The global financial crisis that started in the USA affected several countries around the world. This study focuses on only three countries; the USA, Sweden, and Italy, which are examples of economies with three different labor market models. The purpose of this study is to investigate if and in that case how Okun's law was affected by the global financial crisis in the three countries’ labor market models and if there are any differences in the correlations before and after the global financial crisis. Okun’s difference version was used in this study. Quarterly time series data was used in this study during the time period 1985-2019. The Chow test was used to test the hypothesis. The results show that the global financial crisis affected Okun’s law after the crisis in all three countries. The USA, Sweden, and Italy were affected differently

This study tests if Okun’s law can be used applied to several countries in different continents from the year 1991-2020. This is done with Okun's gap model to calculate Okun's coefficient, that test percentage decrease in output when unemployment rate increases above natural level. In order to use this model, one must calculate potential production and natural rate of unemployment. To test if different methods of calculation will affect the coefficient, natural rate of unemployment potential output are calculated with two different methods, linear and fitted trend line. The result of this study showed that continents with most developing countries showed significant coefficients when natural rate of unemployment and potential output are estimated with linear trendline, while continents with predominantly developed countries showed significant coefficients with the fitted estimation trend line. In conclusion, Okun's law can be applied to the majority of tested countries and the method used can give different results.

The main objective of this research paper is to find the association between unemployment rate and GDP growth which is presented empirically by Arthur Okun’s in early 1960s. For this purpose I have used annual time series data during the period 1981-2005 of Pakistan. I applied difference version of Okun’s law which is more appropriate to access results directly from empirical data. In order to find long run relation between the variables I used Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) to find the short term behavior of GDP growth to its long run value. This paper verifies negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth and both variables have long run relation with each other. Moreover GDP growth will adjust more quickly towards equilibrium in the long run.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether Okun’s law is valid within Sweden. Furthermore, we are also interested in studying how it varies with different genders and age groups. Quarterly data on GDP and unemployment between the years 1980 to 2015 is used. Three different models have been tested on their ability to estimate Okun’s law and the model with the highest explanatory power was chosen. The results show that unemployment among men are more affected by changes in GDP growth than women, which likely is because more men tend to work in the private sector and women in the public sector. Young workers are also affected to a greater degree than older workers, due to how the employment protection act (LAS) works in Sweden. / Syftet med uppsatsen är främst att undersöka den så kallade Okuns lag i Sverige, och mer specifikt studera om sambandet varierar mellan kön och åldersgrupper. Kvartalsdata på BNP och arbetslöshet mellan åren 1980 till 2015 har använts. Tre olika modeller har testats på hur väl de kunde förklara Okuns lag i Sverige, varav den ena modellen hade högre förklaringsgrad. Resultaten visar att män påverkades till en högre grad av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt än kvinnor. Detta beror sannolikt på att män i högre grad tenderar att jobba inom den privata sektorn och kvinnor inom offentliga sektorn, vilken inte är lika känslig för konjunktursvängningar. Vi fann även att yngre arbetare påverkas till en högre grad än äldre av förändringar i ekonomins tillväxt. Detta beror sannolikt på hur lagen om anställningsskydd (LAS) är uppbyggd i Sverige.

The Okun’s Law has been frequently addressed in macroeconomic studies around the world, mostly in national levels, with few studies that estimate the relationship at regional level. This work, using 2002q1-2014q3 quarterly data, estimated the Okun coefficients for Brazil and for the metropolitan areas of Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre and Sao Paulo. The conclusion is that Okun’s Law is valid in Brazil and in one of the three metropolitan regions studied, and there are regional differences in the responsiveness of labor markets to output fluctuations and deviations from their long-term levels, which, according to the literature, implies the need to implement unemployment policies that not only meet the regional disparities in the labor market, but also the elasticity of the labor market to changes in economic activity in each location. / A Lei de Okun tem sido frequentemente abordada em estudos macroeconômicos ao redor do mundo, na sua grande maioria em níveis nacionais, havendo poucos estudos que compreendam a relação em nível regional. Este trabalho, a partir de dados trimestrais de 2002q1 a 2014q3, estimou os coeficientes de Okun para o Brasil e para as regiões metropolitanas de Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre e de São Paulo. Verificou-se que a Lei de Okun é válida no Brasil e em uma das três regiões metropolitanas estudadas, e que existem diferenças regionais quanto à capacidade de resposta dos mercados de trabalho às flutuações do produto e aos desvios de seus níveis de longo prazo, o que, segundo a literatura, implica a necessidade de implementar políticas de desemprego que observem não apenas as disparidades regionais no mercado de trabalho, mas também a resposta deste a alterações da atividade econômica em cada localidade.

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται οι οικονομετρικές σχέσεις του νόμου του Okun, που συνδέουν τις μεταβολές στο προϊόν της οικονομίας (ΑΕΠ) με τις μεταβολές στο επίπεδο ανεργίας. Διάφορες θεωρητικές προσεγγίσεις του νόμου, εμπειρικές μελέτες προηγούμενων οικονομολόγων σχετικά με το θέμα και μία εμπειρική εφαρμογή για δεδομένα που αφορούν την Ελλάδα, θα παρουσιαστούν και θα αναλυθούν με σκοπό να διαπιστώσουμε την αποτελεσματικότητα του νόμου διαχρονικά, και ποιες αναβαθμίσεις των μορφών του, οδηγούν προς σε αυτήν την κατεύθυνση. / In this work we present the econometric relationships of Okun’s law that connect the changes in the product of economy (GDP) with those of the level of unemployment. Different theoretical approaches of the law, empirical studies of other economists, relative to the subject and one empirical application of data that concern Greece, will be described and analysed in purpose of examine, the effectiveness of Okun’s law through time and which upgrades of its versions, lead to that direction.

Une crise financière et économique sans précèdent est apparue aux Etats-Unis en 2007, a progressé rapidement et s’est propagée à de nombreux pays dans le monde. L’instrument budgétaire a été largement utilisé : dans un contexte de contagion financière, les gouvernements ont dû réagir en adoptant dans un premier temps des mesures visant à relancer l'économie, puis, dans un deuxième temps, face à l’endettement croissant, des mesures de stabilisation économique. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence l'importance des caractéristiques spécifiques à la fois régionales et nationales dans la prise de décision publique visant à stimuler la croissance économique. La thèse analyse la relation entre le PIB et le chômage, ainsi que les effets des programmes de relance budgétaire. Dans la première partie, la loi d'Okun est examinée, au niveau régional, dans trois pays émergents d’Europe Centrale et de l’Est. Dans la deuxième partie, un éclairage particulier est porté sur le concept de multiplicateur budgétaire et ses implications de politique économique. Dans la troisième partie, les multiplicateurs budgétaires sont calculés dans des pays émergents, en particulier ceux des régions méditerranéennes et d’Europe Centrale et de l’Est. La thèse mobilise les outils de l’économétrie sur séries temporelles et sur panels de longue durée. / An unprecedented financial and economic crisis irrupted in the US in 2007, and has rapidly grown and spread to many countries around the world. The financial instrument has been widely used: in a context of financial contagion, governments have initially reacted by adopting measures to revive the economy, and then, secondly, facing mounting debt, implemented economic stabilization policies. The goal of this thesis is to highlight the importance of specific features both at regional and national level in the public decision making to stimulate economic growth. The thesis analyses the relationship between GDP and unemployment, as well as the effects of fiscal stimuli. In the first part, Okun’s law is examined at regional level in three emerging Central and Eastern European countries. In the second part, the emphasis is given to the concept of fiscal multiplier and its policy implications. In the third part, fiscal multipliers are assessed in emerging countries, particularly those of the Mediterranean and the Central and Eastern Europe regions. The thesis makes use of time series and panel econometrics methods.