Multiple linear regression analysis has been used to determine the relationship between the unit cell parameters and the average radii, rM1 and rM2, of the octahedral cations in Fe-Mn, Ni-Fe, Mg-Mn, and Mg-, Fe-, and Mn-Ca binary olivines, using data from the literature. The resulting regression equations are given below. The coefficients of correlation exceed 0.997 in all cases. Fe-Mn binary olivines a= 3.527 + 1.341rM1 + 0.317rM2 b = 8.586 - 1.856rM1 + 4.281rM2 Mg-Mn binary olivines a= 3.798 + 1.014rM1 + 0.314rM2 b = 7.552 + 0.745rM1 + 2.922rM2 Ni-Fe binary olivines a= 4.007 + 1.052rM1 - 0.012rM2 b = 7.331 + 1.375rM1 + 2.636rM2 Mg-Ca binary olivines a= 3.919 + 0.814rM1 + 0.245rM2 b = 7.546 + 0.418rM1 + 3.261rM2 Fe-Ca binary olivines a = 4.153 + 0. 781 rM1 + 0.144rM2 b = 7.551 + 0.142rM1 + 2.532rM2 Mn-Ca binary olivines a= 4.048 + 0.905rM1 + 0. 124rM2 b = 7.494 + 0.352rM1 + 3.378rM2 The Mg-Fe binary yielded inconsistent regression results, most likely due to ambiguous site assignments. Because for both systems the a cell edge is mainly dependent on rM1 and b on rM2, these equations may be used to construct a vs. b diagrams which may be contoured for bulk composition, M2 site occupancy, and the distribution coefficient, K_D . Similar determinative diagrams may be drawn using calculated cl-spacings of the 130 peak, which is sensitive to cation order in the M1 and M2 site, and the 112 peak, which is composition dependent. Tests of these diagrams, using Shinno's (1980) d₁₃₀-spacings and cation site occupancy data for numerous synthetic Fe-Mn olivines, indicate that this model is reliable; agreement of predicted and observed Mn content of the M2 site is within 0.03 atoms on the average. Eleven natural olivines (Fa_45-85 Te_50-8 Fo_2-11), for which cell dimensions and, in several cases, site refinements were available, were critically evaluated using the equations and diagrams for the Fe-Mn binary, with mixed results. A preliminary investigation was undertaken to assess the use of Rietveld analysis to determine unit cell parameters, atomic positional and thermal parameters, and site distribution of divalent cations in the Mg-Mn binary olivine system. Results indicate that the method can be used successfully; however, systematic errors inherent in the diffractometer prevented refinement of useful (error-free) data. / M.S.

Since the Industrial Revolution, human society has rapidly developed and flourished. Meanwhile, some interconnected side effects, particularly in realms of water, energy, food and environment, are tackling the sustainability of society. These grand challenges are intricately interconnected, underscoring the importance of addressing these problems through the lens of the water-energy-environment (WEE) nexus, which emphasizes the interlinkages between these sectors. For instance, the unprecedented scale of CO₂ has accumulated in the atmosphere, and it has accelerated global warming and the chained environmental problems, such as droughts and floods. This insecurity for water resources has encouraged water recycling. At the same time, a new class of anthropogenic contaminants, including pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCP), heavy metals, herbicides or pesticides, and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been accumulated in natural water bodies. These contaminants are called emerging contaminants, and these can potentially cause severe problems in ecology and human health. Thus, this thesis aimed to tackle these multifaceted issues by investigating the interfacial chemistries between the natural or engineered solids and aqueous phases, particularly in the context of in-situ carbon mineralization and water remediation.To mitigate climate change, we should not only reduce CO₂ emissions but also remove the previously emitted CO₂ from the air. In-situ carbon mineralization is a critical technology to meet the agenda of carbon dioxide removal from the air (CDR) as the potential capacity and offer a thermodynamically downhill reaction to store CO₂ permanently in solid form. During the in-situ carbon mineralization, water plays a pivotal role in the interactions at Rock-H₂O-CO₂ interfaces. However, the kinetics and mechanisms of interfacial reactions in the mineral-aqueous phases with various compositions still need to be fully understood. Additionally, in-situ carbon mineralization demands substantial water usage; therefore, addressing water security become imperative. However, during the water usage and recycling process, the accumulation of ions, including heavy metals, and the spreading of organic pollutants can intensify the concerns about water security. Thus, this thesis’s objectives are to focus on a fundamental understanding of reaction kinetics and mechanisms occurring at the interested interfaces to address these challenges. At the mineral-aqueous phase for in-situ carbon mineralization, the effect of parameters, such as temperature, pH, and mineralogy has been assessed for mineral dissolution in the aqueous phase, and both basalt and peridotite were investigated. Related to the dissolution kinetics, this thesis discussed the frameworks for determining the dissolution rate, which can affect our understanding of experimental results. The dissolution studies exploring the effect of various parameters related to the in-situ carbon mineralization provided valuable insights into the reactivity of feedstock and morphological alterations that can be utilized for reactive-transportation modeling. Also, the experiment results may suggest the system boundary to engineer the geological CO₂ storage process. Also, carbonation behaviors were studied in terms of direct carbonation and nucleation. For the direct carbonation, olivine mineral and peridotite rock retrieved from a potential CO₂ storage site were tested, and the effects of parameters including pH, additives, and temperature were discussed. During the in-situ carbon mineralization, dissolved cations and dissolved CO₂ can be nucleated and precipitated on the different types of mineral surfaces. Therefore, this study investigated the interfacial interactions with different types of mineral surfaces and containing ions in the aqueous phase. These studies provide the fundamental understanding of the thermodynamics and kinetics of carbonation during in-situ carbon mineralization. Lastly, this study explored the kinetics and mechanisms of adsorption at adsorbent–emerging contaminant containing fluid interfaces in regard to water remediation and recycling. In this study, biochar from waste streams and MOFs with different modifications were used for the strategical development of adsorbents, while spectroscopic analysis methods were adopted to elucidate the mechanisms. Also, the effect of coexisting ions or reusability was discussed. Further, the results and insights from this investigation can be utilized for developing future generations of adsorbents and designing the remediation process. Consequently, through understanding the various regimes of interfaces, this study may contribute to the advancement of strategic approaches for addressing the complex challenges within the WEE nexus, particularly related to sustainable in-situ carbon mineralization.

Les serpentinites sont un composant important de la lithosphère océanique formée niveau de rides lentes à ultra-lentes. Ces roches représentant un vaste réservoir de l'eau, d’éléments mobiles dans les fluides (FME), halogènes et volatils, il a été proposé qu'elles jouent un rôle important pendant l'échange chimique se produisant entre la lithosphère subduite et le coin mantellique dans des zones de subduction. L’objectif de mon doctorat a été de caractériser la nature et la composition des fluides transférés depuis la plaque plongeante jusqu’au coin mantellique en étudiant des ophiolites alpines métamorphiques. Celles-ci se composent en grande partie de serpentinites et ont enregistré différentes conditions métamorphiques modélisant un gradient de subduction. Les études pétrologiques des ophiolites alpines montrent que celles-ci ont enregistré différentes étapes de serpentinisation et de déserpentinisation : (1) serpentinisation océanique et la formation d’assemblages à lizardite et à chrysotile ; (2) déstabilisation prograde de la serpentine océanique en antigorite, à la transition des faciès schistes verts – schistes bleus ; (3)déshydratation de l'antigorite en olivine secondaire dans les conditions du facies d'éclogite. Les analyses chimiques des éléments en trace par LA-ICPMS et constituants volatils et halogènes par SIMS prouvent que, pendant la subduction, les processus de serpentinisation se sont réalisés sans contamination significative par des fluides externes provenant de la déshydratation des sédiments. Dans la partie la superficielle de la lithosphère océanique, la déformation augmente la mobilité des éléments en trace et permet leur redistribution et l'homogénéisation de la composition d'antigorite à l'échelle kilométrique. Au contraire, dans la partie la plus profonde de la lithosphère serpentinisée, la mobilité des éléments en trace est réduite et localisée dans des veines métamorphiques qui constituent des chenaux de circulation des fluides. Les cristallisations successives de l'antigorite et de l'olivine secondaire sont accompagnés d'une diminution des concentrations en FME (B, Li, As, Sb, Ba, Rb, Cs…), halogènes (F, Cl) et volatils (S). La quantification de Fe3+/FeTotal, par chimie humide et spectroscopie XANES, des serpentinites et serpentines montrent que, dans les premières phases de subduction, la transition de lizardite en antigorite est accompagnée d'une réduction forte du fer. Cette réduction est non linéaire avec le degré métamorphique, mais dépend également de la chimie initiale du protolithe péridotitique. À un degré métamorphique plus élevée, le début du processus de déserpentinisation se produit dans un environnement ferreux, menant à une nouvelle oxydation de l'antigorite résiduelle. En conclusion, les serpentinites sont un vecteur de transfert d'éléments depuis la ride jusqu’aux zones de subduction. Pendant la subduction et pendant les changements de phases de la serpentine, les teneurs en FME, en éléments volatils et halogènes de la serpentine diminuent, suggérant que ces éléments sont soustraits dans une phase fluide qui peut potentiellement contaminer le coin mantellique. La nature de ce fluide varie au cours de la subduction. Dans les premiers kilomètres de la subduction, lors de la transition lizardite vers antigorite, les fluides relâchés sont riches en FME, volatils et halogènes. Ils pourraient oxyder le coin mantellique (e.g. SOX, H2O ou CO2) où ils initieraient la cristallisation d’une serpentine riche en ces éléments. A l’inverse, à plus grande profondeur, la déshydratation de l’antigorite libère une quantité moindre de FME, volatils et halogènes. De plus, l’observation d’antigorite riche en Fe3+ associée à l’olivine de déserpentinisation pourrait suggérer la production d’hydrogène lors de la déshydratation de la plaque plongeante. / Serpentinites are an important component of the oceanic lithosphere formed at (ultra-) slow spreading ridges. Because these rocks are a large reservoir of water, fluid mobile elements (FME), halogens and volatiles, it has been proposed that they play a major role during chemical exchange occurring between the subducted lithosphere and the mantle wedge in subduction zones. The aim of my PhD was to characterize the nature and the composition of the fluids transferred from the slab to the mantle wedge by studying metamorphic alpine ophiolites. Those ones are mostly composed of serpentinites and have recorded different metamorphic conditions modeling a subduction gradient. The petrological studies of alpine ophiolites demonstrate that they record different serpentinization and deserpentinization steps: (1) from oceanic serpentinization and the formation of lizardite and chrysotile assemblages, (2) to the prograde destabilization of oceanic serpentine into antigorite, from greenshist to blueschist facies, and (3) finally the dehydration of antigorite into secondary olivine at eclogite facies. The chemical analyses of trace elements by LA-ICPMS and volatiles and halogens by SIMS show that during subduction, the serpentinization processes took place in a relatively closed system without significant external fluid contamination from sediments. In the shallowest part of the oceanic lithosphere, the deformation enhances the mobility of trace elements and permits their redistribution and the homogenization of antigorite composition at kilometric scale. While in the deepest part, the trace element mobility is reduced and localized in metamorphic veins that correspond to channel fluid flows. The successive crystallization of antigorite and secondary olivine are accompanied by a decrease of FME (B, Li, As, Sb, Ba, Cs…), halogens (F, Cl) and volatiles (S) concentrations. The quantification of Fe3+/FeTot by wet chemistry and XANES spectroscopy in serpentinites and serpentine show that, in the first stages of subduction, the transition lizardite to antigorite is accompanied by a strong reduction of the iron. This reduction is nonlinear with metamorphic grade, but also depends on the initial chemistry of the peridotitic protolith. At higher metamorphic grade, the beginning of the deserpentinization process occurs in a ferrous environment, leading to a new oxidation of the remaining antigorite. To conclude, serpentinites are a vector of element transfer from the ridge to subduction zones. During subduction and during the phase changes of serpentine, the FME, volatile and halogen concentrations of serpentine decrease, suggesting that they are removed in a fluid phase that can potentially contaminate the mantle wedge. The composition and the nature of this fluid phase vary during prograde metamorphism. In the first stages of subduction, during the transition lizardite to antigorite, the released fluids are FME, volatiles and halogens rich. They could oxidize the mantle wedge peridotite (e.g. SOX, H2O or CO2) where they allow the crystallization of a FME, volatils and halogens-rich serpentine. At greater depth, the formation of a Fe3+-rich antigorite associated with secondary olivine suggests a H2 production during slab dehydration.

La taille de grains dans le manteau terrestre a des implications cruciales sur les processus à grande échelle, telles que la propagation des ondes sismiques, la perméabilité et la rhéologie des roches. Cependant, la taille de grains évolue constamment avec le temps, car la croissance de grains statique induit une augmentation de la taille moyenne tandis que la recristallisation dynamique contribue à sa décroissance. La croissance d’olivine au sein d’agrégats mantelliques dans un milieu inter-granulaire sec, en présence de liquide magmatique ou dans des conditions sursaturées en eau a été modélisée dans le cadre de cette thèse. En s’appuyant sur la théorie de croissance cristalline ainsi que sur des expériences à 1-atmosphère et hautes températures précédemment publiées, la loi de croissance d’olivine sèche a été déterminée. Le facteur limitant est, dans ce cas, la diffusion du silicium aux joints de grains à travers une épaisseur effective de 30 nm. La croissance d’agrégats en présence de liquide magmatique et fluide aqueux a été contrainte par de nouvelles expériences haute pression/haute température. Ces données indiquent que les taux de croissance sont significativement plus importants que dans des conditions sèches et sont limités par des réactions aux interfaces cristal/liquide. Nous proposons une loi de croissance générale régulée par une combinaison de joints de grains secs et mouillés, grâce aux paramètres de contiguité et de mouillabilité. Cette loi de croissance unifiée est fondamentale pour extrapoler les tailles de grains expérimentales à des échelles de temps, des profondeurs et des quantités de liquides relatives au manteau supérieur. / Grain size in the Earth’s mantle is a fundamental parameter that has crucial implications on large-scale processes, such as seismic wave propagation, the permeability and the rheology of rocks. However, grain size is constantly evolving with time, where static grain growth implies an increase of the average grain size whereas dynamic recrystallization contributes to its decrease. Static grain growth of olivine-rich mantle aggregates in an intergranular medium being dry, melt-bearing and water-oversaturated has been here modeled. By using the appropriate theoretical background, the dry olivine grain growth law has been established from previously published experimental grain growth data at 1-atmosphere and high-temperature conditions. Grain growth rates for these samples are limited by silicon diffusion at grain boundaries through an effective width of 30 nm. Grain growth for melt- and water-bearing aggregates was, however, constrained by new high-pressure and high-temperature experiments. This data indicates that grain growth rates for liquid-bearing samples are significantly faster than for dry samples and are limited by precipitation reactions at the crystal/liquid interface rather by diffusion through the liquid phase. We propose a general grain growth law, which takes into account dry grain boundaries as well as wetted grain-grain interfaces, through the contiguity and wetness parameters. This unified law is fundamental to extrapolate experimental grain sizes to time scales, depths and liquid contents that are relevant of the upper mantle.

Les laves d'arc ont une géochimie complexe du fait de l'hétérogénéité des magmas primitifs et de leur transformation dans la croûte. L'identification des magmas primitifs dans les arcs continentaux est difficile du fait de l'épaisseur de la croûte continentale, qui constitue un filtre mécanique et chimique à l'ascension des magmas. En Équateur, cette problématique est particulièrement critique du fait de la grande épaisseur de la croûte (≈ 50-60 km) et de la rareté des magmas primitifs arrivant en surface. Cette thèse a pour but de déterminer la composition des liquides primitifs dans l'arc équatorien, à l'échelle de l'arc entier, et à celle de deux édifices volcaniques : le Pichincha et le Tungurahua. Elle vise également à mieux comprendre comment ces liquides primitifs évoluent à travers la croûte continentale. En Équateur, le pendage, le relief et l'âge de la plaque plongeante varient du nord au sud de l'arc. Ainsi, la première partie de la thèse aborde la question de l'influence de ces paramètres sur la géochimie des magmas, via une étude sur roches totales couvrant la totalité de l'arc. Elle confirme les variations géochimiques décrites à travers l'arc par les études précédentes : augmentation de la teneur en éléments incompatibles et diminution de l'enrichissement en éléments "mobiles" d'est en ouest. L'étude identifie des variations géochimiques le long du front volcanique (e.g., rapport Ba/Th), liées au changement de nature des fluides métasomatiques, qui sont aqueux au centre de l'arc (environ 0,5°S) et silicatés au Nord et possiblement au Sud. Ce changement est attribué à la jeunesse du plancher océanique dans le nord de l'arc, qui pourrait promouvoir la fusion de la plaque plongeante. Enfin, il semble que la contamination par la croûte inférieure augmente vers le sud du front volcanique. Dans un deuxième temps, les produits émis par le Tungurahua lors de ses derniers 3000 ans d'activité sont étudiés. À cette échelle de temps, les paramètres tectoniques de la première étude sont constants. Ce travail détaille le rôle de la croûte dans la production des magmas différenciés, qui sont systématiquement associés à des éruptions plus explosives. Elle conclut que les andésites ont des compositions isotopiques hétérogènes (206Pb/204Pb = 18,834 - 19,038), acquises en profondeur (manteau ou croûte inférieure), qui se restreignent lors de la différenciation des andésites en dacites (206Pb/204Pb = 18,965 - 19,030), par cristallisation fractionnée et assimilation de la croûte supérieure locale (7-9 %). Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse se focalise sur l'hétérogénéité des magmas primitifs. Des études sur minéraux individuels ont été effectuées au Pichincha et au Tungurahua, et montrent que la majorité des minéraux sont en déséquilibre avec la roche hôte (jusqu'à 8600 ppm en 206Pb/204Pb). Au Pichincha, la diversité des minéraux échantillonnés permet d'identifier la diversité des liquides mantelliques (206Pb/204Pb = 18,816 - 19,007), qui s'alignent dans les espaces Pb-Pb. Comme dans le cas des roches totales du Tungurahua, l'assimilation crustale écrase cette diversité isotopique lors de la différenciation des liquides primitifs, dont la signature n'est pas préservée dans les roches. Au Tungurahua, les minéraux individuels montrent que l'hétérogénéité des signatures est acquise en profondeur. L'analyse de deux lots d'olivines met en évidence une signature radiogénique dans les liquides primitifs du Tungurahua, interprétée comme la présence de croûte délaminée dans la source mantellique du Tungurahua. Enfin, l'étude de lots d'olivines provenant de sept volcans équatoriens montre qu'il n'existe pas de signature primitive unique dans l'arc. La totalité de l'hétérogénéité isotopique des magmas est héritée du manteau (206Pb/204Pb = 18,583 - 19,000). Les compositions des liquides primitifs sont ensuite déviées par la contamination crustale, dans la majorité des cas, vers des signatures plus radiogéniques. / Arc lavas display a complex geochemistry resulting from the heterogeneity of primitive magmas and their transformation within the crust. Identifying primitive magma compositions in continental arcs is challenging because continental crust is thick and acts as a mechanical and chemical filter for ascending magmas. This issue is particularly criticial in Ecuador owing to the great thickness of the continental crust (≈ 50-60 km) and the scarcity of erupted primitive magmas. This thesis aims to determine the composition of primitive silicate melts in the Ecuadorian arc, on the scale of the whole arc, as well as on the scale of two volcanic edifices: the Pichincha and the Tungurahua. This study also intends to better understand how those primitive melts evolve during their journey through the continental crust. In Ecuador, slab dip, relief and age change from north to south. Hence, the first part of the PhD focuses on the influence of those parameters on magma geochemistry, through a whole rock study covering the entire arc. It confirms the across-arc geochemical variations described by previous studies: an increase of incompatible element contents and a decrease of fluid-mobile over fluid-immobile element ratios from west to east. We identify along-arc geochemical variations in the volcanic front (e.g. Ba/Th), related to the changing nature of metasomatic fluids, which are aqueous fluids at the centre of the arc (around 0.5°S) and silicate melts to the north and probably to the south. This change may be due to the subduction of a younger and warmer oceanic crust to the north, which might promote slab melting. Lastly, it seems that deep crustal contamination increases towards the south of the volcanic front. Secondly, volcanic products emitted for the last 3,000 years at Tungurahua are studied. On this timescale, the tectonic parameters of the first study are constant. This work details the role of continental crust in the production of differentiated magmas, which are systematically associated with more explosive eruptions. We conclude that andesites have heterogeneous isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb = 18.834 - 19.038), acquired at depth (mantle or deep crust), that homogeneize through andesite differentiation to dacite (206Pb/204Pb = 18.965 - 19.030) by fractional crystallization and assimilation of the local upper crust (7-9 %). Lastly, the third part of the PhD focuses on the heterogeneity of primitive magmas. We study individual minerals from Pichincha and Tungurahua volcanoes and show that most minerals are in disequilibrium with their host rock (up to 8,600 ppm for 206Pb/204Pb). The diversity of Pichincha minerals allows the identification of mantle melt diversity (206Pb/204Pb = 18.816 - 19.007), with compositions forming a tight trend in Pb-Pb isotope spaces. As for Tungurahua whole rocks, crustal assimilation erases the diversity of primitive melt isotope signatures through differentiation, so that primitive melt signatures are not preserved in whole rock samples. At Tungurahua, individual minerals show that the heterogeneity of isotope compositions is acquired at depth. The analysis of two olivine fractions reveals the existence of a radiogenic signature in the mantle source of Tungurahua volcano, interpreted as the presence of delaminated crust within the mantle beneath its edifice. Finally, olivine fractions from seven Ecuadorian volcanoes highlight the fact that no unique primitive signature exists in the arc. Isotopic heterogeneity is entirely inherited from the mantle (206Pb/204Pb = 18.583 - 19.000). Primitive melt compositions are then shifted by continental crust contamination which, in most cases, results in more radiogenic signatures.

No description available.

Nanostructured fayalite (α-Fe2SiO4) with a large volume fraction of interfaces is synthesized for the first time via single-step mechanosynthesis, starting from a 2α-Fe2O3 + 2Fe + 3SiO2 mixture. The nonequilibrium state of the as-prepared silicate is characterized by the presence of deformed polyhedra in the interface/surface regions of nanoparticles. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

L'étude de la plasticité des minéraux du manteau terrestre sous pression joue un rôle majeur dans la compréhension et la modélisation des grands processus actifs à l'intérieur de la Terre tels que la convection mantellique. Cependant, les propriétés des minéraux du manteau sont toujours, à ce jour, mal connues. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier la rhéologie de la partie inférieure du manteau supérieur et de la zone de transition, à travers l'étude des propriétés mécaniques de la forsterite (Mg2SiO4) et de ses deux polymorphes de haute pression (wadsleyite et ringwoodite). En effet, ces phases sont les constituants principaux des zones étudiées et on peut considérer, en première approximation, qu'elles contrôlent les propriétés du manteau.<br /> Des échantillons de forsterite frittés et de wadsleyite et de ringwoodite synthétisés sous pression ont été déformés dans les conditions de pression du manteau et à 1300-1400°C. L'influence de la transformation de phase forsterite-wadsleyite sur la rhéologie a également été étudiée. Les expériences de déformation en cisaillement ont été menées dans la presse multi-enclumes de type « Kawai ». Quelques expériences complémentaires sur la forsterite ont été menées dans la nouvelle presse Deformation-DIA. Certaines ont été réalisées sur synchrotron afin de mesurer contraintes et déformations in situ. Les microstructures des échantillons obtenus ont été caractérisées par Microscopie Electronique en Transmission et leurs textures ont été déterminées à l'aide de la technique de diffraction des électrons rétrodiffusés. <br /> En ce qui concerne la forsterite, nous avons mis en évidence un important changement de système de glissement induit par la pression. A haute pression et température, la déformation de la forsterite est dominée par le glissement [001](hk0) alors que le glissement [100] a largement été observé à basse pression et haute température dans les travaux antérieurs.<br /> La plasticité de la wadsleyite et de la ringwoodite a été étudiée principalement aux travers des textures. La méthode de simulation ViscoPlastic Self Consistent a été utilisée pour faire le lien entre les textures et les mécanismes de déformation supposés pour ces deux phases. Les grandes caractéristiques des textures de la wadsleyite sont l'alignement des axes [100] avec la direction de cisaillement alors que les axes [001] sont normaux au plan de cisaillement. Pour la ringwoodite, aucune texture fiable ne peut être proposée. <br /> Enfin, les textures produites par la déformation plastique des trois polymorphes peuvent être proposées comme étant à l'origine de l'anisotropie sismique du manteau supérieur et de la zone de transition. Le changement de système de glissement dominant de la forsterite permet d'expliquer la faible anisotropie sismique observée dans la partie inférieure du manteau supérieur et la texture de la wadsleyite indique un écoulement horizontal dominant dans la partie supérieure de la zone de transition.

The reduction behaviour of the olivine iron ore pellet MPBOwas studied in laboratory scale at KTH as well as in the LKABexperimental blast furnace. Initially, a newreduction-under-load, or so-called reduction/softening/melting,test equipment was developed. Experiments using differentreducing conditions, corresponding to different radialpositions of the blast furnace, were conducted. The experimentsincluded different temperature profiles, reducing atmospheresand mechanical loads applied on the sample bed to simulate thevarying conditions in the blast furnace process. The progressof reduction was investigated, as well as the processes ofsintering and contraction during reduction. A model of thecarburisation (pick-up of carbon by the reduced iron) andmelt-down process during rapid contraction was presented. Laboratory testing of MPBO pellets was compared with resultsfrom the LKAB experimental blast furnace. The reduction of ironore pellets in the experimental blast furnace was surveyed by adissection of the furnace after quenching. The high temperaturephenomena occurring when reducing the MPBO pellet, with limitedsoftening and a short temperature range of the melting process,resulting in a thin cohesive zone, were found to be the same inlaboratorytests and in the experimental blast furnace. Thereduction down through the burden of the experimental blastfurnace was similar, but not identical to the results of theRUL experiments. The differences were found to be due todifferent reducing conditions. Therefore, it was concluded thata simulation of the reduction occurring in the blast furnacecan be performed in laboratory scale, provided the experimentalconditions are correctly chosen. Finally, a modification to further improve the properties ofthe MPBO pellets was examined. With the aim to improve theblast furnace process, coating of blast furnace pellets wasinvestigated in laboratory scale, as well as in the LKABexperimental blast furnace. Olivine, dolomite and quartzitewere used as coating agents. In laboratory scale the stickingprevention action of the different coating materials wasverified, in established test methods as well as in new testmethods, modified for blast furnace conditions. Testing of thecoated pellets in the experimental blast furnace revealedseveral advantages; significantly reduced blast furnace fluedust generation, improved gas utilisation and a smoother blastfurnace operation with a potential for a lowered fuel rate. <b>Keywords:</b>Olivine, pellets, pellet testing,reduction/softening/melting, MPBO, blast furnace, reduction,quenching, dissection, coating, sticking, coated pellets.

<p>The reduction behaviour of the olivine iron ore pellet MPBOwas studied in laboratory scale at KTH as well as in the LKABexperimental blast furnace. Initially, a newreduction-under-load, or so-called reduction/softening/melting,test equipment was developed. Experiments using differentreducing conditions, corresponding to different radialpositions of the blast furnace, were conducted. The experimentsincluded different temperature profiles, reducing atmospheresand mechanical loads applied on the sample bed to simulate thevarying conditions in the blast furnace process. The progressof reduction was investigated, as well as the processes ofsintering and contraction during reduction. A model of thecarburisation (pick-up of carbon by the reduced iron) andmelt-down process during rapid contraction was presented.</p><p>Laboratory testing of MPBO pellets was compared with resultsfrom the LKAB experimental blast furnace. The reduction of ironore pellets in the experimental blast furnace was surveyed by adissection of the furnace after quenching. The high temperaturephenomena occurring when reducing the MPBO pellet, with limitedsoftening and a short temperature range of the melting process,resulting in a thin cohesive zone, were found to be the same inlaboratorytests and in the experimental blast furnace. Thereduction down through the burden of the experimental blastfurnace was similar, but not identical to the results of theRUL experiments. The differences were found to be due todifferent reducing conditions. Therefore, it was concluded thata simulation of the reduction occurring in the blast furnacecan be performed in laboratory scale, provided the experimentalconditions are correctly chosen.</p><p>Finally, a modification to further improve the properties ofthe MPBO pellets was examined. With the aim to improve theblast furnace process, coating of blast furnace pellets wasinvestigated in laboratory scale, as well as in the LKABexperimental blast furnace. Olivine, dolomite and quartzitewere used as coating agents. In laboratory scale the stickingprevention action of the different coating materials wasverified, in established test methods as well as in new testmethods, modified for blast furnace conditions. Testing of thecoated pellets in the experimental blast furnace revealedseveral advantages; significantly reduced blast furnace fluedust generation, improved gas utilisation and a smoother blastfurnace operation with a potential for a lowered fuel rate.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Olivine, pellets, pellet testing,reduction/softening/melting, MPBO, blast furnace, reduction,quenching, dissection, coating, sticking, coated pellets.</p>