Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaMMA_DISSERT.pdf: 1277437 bytes, checksum: 8ffa9b24fa37a0e3b017eb0e4b89299d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / An economical solution for cementing oil wells is the use of pre-prepared dry mixtures containing cement and additives. The mixtures may be formulated, prepared and transported to the well where is added water to be pumped.Using this method, becomes dispensable to prepare the cement mixes containing additives in the cementing operation, reducing the possibility of error. In this way, the aim of this work is to study formulations of cement slurries containing solid additives for primary cementing of oil wells onshore for typical depths of 400, 800 and 1,200 meters. The formulations are comprised of Special Class Portland cement, mineral additions and solids chemical additives.The formulated mixtures have density of 1.67 g / cm ? (14.0 lb / gal). Their optimization were made through the analysis of the rheological parameters, fluid loss results, free water, thickening time, stability test and mechanical properties.The results showed that mixtures are in conformity the specifications for cementing oil wells onshore studied depths / Uma solu??o econ?mica para a cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo ? o emprego de pr?- misturas secas contendo cimento e aditivos s?lidos. As misturas podem ser formuladas, preparadas e transportadas para o po?o onde ser? adicionada ?gua para bombeio. Com essa metodologia, torna-se dispens?vel a prepara??o das misturas de cimento com aditivos no ato da opera??o de cimenta??o, reduzindo a possibilidade de erro. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho ? estudar formula??es de pastas de cimento contendo aditivos s?lidos para a cimenta??o prim?ria de po?os de petr?leo onshore para profundidades t?picas de 400m, 800m e 1.200 metros. As formula??es s?o constitu?das de cimento Portland Classe Especial, adi??es minerais e aditivos qu?micos s?lidos. As misturas formuladas possuem massa espec?fica de 1,67 g/cm? (14,0 lb/gal). Sua otimiza??o foi feita a partir da an?lise de resultados de reologia, comportamento de perda de fluido para a forma??o, forma??o de ?gua livre ambiente, tempo de espessamento, estabilidade da mistura e comportamento mec?nico. Os resultados mostraram que as misturas se adequam ?s especifica??es para a cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo onshore nas profundidades estudadas

A presente tese de doutorado teve como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar a viabilidade do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo, como as águas de produção (AP) de campos de exploração onshore do semiárido nordestino, na irrigação de culturas de girassol destinadas à produção de biodiesel. A AP foi produzida sinteticamente e tratada utilizando-se as técnicas de eletrofloculação (EF) e de osmose inversa (OI). Foram analisados os efeitos da AP não tratada, tratada por EF e por EF combinada com osmose inversa (EF+OI) na germinação, desenvolvimento e produção de biomassa de plântulas de girassol e também nos atributos de um solo característico do semiárido nordestino. Na melhor condição operacional do tratamento da AP por EF (28,6 A m-2 durante 4 min.) foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de óleos e graxas (O&G), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), cor e turbidez superiores a 95%. O tratamento EF+OI promoveu a remoção do excesso de salinidade e de ferro oriundo da etapa de EF, enquadrando-se esses parâmetros dentro de níveis de referência recomendados para água de irrigação. Níveis de O&G e DQO superiores, respectivamente, a 337 mg L-1 e 1.321 mg O2 L-1 na AP bruta produziram efeitos tóxicos, reduzindo-se o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o percentual de plântulas normais do girassol. Por outro lado, os efluentes tratados por EF e EF+OI produziram efeitos similares no percentual de sementes germinadas, no IVG, no percentual de plântulas normais e na produção de biomassa do girassol. O uso da AP tratada por EF, com ou sem diluição, contribuiu significativamente para o aumento da salinidade e dos teores de sódio do solo, diferentemente da tratada por EF+OI, que produziu efeitos similares ao do controle (água destilada) / This doctoral thesis aimed to provide subsidies to assess the viability of the agricultural reuse of oily water from oil industry, such as oilfield produced water (AP) from onshore exploration fields of northeast brazilian semi-arid, in inedible irrigation such as sunflower crops intended for biodiesel production. AP was produced synthetically and treated using the electroflocculation (EF) and reverse osmosis (OI) techniques. The effects of untreated AP, AP treated by EF and AP treated by EF combined with reverse osmosis (EF+OI) in germination, growth and biomass production of sunflower seedlings and also in the attributes of a characteristic soil of the northeastern brazilian semiarid were analyzed. In the best EF treatment operating condition (28.6 A m-2 during 4 min.) Oil and grease (O&G), chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and turbidity removal efficiencies obtained were higher than 95%. EF+OI treatment promoted the removal of salinity in excess and iron derived from EF step, fitting these parameters within the recommended reference levels for irrigation water. O&G and COD levels higher than, respectively, 337 mg L-1 and 1,321 mgO2 L-1 in raw AP produced toxic effects, reducing the germination speed index (IVG) and the percentage of normal sunflower seedlings. On the other hand, the use of EF+OI and EF treated effluent has produced similar effects on the percentage of germinated seeds, IVG, percentage of normal seedlings and biomass production of sunflower. The use of AP treated by EF, with or without dilution, contributed significantly to the increase in soil salinity and sodium contents. On the other hand, AP treated by EF+OI, has produced similar effects to the control (distilled water)

The content of the paper is to model new company in the American state, Nevada and its operation from the Czech Republic over the Internet. In this thesis is included theoretical resources, analytical section discusses the types of companies in the USA, the tax liability of companies related to the USA legislation and the final section proposes solution together with a cost calculation to establish a new company. And also which kind of services are used for doing business in the USA over the Internet.

This thesis is focused on corporate structure designs with the use of offshore and onshore centers in the European Union for the optimization of tax on corporate income . The work is divided into theoretical and analytical sections as well as a section with proposals. The theoretical section describes the problems of international tax planning and international taxation, focusing on offshore and onshore financial centers. In the analytical section there are various offshore and onshore financial centers in the European Union identified and outlined with selected analyses in more detail, especially of the corporate taxation. The practical part describes a model of the corporate structure with the use of selected offshore and onshore centers in the European Union and the various options for resolving tax optimization.

Tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex physical phenomena potentially affecting almost all coastal regions of the Earth. Tsunami waves propagate in the ocean over thousands of kilometres away from their generating source at considerable speeds. Among several other tsunamis that occurred during the past decade, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan, considered to be the deadliest and costliest natural disasters in the history of mankind, respectively, have hit wide stretches of densely populated coastal areas. During these major events, severe destruction of inland structures resulted from the action of extreme hydrodynamic forces induced by tsunami flooding. Subsequent field surveys in which researchers from the University of Ottawa participated ultimately revealed that, in contrast to seismic forces, such hydrodynamic forces are not taken into proper consideration when designing buildings for tsunami prone areas. In view of these limitations, a novel interdisciplinary hydraulic-structural engineering research program was initiated at the University of Ottawa, in cooperation with the Canadian Hydraulic Centre of the National Research Council, to help develop guidelines for the sound design of nearshore structures located in such areas. The present study aims to simulate the physical laboratory experiments performed within the aforementioned research program using a single-phase three-dimensional weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical model. These experiments consist in the violent impact of rapidly advancing tsunami-like hydraulic bores with individual slender structural elements. Such bores are emulated based on the classic dam-break problem. The quantitatively compared measurements include the time-history of the net base horizontal force and of the pressure distribution acting on columns of square and circular cross-sections, as well as flow characteristics such as bore-front velocity and water surface elevation. Good agreement was obtained. Results show that the magnitude and duration of the impulsive force at initial bore impact depend on the degree of entrapped air in the bore-front. The latter was found to increase considerably if the bed of the experimental flume is covered with a thin water layer of even just a few millimetres. In order to avoid large fluctuations in the pressure field and to obtain accurate simulations of the hydrodynamic forces, a Riemann solver-based formulation of the SPH method is utilized. However, this formulation induces excessive numerical diffusion, as sudden and large water surface deformations, such as splashing at initial bore impact, are less accurately reproduced. To investigate this particular issue, the small-scale physical experiment of Kleefsman et al. (2005) is also considered and modeled. Lastly, taking full advantage of the validated numerical model to better understand the underlying flow dynamics, the influence of the experimental test geometry and of the bed condition (i.e. dry vs. wet) is investigated. Numerical results show that when a bore propagates over a wet bed, its front is both deeper and steeper and it also has a lower velocity compared to when it propagates over a dry bed. These differences significantly affect the pressure distributions and resulting hydrodynamic forces acting on impacted structures.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka svenska hamnars möjlighet att investera i land­strömsteknik och sedan betala tillbaka investeringen genom försäljning av elektricitet till ankommande fartyg. Studien är en systematisk litteraturöversikt baserad på en sys­tematisk litteratursökning som sedan presenteras i en teoretisk fallstudie. Litteraturöversikten utgår från fem studier som beskriver kostnader gällande utbyggnad av landströmsteknik.   Första delen av resultatet består av beräkningar för vad investeringskostnaderna för utbyggnad av landströmsteknik till en enstaka kaj kan uppskattas till. Därefter beräk­nades kostnader för att generera en viss mängd elektricitet ombord och jämfördes med kostnaden för att köpa den från marknätet. Sedermera beräknades en vinstmarginal om elektriciteten säljs för samma pris som den kostat om den genererats ombord i dieselgenerator. Slutligen beräknades vilket prispåslag på elförsäljning en hamn kan göra för att få igen investe­ringskostnaderna på fem år samt hur detta pris står sig i jämförelse med kostnaden att generera samma elektricitet ombord.   Studien visar att det finns goda möjligheter för den teoretiska standardkajen att investera i landströmsteknik och få sina investeringar betalda på fem år, under förutsättningen att ankommande far­tyg är utrustade med möjligheten att ta emot elektricitet från land. / The purpose of the study was to investigate Swedish ports possibility to invest in onshore power supply equipment and pay back the initial investment with income from selling electricity to arriving ships. The study is a systematic review based on a sys­tematic search and presented as a theoretical case study. The review was based on five studies that describe costs of providing a port with onshore power supply.   The first part of the findings is calculations of the investment cost for onshore power supply for one single berth. Next the calculations of the costs to generate a certain amount of electricity on board was compared with the costs of buying said amount of electricity from shore providers. Then a profit margin if the electricity was sold for the same price as it would have cost to generate onboard in diesel generators was calculated. Finally the in­crease to the electricity sale price a port could add and still repay the initial investment over five years was calculated. This electricity sale price was then compared to what it would have cost to generate onboard.   The findings shows that there is a good possibility for the theoretical standard quay to refund their investment in onshore power supply over five years, under circumstances where ships visiting the port are equipped to receive the electricity.

Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are experiencing rapid and substantial changes to their environment due to global climate change. Polar bears of the southern Beaufort Sea (SB) have historically spent most of the year on the sea ice. However, recent reports from Alaska indicate that the proportion of the SB subpopulation observed onshore during late summer and early fall has increased considerably. Previous research suggests that the number of polar bears onshore is linked to sea ice conditions and the availability of subsistence-harvested whale carcasses, which are referred to as bone piles. My objectives were to determine the development and fitness consequences for SB polar bears that come onshore. Furthermore, I aimed to reveal the number of polar bears that come onshore and feed at whale carcasses. I used a combination of genetic and behavioral data collected on SB polar bears from 2010-2013 to determine if onshore behavior developed through genetic inheritance, asocial learning, or social learning. I found that onshore behavior was primarily transmitted via mother-offspring social learning. I used hair samples collected at bone piles near Kaktovik, Alaska from 2011-2014 and genetic capture-recapture techniques to estimate the annual number of polar bears that visited the bone piles and rates of apparent site fidelity to the bone pile. I estimated that as many as 146 (SE = 21) SB polar bears visited the bone piles near Kaktovik in 2012. Annual rates of apparent site fidelity to the bone pile for male polar bears ranged from 0.60 (SE = 0.07) to 0.61 (SE = 0.07), and female rates of apparent site fidelity was 0.69 (SE = 0.19). Lastly, I used quantitative fatty acid signature analysis to estimate the proportion of bowhead whale, ringed seal, bearded seal, and beluga whale in the diets of SB polar bears from 2004-2015. I revealed that polar bears achieved higher body condition by coming onshore and feeding at whale carcasses. Overall, my results indicated that SB polar bears are socially learning from their mother to come onshore and that this behavior is linked to increased body condition.

Tsunamis are among the most terrifying and complex physical phenomena potentially affecting almost all coastal regions of the Earth. Tsunami waves propagate in the ocean over thousands of kilometres away from their generating source at considerable speeds. Among several other tsunamis that occurred during the past decade, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Japan, considered to be the deadliest and costliest natural disasters in the history of mankind, respectively, have hit wide stretches of densely populated coastal areas. During these major events, severe destruction of inland structures resulted from the action of extreme hydrodynamic forces induced by tsunami flooding. Subsequent field surveys in which researchers from the University of Ottawa participated ultimately revealed that, in contrast to seismic forces, such hydrodynamic forces are not taken into proper consideration when designing buildings for tsunami prone areas. In view of these limitations, a novel interdisciplinary hydraulic-structural engineering research program was initiated at the University of Ottawa, in cooperation with the Canadian Hydraulic Centre of the National Research Council, to help develop guidelines for the sound design of nearshore structures located in such areas. The present study aims to simulate the physical laboratory experiments performed within the aforementioned research program using a single-phase three-dimensional weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical model. These experiments consist in the violent impact of rapidly advancing tsunami-like hydraulic bores with individual slender structural elements. Such bores are emulated based on the classic dam-break problem. The quantitatively compared measurements include the time-history of the net base horizontal force and of the pressure distribution acting on columns of square and circular cross-sections, as well as flow characteristics such as bore-front velocity and water surface elevation. Good agreement was obtained. Results show that the magnitude and duration of the impulsive force at initial bore impact depend on the degree of entrapped air in the bore-front. The latter was found to increase considerably if the bed of the experimental flume is covered with a thin water layer of even just a few millimetres. In order to avoid large fluctuations in the pressure field and to obtain accurate simulations of the hydrodynamic forces, a Riemann solver-based formulation of the SPH method is utilized. However, this formulation induces excessive numerical diffusion, as sudden and large water surface deformations, such as splashing at initial bore impact, are less accurately reproduced. To investigate this particular issue, the small-scale physical experiment of Kleefsman et al. (2005) is also considered and modeled. Lastly, taking full advantage of the validated numerical model to better understand the underlying flow dynamics, the influence of the experimental test geometry and of the bed condition (i.e. dry vs. wet) is investigated. Numerical results show that when a bore propagates over a wet bed, its front is both deeper and steeper and it also has a lower velocity compared to when it propagates over a dry bed. These differences significantly affect the pressure distributions and resulting hydrodynamic forces acting on impacted structures.

This diploma thesis deals with new legislation of limited liability company from January 2014. At this diploma thesis is made comparison antecedent legislation and actual legislation of limited liability company, next comparison of conduct business of natural person and limited liability company and next comparison of establishment of limited liability company at Czech Republic and in the selected countries of the world.

Dans le cadre de cette étude, l'influence du confinement de la plasticité en pointe de fissure sur la ténacité mesurée du matériau a été abordée. Après une étude de la microstructure du matériau, une étude expérimentale approfondie de son comportement mécanique a été mise en oeuvre. Un modèle complexe combinant un écrouissage anisotrope avec un endommagement lui aussi anisotrope comprenant une prise en compte de l'éffet de géométrie par le paramètre de Lode a été mis en place. L'ensemble des travaux se termine par une étude d'un cas concret de gazoduc entaillé soumis à une pression interne jusqu'à éclatement duquel on peut conclure que l'éprouvette de type SENT est plus adaptée que les autres pour l'étude du comportement de structures tubulaires minces. / In this thesis the influence of plastic constraint at a crack tip on the mesured tough-ness of a material has been evaluated. After a study of the microstructure of the material, an ex-perimental study of its mechanical behaviour was made. A complex model combining an anisotrope hardening with an anisotrope damage law including a geometry contridution by means of the Lode parameter was then used. The porject ends with a study of the bursting test of a precracked line pipe. We can conclude from this test that the SENT specimen is more suitable for the study of thin tubes.