.000. Foram realizadas vistorias de campo para levantar pontos de observação de superfície e para coletar amostras de solo. Realizaram-se ensaios geotécnicos, químicos e mineralógicos com as amostras coletadas. A aplicação do método consistiu na geração de mapas de suscetibilidade intermediários, que combinados geraram o mapa de fragilidade ambiental. Foi importante a utilização do método AHP, pois ele reduz a subjetividade das ponderações qualitativas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos esclarecem a definição do conceito de fragilidade ambiental, além de mostrar a importância da seleção e ponderação dos atributos utilizados no método. O mapa final gerado também permitiu avaliar a sensibilidade do método e seu potencial de aplicação prática. / Currently there are different definitions to the concept of environmental fragility; it complicates its application and makes difficult to compare between different methods. This work addresses the main definitions to this concept and adopts the one considered the most proper. Based in the adopted definition it was proposed a method to evaluate the environmental fragility of a study area. This method applies weights to the different attributes (physical, biotic and socioeconomic) related to the environmental fragility analysis, which are assigned using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The method also uses Geographic Information System (GIS) software to structure the database, to conduct the spatial analysis and to assign weights to the maps. The study area is a sector of the São Paulo – Brasília oil pipeline (OSBRA), covering 18.5 km length and 2 km wide (total area of 83,99 km²) and it was used a digital cartographic map at the scale of 1:10,000. Field trips were made to obtain surface observation points and to collect soil samples. Geological and geotechnical tests, mineralogical tests and chemistry analysis were conducted with the soil samples. The method application consists in generating intermediates susceptibility maps, that were combined to generate the environmental fragility map. It was important to use the AHP method, because it reduces the subjectivity of the qualitative weight assignment. The obtained results elucidate the environmental fragility concept and show the importance of the selection and weight assignment of the attributes used in the method. Moreover, the final map provided to evaluate the method sensitivity and its potential of practical application.

The profound and observable changes in the world, including globalization, in the last decades have weakened the state power vis-&agrave / -vis non-state actors. This process naturally, has marked down the state capacity to protect and promote internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. In this context, TNCs, the principle actors of economic globalization, not only threaten the enjoyment of human rights, but also challenge to the state-centric human rights understanding. This thesis claims that the state-centric paradigm has got difficulties to locate non-state actors that violate human rights. While this study proceeds from the premise that the state is the primary responsible actor, it cannot certainly be considered as the sole responsible actor for human rights. Likewise, the thesis suggests that a new international mechanism that holds also non-state actors, particularly TNCs, responsible for human rights needs to be established.

The accurate determination of gender of biological samples has valuable applications in medical and forensic investigations. Gender determination based on length variations in the X-Y homologous amelogenin gene, is part of most commercial multiplex DNA profiling kits. The first report of a failure of the amelogenin sex test was in 1998 when two normal males were typed as female. Subsequently, several amelogenin Y (AMELY) negative males have been reported. This study represents the first report of this phenomenon in the black South African population. This study determined the size of the Y-chromosome deletion that resulted in the failure of the amelogenin sex test in two black South African AMELY-negative males by typing specific DNA markers surrounding the amelogenin locus. Through deletion size and Y-chromosome microsatellite haplotypes, the relationship between the samples was investigated. The samples were sequenced at the amelogenin gene and typed for thirteen sites on the short arm of the Y-chromosome. In order to determine the Y-chromosome haplotypes, eleven Y-chromosome microsatellite markers were typed. These samples had the same size deletion of approximately 3 Mb. The Y-chromosome haplotypes indicated that these were probably independent events. The frequency of AMELY-negative males is rare in this population sample of 8,344 individuals, with a frequency of 0.065% in the black South African sample population. Notwithstanding, tests performed for detecting the presence of male DNA based on the presence of the amelogenin gene alone should be reconsidered, as this study confirms that these deletions do occur in the African population. The impact of the results generated in this study on the medical and forensic practise of DNA testing is significant. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

There are many practical decision problems that fall into the category of network flow problems: numerous examples of applications can be found in areas such as telecommunications, logistics, distributions, engineering, computer science and so on. One of the most popular and valuable tools to solve network flow problems of a topological nature is the use of linear programming models. An important extension of these models is that of integer programming models that deal with problems where some, or all, of the variables are required to assume integer variables. A significant application in this class of problems is the knapsack problem that arises in different contexts such as loading containers in aircraft or satisfying the demand for various lengths of cloth which must be cut from fixed length bolts of fabric. In this study, the feasibility of representing a network flow model in a tree network model and subsequently solving it using a tree knapsack approach is investigated. To compare and validate the proposed technique, a specific case study was chosen from the literature that can be used as a basis for the research project. The said study was an oil pipeline design problem, addressed by Brimberg et al. (2003). This focuses on the optimal design of an oil pipeline network for the South Gabon oil field in Africa. The objective was to reduce oil transportation costs to a major port. Following an overview of different network flow and knapsack models, an overview of the said matter is presented. A description of the proposed tree knapsack approach and the application of this approach to the given problem is given. Results have indicated that it is feasible to apply a tree knapsack approach to solve network flow problems. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The accurate determination of gender of biological samples has valuable applications in medical and forensic investigations. Gender determination based on length variations in the X-Y homologous amelogenin gene, is part of most commercial multiplex DNA profiling kits. The first report of a failure of the amelogenin sex test was in 1998 when two normal males were typed as female. Subsequently, several amelogenin Y (AMELY) negative males have been reported. This study represents the first report of this phenomenon in the black South African population. This study determined the size of the Y-chromosome deletion that resulted in the failure of the amelogenin sex test in two black South African AMELY-negative males by typing specific DNA markers surrounding the amelogenin locus. Through deletion size and Y-chromosome microsatellite haplotypes, the relationship between the samples was investigated. The samples were sequenced at the amelogenin gene and typed for thirteen sites on the short arm of the Y-chromosome. In order to determine the Y-chromosome haplotypes, eleven Y-chromosome microsatellite markers were typed. These samples had the same size deletion of approximately 3 Mb. The Y-chromosome haplotypes indicated that these were probably independent events. The frequency of AMELY-negative males is rare in this population sample of 8,344 individuals, with a frequency of 0.065% in the black South African sample population. Notwithstanding, tests performed for detecting the presence of male DNA based on the presence of the amelogenin gene alone should be reconsidered, as this study confirms that these deletions do occur in the African population. The impact of the results generated in this study on the medical and forensic practise of DNA testing is significant. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

There are many practical decision problems that fall into the category of network flow problems: numerous examples of applications can be found in areas such as telecommunications, logistics, distributions, engineering, computer science and so on. One of the most popular and valuable tools to solve network flow problems of a topological nature is the use of linear programming models. An important extension of these models is that of integer programming models that deal with problems where some, or all, of the variables are required to assume integer variables. A significant application in this class of problems is the knapsack problem that arises in different contexts such as loading containers in aircraft or satisfying the demand for various lengths of cloth which must be cut from fixed length bolts of fabric. In this study, the feasibility of representing a network flow model in a tree network model and subsequently solving it using a tree knapsack approach is investigated. To compare and validate the proposed technique, a specific case study was chosen from the literature that can be used as a basis for the research project. The said study was an oil pipeline design problem, addressed by Brimberg et al. (2003). This focuses on the optimal design of an oil pipeline network for the South Gabon oil field in Africa. The objective was to reduce oil transportation costs to a major port. Following an overview of different network flow and knapsack models, an overview of the said matter is presented. A description of the proposed tree knapsack approach and the application of this approach to the given problem is given. Results have indicated that it is feasible to apply a tree knapsack approach to solve network flow problems. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

This thesis analyses Turkey&rsquo / s energy policies and Turkey&rsquo / s foreign relations through the energy issues in the Eurasian region. In the first phase, the energy policies implemented by the state and free market orientation in Turkish energy sector will be discussed. The impacts of neo-liberal economic policies, regional organizations (the European Union and OECD), and global finance institutions (International Monetary Fund &ndash / the IMF and the World Bank &ndash / WB) on Turkish energy sub-sectors, particularly since the beginning of the 1980s, will be examined. In the second phase, Turkey&rsquo / s own autonomy and effectiveness within major energy pipeline projects in the Eurasian energy axis will be questioned in the post-Cold War period. Turkey&rsquo / s relations in the energy issues with the European Union, Middle East, Caucasus and Turkic States, Russia and the United States (US) will be discussed. Basic vulnerabilities in Turkish energy sector and possible acquisitions of Turkey through its international energy deals will be emphasized.

Atualmente existem diferentes definições para o conceito de fragilidade ambiental, o que dificulta sua aplicação e a comparação entre os resultados de diferentes métodos. Este trabalho realiza uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática a cerca desse conceito e adota a definição considerada mais adequada. Com base na definição adotada foi proposto e aplicado um método para avaliar a fragilidade ambiental de uma área de estudo. Esse método utiliza pesos para ponderar os diferentes atributos (meio físico, biótico e socioeconômico) envolvidos na análise de fragilidade ambiental, que são definidos com a aplicação do Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP). O método proposto também se fundamenta na utilização de um programa de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a estruturação da base de dados, a realização das análises espaciais e a ponderação dos mapas necessários. A área de estudo corresponde a um setor do oleoduto São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA), com extensão de 18,5 km e largura de 2 km (área total de 83,99 km²) e utilizou-se uma base cartográfica digital na escala 1:10.000. Foram realizadas vistorias de campo para levantar pontos de observação de superfície e para coletar amostras de solo. Realizaram-se ensaios geotécnicos, químicos e mineralógicos com as amostras coletadas. A aplicação do método consistiu na geração de mapas de suscetibilidade intermediários, que combinados geraram o mapa de fragilidade ambiental. Foi importante a utilização do método AHP, pois ele reduz a subjetividade das ponderações qualitativas realizadas. Os resultados obtidos esclarecem a definição do conceito de fragilidade ambiental, além de mostrar a importância da seleção e ponderação dos atributos utilizados no método. O mapa final gerado também permitiu avaliar a sensibilidade do método e seu potencial de aplicação prática. / Currently there are different definitions to the concept of environmental fragility; it complicates its application and makes difficult to compare between different methods. This work addresses the main definitions to this concept and adopts the one considered the most proper. Based in the adopted definition it was proposed a method to evaluate the environmental fragility of a study area. This method applies weights to the different attributes (physical, biotic and socioeconomic) related to the environmental fragility analysis, which are assigned using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The method also uses Geographic Information System (GIS) software to structure the database, to conduct the spatial analysis and to assign weights to the maps. The study area is a sector of the São Paulo – Brasília oil pipeline (OSBRA), covering 18.5 km length and 2 km wide (total area of 83,99 km²) and it was used a digital cartographic map at the scale of 1:10,000. Field trips were made to obtain surface observation points and to collect soil samples. Geological and geotechnical tests, mineralogical tests and chemistry analysis were conducted with the soil samples. The method application consists in generating intermediates susceptibility maps, that were combined to generate the environmental fragility map. It was important to use the AHP method, because it reduces the subjectivity of the qualitative weight assignment. The obtained results elucidate the environmental fragility concept and show the importance of the selection and weight assignment of the attributes used in the method. Moreover, the final map provided to evaluate the method sensitivity and its potential of practical application.