The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fundamental frequency (Fo) on stop consonant voice onset time (VOT). VOT was measured from the recordings of 56 young men reading phrases containing all 6 English voiced and voiceless stops in word-initial position across high-, medium-, and low-Fo levels. Separate analyses of variance for the voiced and voiceless stops revealed no significant main effect for Fo for the voiced stops but a significant Fo effect for the voiceless stops. Across the voiceless stops, productions at high Fos displayed significantly shorter VOTs than productions at low or mid F os. The findings indicated that researchers must take into account the Fo level at which voiceless stop VOT is measured.

Many existing dams in the United States were built without hydroelectric generating accessories and are now being considered for hydroelectric installations. A bifurcation is regularly used as the method for diverting the water to the new generators. With a bifurcation installed as part of the new piping system, cavitation could become a problem. Although widely used, there are no published data on cavitation characteristics or head loss coefficients for these bifurcations. Dimensional analysis has not been adequate for experimentally quantifying the cavitation potential and full scale testing is prohibitive for many large geometries. Therefore this study utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in conjunction with a physical model to predict conditions that would cause the onset of cavitation. Head loss coefficients were also calculated from the CFD simulations and physical model. Based on these results, the authors have produced recommended operating conditions that will allow bifurcations to operate within safe limits of cavitation. This study was not exhaustive but presents data that has previously been unavailable and will assist designers and operators to better understand the performance of such bifurcations.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The late-onset outcome issue is common in early phase dose- nding clinical trials. This problem becomes more intractable in phase I/II clinical trials because both toxicity and e cacy responses are subject to the late-onset outcome issue. The existing methods applying for the phase I trials cannot be used directly for the phase I/II trial due to a lack of capability to model the joint toxicity{e cacy distribution. We propose a conditional weighted likelihood (CWL) method to circumvent this issue. The key idea of the CWL method is to decompose the joint probability into the product of marginal and conditional probabilities and then weight each probability based on each patient's actual follow-up time. We further extend the proposed method to handle more complex situations where the late-onset outcomes are competing risks or semicompeting risks outcomes. We treat the late-onset competing risks/semi-competing risks outcomes as missing data and develop a series of Bayesian data-augmentation methods to e ciently impute the missing data and draw the posterior samples of the parameters of interest. We also propose adaptive dose- nding algorithms to allocate patients and identify the optimal biological dose during the trial. Simulation studies show that the proposed methods yield desirable operating characteristics and outperform the existing methods.

Bakgrund Träningsvärk är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen som uppstår efter ovan, excentrisk eller högintensiv träning. Svullnad, muskelömhet, samt nedsatt muskelfunktion och ledrörlighet är symptom som är förknippade med träningsvärk. Det finns ett antal olika behandlingsmetoder för att lindra dessa symptom. För närvarande finns dock en diskrepans i litteraturen angående de olika behandlingarnas effekt.   Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ett kylbandage applicerat över m. quadriceps femoris direkt efter utförd träning påverkar muskelstyrka, knäledens rörlighet och upplevd träningsvärk 48 timmar efter träning.   Metod Nitton personer rekryterades till studien. Vid första tillfället utvärderades låromfång, upplevd träningsvärk och m. quadriceps femoris flexibilitet med Ely’s test. I en isokinetisk träningsmaskin mättes maximalt och genomsnittligt vridmoment vid 60°/s och 180°/s. Försökspersonerna genomgick ett styrketräningsprotokoll innehållande koncentriska och excentriska moment. Vänster m. quadriceps kylbehandlades sedan med kylbandage i 60 min. Fyrtioåtta timmar senare upprepades samtliga mätningar. Muskelflexibilitet, låromfång, muskelstyrka samt smärta användes som utvärderingsmått.   Resultat Resultatet visade signifikant mindre upplevd träningsvärk i behandlat ben än i obehandlat vid aktiv knäextension. Det fanns en signifikant ökning av genomsnittligt vridmoment för obehandlat ben vid 180°/s. Ingen signifikant skillnad erhölls gällande knäledens rörlighet, upplevd träningsvärk vid Ely’s test, eller skillnad i maximalt vridmoment och totalt utfört arbete.   Konklusion Kylbandage som appliceras över m. quadriceps femoris direkt efter högintensiv träning kan eventuellt lindra upplevd träningsvärk, men minskar ej de relaterade funktionsnedsättningarna. Mot tidigare litteratur och diskrepansen i denna, är vidare forskning nödvändig för att fastställa kylbehandlingens effekter på träningsvärk. / Background Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is common after unaccustomed, eccentric or high-intensity exercise. Swelling, soreness, impaired muscle function and joint mobility are associated with DOMS. There are several types of treatment strategies to relieve these symptoms. However, there is a discrepancy in the literature regarding the effect of these treatments.   Objective The purpose was to investigate how a cold bandage applied on quadriceps femoris immediate after performed high-intensity exercise, affects strength, muscle flexibility and perceived DOMS 48 hours post-exercise.   Methods Nineteen subjects were recruited. At the first occasion thigh circumference, Ely’s test and DOMS were evaluated. Peak torque and average peak torque were measured with a training device at 60°/s and 180°/s. The participants underwent a strengthening exercise protocol consisting of concentric/eccentric components. The left quadriceps femoris was then treated with a cold bandage for 60 minutes. All tests were repeated 48 hours post-exercise. Muscle flexibility, thigh circumference, strength and perceived DOMS were evaluated.   Results There was significantly less self-estimated DOMS in the treated leg compared to the untreated, during an active extension of the knee. There was a significant increase of the average peak torque in the untreated leg at 180°/s. No significant difference was obtained regarding muscle flexibility, self-estimated DOMS during Ely’s test, peak torque or total work.   Conclusion A cold bandage applied on quadriceps femoris after high-intensity exercise may be effective as treatment of self-estimated DOMS, but has no beneficial effect on the loss of function. Further research is required to establish the effect of the treatment strategy.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OFKimberly Noel Turner, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Political Science, presented on June 9, 2021, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: EDUCATION BULGES AND MASS PROTEST: HOW HIGHER EDUCATION INFLUENCES PROTEST ONSET AND OUTCOMESMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Stephen BloomCan trends in higher education attainment explain protest onset and outcomes? Beneficial state development indicators, such as education attainment, may produce detrimental employment outcomes. Nonviolent protests spread throughout the developing world throughout the 2010s, often in countries previously immune to public agitation. At the forefront of these protests were well-educated professionals, often doctors and lawyers. Why did these protests emerge? Why did middle-class groups initiate and lead these protests? How successful were these protests? The education bulge theory provides a framework for explaining the onset and outcomes of nonviolent mass protests in repressive countries. The education bulge theory captures the formation of skilled labor grievance and the spillover that influence the emergence of nonviolent, large and diverse protests. Chapter Two details the education bulge theory. Education bulges occur when a country undergoes sharp increases in university enrollments exceeding global averages. As university graduates increases, so does the supply of skilled labor. An increasing percentage of the population is then impacted when demand for skilled labor wanes, i.e. skills downgrading. Skills downgrading worsens the relative position of university graduates to other educational attainment groups, increasing tertiary unemployment and underemployment. Skilled labor compensates by downshifting, seeking out and competing for positions within the semi-skilled job market. This increased competition for semi-skilled positions pushes other educational groups down and out of the labor market. The global forces of labor polarization, education bulges, and skills downgrading are examined for their roles in inducing downshifting behavior. The fomentation of grievance amongst skilled labor is detailed, as well as the spillover effects for semi and unskilled labor. Flattening supplies of knowledge-intensive positions within the private sector along with public sector hiring reductions in the post-recession period exacerbates the decline of skilled labor’s relative position. Chapter Three examines objective measures of skilled labor’s relative position to other education attainment groups. Alongside theories of economic development and inequality, the education bulge theory is tested for its relationship to protest onset. Governmental expenditures on education, relative unemployment amongst primary, secondary and tertiary education attainment groups, and average wage growth are evaluated for their relationship with education bulges and protest onset. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis indicate that skills downgrading is significantly increases the odds of protests emerging in highly repressive countries. Under an education bulge, additional governmental spending on tertiary education is positively correlated to protest onset. Do education bulges contribute to the overall successfulness of protests? In Chapter Four, I develop a new cost-benefit approach to measuring protest success. Canonical binary measurement of protest success fails to capture the relative concessions demonstrators might extract from their regimes. I develop a 21-point scale capturing the dimensions of gains protests might achieve (in the form of regime concessions) and the costs they pay for those concessions (in the form of state reprisals). Using Mokken scale analysis, country success scores pinpoint a protest’s position along a unidimensional continuum of abject failure to transformative changes in the body politic is developed. My measure offers an improved method of capturing regime behavior in the form of ‘ignoring’ and active repression. My measure also captures instances where protests may be misclassified as failures and features a stronger correlation for crowd age diversity. However, the success scores and binary measures often share directionality and strength for key causal factors. Thus, I cannot claim a definitive victory for my measure. However, unlike binary measures, my measure is able to offer more accurate confidence intervals for interactive relationships evaluated in Chapter Five. Chapter Five evaluates the relationship between political contexts and protest features. Entrenched leadership and repressive state structures are traditional deterrents to protest success. Education bulges, leadership tenure, and state repressiveness are evaluated for their influence on protest successfulness. Education bulges are found to increase overall protest successfulness. Education bulges are also found to increase crowd size and crowd diversity. Interactive relationships between education bulges, crowd size, and class diversity are examined. Class diversity and education bulges are individual have a positive and significant influence upon protest success. Education bulges are found to moderate class diversity, shifting class diversity’s effect on protest success from positive to negative. Regime concessions and protest successfulness are also influenced by external factors, such as sanctions, defections, and audience sympathy. External actors are more likely to apply reputational, material or defection costs against regimes when protests occur within education bulges and feature class diversity. These costs act as mediators of regime responsiveness. Under a mediated moderation model, the direct and indirect effect of education bulges, crowd size, class diversity, and regime costs are evaluated for their effect on protest successfulness. Education bulges increase reputational costs for regimes while class diversity increases material costs. Crowd size increased both material costs and defections. Education bulge contexts producing diverse and large crowds are more successful than non-education bulge protests. This study offers an examination of the role of higher education attainment upon the emergence and successfulness of nonviolent mass protests in authoritarian states from 2005-2013. Despite data limitations, robust findings indicate that education bulges increase the odds of a stable repressive regime experiencing protest onset and protest success. Failure of central governments to ensure commiserate employment for their growing pools of skilled labor increases grievance, crowd sizes and diversity, and punitive action against governments seeking to repress demonstrators.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24492号 / 医博第4934号 / 新制||医||1063(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 今中 雄一, 教授 川上 浩司, 教授 妹尾 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24500号 / 医博第4942号 / 新制||医||1064(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 渡邊 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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