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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Centrifugal Input Modifies Spontaneous Activity of Olfactory Bulb Neurons

Ford, Neil C. 09 October 2013 (has links)
No description available.
32

Dr

Pressler, Richard T. 24 July 2006 (has links)
No description available.
33

Regional Contributions to Neuronal Diversity in the Developing Mouse Telencephalon

Qin, Shenyue 15 December 2017 (has links)
No description available.
34

Early Information Processing in the Vertebrate Olfactory System : A Computational Study

Sandström, Malin January 2007 (has links)
The olfactory system is believed to be the oldest sensory system. It developed to detect and analyse chemical information in the form of odours, and its organisation follows the same principles in almost all living animals - insects as well as mammals. Likely, the similarities are due to parallel evolution - the same type of organisation has arisen more than once. Therefore, the olfactory system is often assumed to be close to optimally designed for its tasks. Paradoxically, the workings of the olfactory system are not yet well known, although several milestone discoveries have been made during the last decades. The most well-known is probably the disovery of the olfactory receptor gene family, announced in 1991 by Linda Buck and Richard Axel. For this and subsequent work, they were awarded a Nobel Prize Award in 2004. This achievement has been of immense value for both experimentalists and theorists, and forms the basis of the current understanding of olfaction. The olfactory system has long been a focus for scientific interest, both experimental and theoretical. Ever since the field of computational neuroscience was founded, the functions of the olfactory system have been investigated through computational modelling. In this thesis, I present the basis of a biologically realistic model of the olfactory system. Our goal is to be able to represent the whole olfactory system. We are not there yet, but we have some of the necessary building blocks; a model of the input from the olfactory receptor neuron population and a model of the olfactory bulb. Taking into account the reported variability of geometrical, electrical and receptor-dependent neuronal characteristics, we have been able to model the frequency response of a population of olfactory receptor neurons. By constructing several olfactory bulb models of different size, we have shown that the size of the bulb network has an impact on its ability to process noisy information. We have also, through biochemical modelling, investigated the behaviour of the enzyme CaMKII which is known to be critical for early olfactory adaptation (suppression of constant odour stimuli). / Luktsystemet anses allmänt vara det äldsta sensoriska systemet. Det utvecklades för att upptäcka och analysera kemisk information i form av lukter, och det är organiserat efter samma principer hos nästan alla djurarter: insekter så väl som däggdjur. Troligen beror likheterna på parallell evolution -- samma organisation har uppstått mer än en gång. Därför antas det ofta att luktsystemet är nära optimalt anpassat för sina arbetsuppgifter. Paradoxalt nog är luktsystemets arbetssätt ännu inte väl känt, även om flera banbrytande framsteg gjorts de senaste decennierna. Det mest välkända är nog upptäckten av genfamiljen av luktreceptorer, som tillkännagavs 1991 av Linda Buck och Rikard Axel. För detta och efterföljande arbete belönades de med Nobelpriset år 2004. Upptäckten har varit mycket värdefull för både experimentalister och teoretiker, och formar grunden för vår nuvarande förståelse av luktsystemet. Luktsystemet har länge varit ett fokus för vetenskapligt intresse, både experimentellt och teoretiskt. Ända sedan fältet beräkningsbiologi grundades har luktsystemet undersökts genom datormodellering. I denna avhandling presenterar jag grunden för en biologiskt realistisk modell av luktsystemet. Vårt mål är att kunna representera hela luktsystemet. Så långt har vi ännu inte nått, men vi har några av de nödvändiga byggstenarna: en modell av signalerna från populationen av luktreceptorceller, och en modell av luktbulben. Genom att ta hänsyn till nervcellernas rapporterade variationer i geometriska, elektriska och receptor-beroende karaktärsdrag har vi lyckats modellera svarsfrekvenserna från en population av luktreceptorceller. Genom att konstruera flera olika stora modeller av luktbulben har vi visat att storleken på luktbulbens cellnätverk påverkar dess förmåga att behandla brusig information. Vi har också, genom biokemisk modellering, undersökt beteendet hos enzymet CaMKII, som är kritiskt viktigt för adaptering (undertryckning av ständigt närvarande luktstimuli) i luktsystemet.
35

Rôle de la neurogénèse bulbaire dans la mémorisation des odeurs chez la souris

Belnoue, Laure 07 December 2009 (has links)
Le système constitué de la zone sous ventriculaire (ZSV) et du bulbe olfactif (BO) est l’une des deux régions cérébrales capables à l’âge adulte de produire de nouveaux neurones. La mise en évidence de cette neurogénèse adulte bulbaire a suscité un grand nombre d’interrogations quant à son rôle fonctionnel. Cependant les études réalisées dans ce domaine sont rares et contradictoires. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier l’impact de différentes expériences olfactives sur la neurogénèse afin de mieux comprendre son rôle fonctionnel. Nous avons choisi pour cela deux approches : d’une part l’étude de l’implication des néoneurones bulbaires lors de deux tâches d’apprentissage olfactif mettant en œuvre des odeurs neutres ; et d’autre part l’étude du rôle de ces néoneurones dans une situation de vie où l’olfaction joue un rôle primordial et où des variations de neurogénèse ont été rapportées: la maternité. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence grâce à une stratégie d’anatomie fonctionnelle que les néoneurones de 5 semaines étaient recrutés lors d’un apprentissage de discrimination olfactive, mais pas lors de la restitution de cette information. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mis en évidence que la maternité améliorait les performances olfactives, et que cette amélioration était abolie par un stress gestationnel. Cependant, nous n’avons pas pu mettre en relation ces modifications de performances olfactives liées à la maternité et au stress avec des variations de neurogénèse. Nos travaux supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les néoneurones bulbaires sont impliqués dans la discrimination olfactive et mettent en évidence pour la première fois un impact de la maternité, qu’elle soit normale ou pathologique, sur les performances olfactives des mères. / In the mammalian brain, the subventricular zone (ZSV) and olfactory bulb (BO) system is a region where new neurons are continuously added throughout adulthood. While the functional consequences of continuous hippocampal neurogenesis have been extensively studied, the role of olfactory adult-born neurons remains more elusive. In particular, the involvement of these newborn neurons in odor discrimination and long-term odor memory is still a matter of debate. To address this question, we used two approaches. In the first one, we studied the recruitment of granular olfactory newborn neurons in two different tasks of olfactory learning with neutral odors. In the second one we studied the role of olfactory newborn neurons in a life situation where olfaction is crucial and where an increase in olfactory neurogenesis was reported, i.e. motherhood. In the first study, we found that odor discrimination learning recruited newborn neurons preferentially over preexisting ones, while odor memory restitution did not specifically activate newborn cells. Results of our second study indicate that motherhood improves olfactory memory and that this enhancement is abolished by a gestational stress. However, in our experimental conditions, we could not relate variations in neurogenesis with the modifications of olfactory performances linked to motherhood or stress. In conclusion our work brings new data in support of a functional role for newborn neurons in olfactory discrimination and shows for the first time an impact of motherhood, whether normal or pathological, on the olfactory performances of mothers.
36

Reconhecimento de padrões usando uma rede neural pulsada inspirada no bulbo olfatório / Pattern Reconigtion Using Spiking Neuron Networks Inspired on Olfactory Bulb

Figueira, Lucas Baggio 31 August 2011 (has links)
O sistema olfatório é notável por sua capacidade de discriminar odores muito similares, mesmo que estejam misturados. Essa capacidade de discriminação é, em parte, devida a padrões de atividade espaço-temporais gerados nas células mitrais, as células principais do bulbo olfatório, durante a apresentação de um odor. Tais padrões dinâmicos decorrem de interações sinápticas recíprocas entre as células mitrais e interneurônios inibitórios do bulbo olfatório, por exemplo, as células granulares. Nesta tese, apresenta-se um modelo do bulbo olfatório baseado em modelos pulsados das células mitrais e granulares e avalia-se o seu desempenho como sistema reconhecedor de padrões usando-se bases de dados de padrões artificiais e reais. Os resultados dos testes mostram que o modelo possui a capacidade de separar padrões em diferentes classes. Essa capacidade pode ser explorada na construção de sistemas reconhecedores de padrões. Apresenta-se também a ferramenta denominada Nemos, desenvolvida para a implementação do modelo, que é uma plataforma para simulação de neurônios e redes de neurônios pulsados com interface gráfica amigável com o usuário. / The olfactory system is a remarkable system capable of discriminating very similar odorant mixtures. This is in part achieved via spatio-temporal activity patterns generated in mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, during odor presentation. Here, we present a spiking neural network model of the olfactory bulb and evaluate its performance as a pattern recognition system with datasets taken from both artificial and real pattern databases. Our results show that the dynamic activity patterns produced in the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb model by pattern attributes presented to it have a pattern separation capability. This capability can be explored in the construction of high-performance pattern recognition systems. Besides, we proposed Nemos a framework for simulation spiking neural networks through graphical user interface and has extensible models for neurons, synapses and networks.
37

O papel dos interneurônios inibitórios do bulbo olfatório no processamento de odores: um estudo computacional / The role of inhibitory interneurons of the Olfactory Bulb on Odor Processing: A Computational Study

Facchini, Denise Arruda 11 August 2015 (has links)
O entendimento dos mecanismos de representação e processamento de odores pelo sistema olfatório é uma das questões centrais da neurociência moderna. Os odores são codificados pela circuitaria interna do bulbo olfatório em padrões espaço-temporais refletidos pela atividade de suas células de saída, as células mitrais e tufosas, que transmitem os resultados das computações dessa estrutura inicial de processamento a regiões corticais superiores. A arquitetura das conexões existentes no bulbo olfatório apresenta inibição lateral em duas camadas diferentes de sua estrutura laminar, intermediadas por dois tipos distintos de interneurônios. Na camada glomerular, mais externa, a inibição lateral é mediada pelas células periglomerulares e na camada plexiforme externa, mais interna, a inibição lateral é mediada pelas células granulares. O papel desses dois níveis distintos de inibição lateral e os mecanismos segundo os quais eles atuam moldando os padrões espaço-temporais de resposta do bulbo olfatório a odores diferentes são ainda pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir um modelo de rede neural biologicamente plausível do bulbo olfatório para investigar como dois tipos diferentes de interneurônios, atuando em estágios distintos de processamento, podem contribuir para a discriminação de odores e a coordenação dos padrões de disparo das células mitrais. O modelo de rede construído, com representação de odores pela atividade das células mitrais e baseado nas interações recíprocas entre essas células e os interneurônios inibitórios, mostrou que a inibição gerada pelas células periglomerulares pode melhorar o contraste entre odores similares, facilitando a discriminação de odores, enquanto que a inibição das células granulares atua no refinamento da resposta de saída da informação olfatória. / The understanding of odor representation and processing mechanisms by the olfactory system is one of the central questions of modern neuroscience. Odors are encoded by the olfactory bulb circuitry in terms of spatiotemporal spiking patterns. These are reflected in the activity of the mitral cells, which are the output cells of the olfactory bulb that transmit the information processed in this early structure to higher cortical regions. The architecture of the olfactory bulb connections presents lateral inhibition at two different layers of its laminar structure, mediated by two distinct types of interneurons. In the glomerular layer, lateral inhibition is mediated by periglomerular cells. In the external plexiform layer, lateral inhibition is mediated by granule cells. The role of these two different lateral inhibition levels and the mechanisms whereby they shape the spatial and temporal patterns of the olfactory bulb response to different odors is not well known. The aim of this work was to build a biologically plausible neural network model of the olfactory bulb to investigate how two different types of interneurons, acting at different processing stages, could contribute to odor discrimination and the coordination of the mitral cells spiking patterns. The results of simulations of the network model shown that the inhibition generated by periglomerular cells can provide contrast enhancement and odors discrimination, while the granule cell inhibition can refine the output response of the olfactory information.
38

O papel dos interneurônios inibitórios do bulbo olfatório no processamento de odores: um estudo computacional / The role of inhibitory interneurons of the Olfactory Bulb on Odor Processing: A Computational Study

Denise Arruda Facchini 11 August 2015 (has links)
O entendimento dos mecanismos de representação e processamento de odores pelo sistema olfatório é uma das questões centrais da neurociência moderna. Os odores são codificados pela circuitaria interna do bulbo olfatório em padrões espaço-temporais refletidos pela atividade de suas células de saída, as células mitrais e tufosas, que transmitem os resultados das computações dessa estrutura inicial de processamento a regiões corticais superiores. A arquitetura das conexões existentes no bulbo olfatório apresenta inibição lateral em duas camadas diferentes de sua estrutura laminar, intermediadas por dois tipos distintos de interneurônios. Na camada glomerular, mais externa, a inibição lateral é mediada pelas células periglomerulares e na camada plexiforme externa, mais interna, a inibição lateral é mediada pelas células granulares. O papel desses dois níveis distintos de inibição lateral e os mecanismos segundo os quais eles atuam moldando os padrões espaço-temporais de resposta do bulbo olfatório a odores diferentes são ainda pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi construir um modelo de rede neural biologicamente plausível do bulbo olfatório para investigar como dois tipos diferentes de interneurônios, atuando em estágios distintos de processamento, podem contribuir para a discriminação de odores e a coordenação dos padrões de disparo das células mitrais. O modelo de rede construído, com representação de odores pela atividade das células mitrais e baseado nas interações recíprocas entre essas células e os interneurônios inibitórios, mostrou que a inibição gerada pelas células periglomerulares pode melhorar o contraste entre odores similares, facilitando a discriminação de odores, enquanto que a inibição das células granulares atua no refinamento da resposta de saída da informação olfatória. / The understanding of odor representation and processing mechanisms by the olfactory system is one of the central questions of modern neuroscience. Odors are encoded by the olfactory bulb circuitry in terms of spatiotemporal spiking patterns. These are reflected in the activity of the mitral cells, which are the output cells of the olfactory bulb that transmit the information processed in this early structure to higher cortical regions. The architecture of the olfactory bulb connections presents lateral inhibition at two different layers of its laminar structure, mediated by two distinct types of interneurons. In the glomerular layer, lateral inhibition is mediated by periglomerular cells. In the external plexiform layer, lateral inhibition is mediated by granule cells. The role of these two different lateral inhibition levels and the mechanisms whereby they shape the spatial and temporal patterns of the olfactory bulb response to different odors is not well known. The aim of this work was to build a biologically plausible neural network model of the olfactory bulb to investigate how two different types of interneurons, acting at different processing stages, could contribute to odor discrimination and the coordination of the mitral cells spiking patterns. The results of simulations of the network model shown that the inhibition generated by periglomerular cells can provide contrast enhancement and odors discrimination, while the granule cell inhibition can refine the output response of the olfactory information.
39

Reconhecimento de padrões usando uma rede neural pulsada inspirada no bulbo olfatório / Pattern Reconigtion Using Spiking Neuron Networks Inspired on Olfactory Bulb

Lucas Baggio Figueira 31 August 2011 (has links)
O sistema olfatório é notável por sua capacidade de discriminar odores muito similares, mesmo que estejam misturados. Essa capacidade de discriminação é, em parte, devida a padrões de atividade espaço-temporais gerados nas células mitrais, as células principais do bulbo olfatório, durante a apresentação de um odor. Tais padrões dinâmicos decorrem de interações sinápticas recíprocas entre as células mitrais e interneurônios inibitórios do bulbo olfatório, por exemplo, as células granulares. Nesta tese, apresenta-se um modelo do bulbo olfatório baseado em modelos pulsados das células mitrais e granulares e avalia-se o seu desempenho como sistema reconhecedor de padrões usando-se bases de dados de padrões artificiais e reais. Os resultados dos testes mostram que o modelo possui a capacidade de separar padrões em diferentes classes. Essa capacidade pode ser explorada na construção de sistemas reconhecedores de padrões. Apresenta-se também a ferramenta denominada Nemos, desenvolvida para a implementação do modelo, que é uma plataforma para simulação de neurônios e redes de neurônios pulsados com interface gráfica amigável com o usuário. / The olfactory system is a remarkable system capable of discriminating very similar odorant mixtures. This is in part achieved via spatio-temporal activity patterns generated in mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, during odor presentation. Here, we present a spiking neural network model of the olfactory bulb and evaluate its performance as a pattern recognition system with datasets taken from both artificial and real pattern databases. Our results show that the dynamic activity patterns produced in the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb model by pattern attributes presented to it have a pattern separation capability. This capability can be explored in the construction of high-performance pattern recognition systems. Besides, we proposed Nemos a framework for simulation spiking neural networks through graphical user interface and has extensible models for neurons, synapses and networks.
40

Rôle de la microglie dans la neurogenèse adulte, dans le bulbe olfactif de la souris / The role of microglia in adult neurogenesis, in the mouse olfactory bulb

Denizet, Marie 02 September 2016 (has links)
La cellule microgliale, seule cellule du système immunitaire résidant en permanence dansle système nerveux central, a un rôle important dans le développement cérébral. Elle participe à l’élagage des neurones en développement, via le marquage des épines dendritiques à éliminer par les facteurs du complément. Certaines régions cérébrales continuent à produire des neurones à l’âge adulte. Chez le rongeur, des néo-neurones sont ainsi générés dans la zone sous-ventriculaire tout au long de la vie et migrent vers le bulbe olfactif où ils s’intègrent au réseau pré-existant. Le but de ce travail est de caractériser l’implication de la microglie dans le développement et l’élagage des neurones nés dans le système olfactif de la souris à l’âge adulte. Pour ce faire, nous avons combiné des méthodes d’étude du comportement, d’immunohistochimie, de microscopie confocale et d’analyse d’images pour explorer les interactions entre microglie et neurones bulbaires dans un contexte normal ou pathologique : déafférentation olfactive, inflammation par les lipopolysaccharides (LPS) bactériens, dérégulation de l’axe hypothalamus-pituitaire-adrénal ou déficience génétique en complément C3 (C3−/−). Nous avons découvert que la microglie phagocyte préférentiellement les néo-neurones nés à l’âge adulte par rapport aux neurones néonataux, et que cette tendance s’accentue encore en cas de déafférentation sensorielle. Ainsi, la microglie façonne le réseau neuronal du bulbe en fonction des expériences sensorielles. La densité d’épines dendritiques est peu impactée par l’activation microgliale, et n’est pas modifiée par l’absence de complément C3. Cela suggère que l’élagage des néo-neurones du bulbe olfactif pourrait ne pas mettre en jeu la microglie et le complément C3. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse montre l’importance de la microglie dans la régulation du taux de neurogenèse bulbaire en fonction de l’activité sensorielle. L’implication de la microglie dans les mécanismes de plasticité neuronale ouvre des perspectives de recherche pour des thérapies ciblées sur les cellules microgliales. / Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. They participate in the pruning of developing neurons. Complement factors are key markers of the dendritic spines to eliminate...

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