Orientador: Mauro Mitsuuchi Tashima / Resumo: A construção civil, setor responsável pela infraestrutura do ambiente antrópico, é de grande importância para o desenvolvimento de atividades sociais e econômicas, atuando, todavia, como geradora de impactos ambientais. Na presente pesquisa, com o objetivo de avaliar comparativamente o desempenho ambiental de argamassas confeccionadas com cimento Portland e argamassas com substituição deste por cinza do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (CBC) nas proporções de 15 e 30%, é utilizado a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV). A substituição do material mais consumido pela construção civil, por um resíduo da usina sucroalcooleira se enquadra nos princípios da economia circular (EC), contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sustentável no Brasil. Para a estrutura metodológica e a condução da presente ACV fez-se uso das recomendações normativas das NBR 14040 e 14044, onde o estudo é dividido em quatro etapas: definição do objetivo e escopo; inventário do ciclo de vida (ICV); avaliação dos impactos do ciclo de vida (AICV); e interpretação. Para a condução das etapas de ICV e AICV faz-se uso do software de ACV GaBi, versão 6.0 da base de dados do Ecoinvent 2.01 e do método de AICV ReCiPe 2008. Os impactos ambientais da produção da CBC são considerados no estudo para este ser valorizado como matéria-prima no sistema produtivo de argamassas, não como apenas um resíduo da produção sucroalcooleira. Assim, o traço de argamassa com substituição de 30% apresenta melhor desempenho para a categoria de Mudança cl... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Biogas is a renewable energy source produced by decomposing organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Without oxygen, organic matter is broken down in this process, producing a mixture of gases that may be used for a variety of tasks, such as heating, cooking, and producing power. In contrast to conventional fossil fuels, biogas is economical and sustainable. Additionally, it may be produced from waste products like animal manure and agricultural wastes, which has considerable economic advantages. Due to its capacity to lower greenhouse gas emissions and solve climate change challenges, biogas has grown in popularity. To find the most effective source of biogas, scientists are constantly studying different types of bacteria and organic waste. The biologists can receive assistance from technicians to expedite the development of this field. Assistance can be provided by enhancing the laboratory equipment to make them more intelligent, user-friendly, and productive, which is the focus of this research endeavour. This study's state-of-the-art is an Automatic Methane Potential Test System currently utilised in laboratories and available for purchase. This project aims to redesign the blending mechanism of the Automatic Methane Potential Test System. The system is designed to operate independently using CAN communication and an edge device (a smartphone) that connects to the system via Bluetooth. The application for smartphones is designed to communicate with a master controller using Bluetooth Classic to send and receive data. Which, in turn, uses CAN-bus to interact with 18 bioreactors remotely. The TMC5130 stepper motor controller is utilised in this project, offering cutting-edge characteristics that meet the project's needs. The system's components have each been individually tested on a prototype. The result is encouraging and shows that, with modest adjustments, the conceptual design might one day successfully replace the current system.

This dissertation consists of three chapters on the topic of differential games and resource economics. The first chapter extends the envelope theorem to the class of discounted infinite horizon differential games that posses locally differentiable Nash equilibria. The theorems cover both the open-loop and feedback information structures, and are applied to a simple analytically solvable linear-quadratic game. The results show that the conventional interpretation of the costate variable as the shadow value of the state variable along the equilibrium path is only valid for feedback Nash equilibria, but not for open-loop Nash equilibria. The specific linear-quadratic structure provides some extra insights on the theorem. For example, the costate variable is shown to uniformly overestimate the shadow value of the state variable in the open-loop case, but the growth rate of the costate variable are the same as the shadow value under open-loop and feedback information structures. Chapter two investigates the qualitative properties of symmetric open-loop Nash equilibria for a ubiquitous class of discounted infinite horizon differential games. The results show that the specific functional forms and the value of parameters used in the game are crucial in determining the local asymptotic stability of steady state, the steady state comparative statics, and the local comparative dynamics. Several sufficient conditions are provided to identify a local saddle point type of steady state. An important steady state policy implication from the model is that functional forms and parameter values are not only quantitatively important to differentiate policy tools, but they are also qualitatively important. Chapter three shifts the interests to the lottery mechanism for rationing public resources. It characterizes the optimal pricing strategies of lotteries for a welfare-maximization agency. The optimal prices are shown to be positive for a wide range of individual private value distributions, suggesting that the sub-optimal pricing may result in a significant efficiency loss and that the earlier studies under zero-pricing may need to be re-examined. In addition, I identify the revenue and welfare equivalency propositions across lottery institutions. Finally, the numerical simulations strongly support the findings.

Aerodynamic parameter estimation from closed loop data has been developed as another research area since control and stability augmentation systems have been mandatory for aircrafts. This thesis focuses on aerodynamic parameter estimation of an air to ground missile from closed loop data using separate surface excitations. A design procedure is proposed for designing separate surface excitations. The effect of excitations signals to the system is also analyzed by examining autopilot disturbance rejection performance. Aerodynamic parameters are estimated using two different estimation techniques which are ordinary least squares and complex linear regression. The results are compared with each other and with the aerodynamic database. An application of the studied techniques to a real system is also given to validate that they are directly applicable to real life.

Aerodynamic parameter estimation from closed loop data has been developed as another research area since control and stability augmentation systems have been mandatory for aircrafts. This thesis focuses on aerodynamic parameter estimation of an air to ground missile from closed loop data using separate surface excitations. A design procedure is proposed for designing separate surface excitations. The effect of excitations signals to the system is also analyzed by examining autopilot disturbance rejection performance. Aerodynamic parameters are estimated using two different estimation techniques which are ordinary least squares and complex linear regression. The results are compared with each other and with the aerodynamic database. An application of the studied techniques to a real system is also given to validate that they are directly applicable to real life.

The Finite Element Method (FEM) based computational mechanics is applied to simulate the optimal attenuation of vibrations in actively controlled structures. The simulation results provide the forces to be generated by actuators, as well as the structures response. Vibrations can be attenuated by applying either open loop or closed loop control strategies. In open loop control, the control forces for a given initial (or disturbed) configuration of the structure are determined in terms of time, and can be preprogrammed in advance. On the other hand, the control forces in closed loop control depend only on the current state of the system, which should be continuously monitored. Optimal attenuation is obtained by solving the optimality equations for the problem derived from the Pontryagins principle. These equations together with the initial and final boundary conditions constitute the two-point-boundary-value (TPBV) problem. <p>Here the optimal solutions are obtained by applying an analogy (referred to as the beam analogy) between the optimality equation and the equation for a certain problem of static beams in bending. The problem of analogous beams is solved by the standard FEM in the spatial domain, and then the results are converted into the solution of the optimal vibration control problem in the time domain. The concept of the independent-modal-space-control (IMSC) is adopted, in which the number of independent actuators control the same number of vibrations modes. <p>The steps of the analogy are programmed into an algorithm referred to as the Beam Analogy Algorithm (BAA). As an illustration of the approach, the BAA is used to simulate the open loop vibration control of a structure with several sets of actuators. Some details, such as an efficient meshing of the analogous beams and effective solving of the target condition are discussed. <p> Next, the BAA is modified to handle closed loop vibration control problems. The algorithm determines the optimal feedback gain matrix, which is then used to calculate the actuator forces required at any current state of the system. The methods accuracy is also analyzed.

The Finite Element Method (FEM) based computational mechanics is applied to simulate the optimal attenuation of vibrations in actively controlled structures. The simulation results provide the forces to be generated by actuators, as well as the structures response. Vibrations can be attenuated by applying either open loop or closed loop control strategies. In open loop control, the control forces for a given initial (or disturbed) configuration of the structure are determined in terms of time, and can be preprogrammed in advance. On the other hand, the control forces in closed loop control depend only on the current state of the system, which should be continuously monitored. Optimal attenuation is obtained by solving the optimality equations for the problem derived from the Pontryagins principle. These equations together with the initial and final boundary conditions constitute the two-point-boundary-value (TPBV) problem. <p>Here the optimal solutions are obtained by applying an analogy (referred to as the beam analogy) between the optimality equation and the equation for a certain problem of static beams in bending. The problem of analogous beams is solved by the standard FEM in the spatial domain, and then the results are converted into the solution of the optimal vibration control problem in the time domain. The concept of the independent-modal-space-control (IMSC) is adopted, in which the number of independent actuators control the same number of vibrations modes. <p>The steps of the analogy are programmed into an algorithm referred to as the Beam Analogy Algorithm (BAA). As an illustration of the approach, the BAA is used to simulate the open loop vibration control of a structure with several sets of actuators. Some details, such as an efficient meshing of the analogous beams and effective solving of the target condition are discussed. <p> Next, the BAA is modified to handle closed loop vibration control problems. The algorithm determines the optimal feedback gain matrix, which is then used to calculate the actuator forces required at any current state of the system. The methods accuracy is also analyzed.

This theses analyzes Cuk converter, that is one of the dc to dc switching converters. For continuous inductor current mode and discontinuous inductor current mode, stedy state operation is analysied. Characteristic parameters are determined. Through State Space Averge Models, Small Signal Models are obtained. Parasitic Resistance effects on steady state and small signal models are determined. Efficency of the switching converter is derived. Open loop transfer functions for continous and discontinuous inductor curret mode are obtained. Parmeters for small signal behaviour is determined and stability is analysied. Parasitic resistance effects on transfer functions is determined. Therotecial analysis are verified with a simulations of designed converter.

Silicon magnetic sensors based on the Hall effect have proven to be an excellent sensor choice for many applications, such as position sensing, gear-tooth sensing, contact-less switching and linear sensing. Although a sensor can be trimmed over temperature before it is shipped to the customer, little can be done about the sensitivity's stability once the sensor has been installed in its final application. The goal of this project is to propose and implement mechanisms to stabilize the Hall sensor's sensitivity through the use of mechanical stress feedback and magnetic feedback.

A pesquisa desenvolve o projeto e a implementaÃÃo de um microinversor monofÃsico de estÃgio Ãnico obtido da derivaÃÃo de quatro conversores flybacks CC-CC operando no modo descontÃnuo e associado em mÃdulos paralelos. Este arranjo reduz o volume dos magnÃticos, diminui os esforÃos de correntes nos primÃrios dos transformadores, bem como minimiza as oscilaÃÃes no mÃdulo fotovoltaico. Em meio as principais propriedades do microinversor flyback (MIF) desta pesquisa, as chaves dos primÃrios atuam com comutaÃÃo SPWM em alta frequÃncia e defasadas em cento e oitenta graus, enquanto as chaves dos secundÃrios sÃo comandadas por PWMâs complementares. Para validar a pesquisa serà desenvolvido um protÃtipo que efetuarà o processamento de energia interligando um painel fotovoltaico com 200 W de potÃncia, em cargas resistivas com caracterÃsticas senoidais. O sistema proposto està fundamentado na configuraÃÃo mÃdulo inversor integrado (MIC), que por sua vez, possui menores perdas nos semicondutores e elementos magnÃticos da topologia, quando comparado aos complexos sistemas fotovoltaicos centralizados. Dentre as aplicaÃÃes do microinversor flyback encontram-se: abastecimento de sistemas remotos, alimentaÃÃo de aparelhos eletroeletrÃnicos, pequenas estaÃÃes de bombeamentos de Ãgua, conexÃes a rede elÃtrica, entre outros. Apesar da baixa potÃncia, o microinversor apresenta caracterÃsticas elÃtricas essenciais a inserÃÃo na matriz energÃtica, tais como: isolaÃÃo entre a fonte e a carga, formas de ondas de tensÃes e correntes na saÃda com pequenas distorÃÃes e na frequÃncia da rede. Os resultados obtidos em laboratÃrio revelam que o microinversor flyback operando em malha aberta obtÃm rendimentos prÃximos a 90%, sendo entregue à carga cerca de 180 W. Sendo assim, a facilidade na construÃÃo, a utilizaÃÃo de poucos componentes e os resultados coletados experimentalmente habilitam o microinversor flyback a realizar a conversÃo CC-CA de sistemas fotovoltaicos de pequenas potÃncias conectados em cargas lineares monofÃsicas com caracterÃsticas senoidais ou interligados à rede elÃtrica. / The study proposes the design and implementation of a single phase inverter of single stage obtained the derivation of four flybacks converters CC - CC operating in discontinuous mode and associated in parallel modules. This arrangement reduces the amount of magnetic and decreases current efforts in primary transformers and minimizes fluctuations i n photovoltaic module. Among the main properties of micro inverter flyback (MIF) this research, the primary keys work with SPWM switching at high frequency and lagged in one hundred and eighty degrees, while the secondary keys are controlled by PWM's compl ementary. To validate the research, we will develop a prototype that will effect the processing power connecting a photovoltaic panel with 200W power in resistive loads with senoidais characteristics. The proposed system is based on the configuration of th e integrated module drive (MIC), which, in turn, has lower losses in the semi - conductors and magnetic elements of the topology, when compared to complex centralized photovoltaic systems. Among the applications of micro inverter flyback are: supply of remote systems, power electronics devices, small water pumping stations, connections to the grid, among others. Despite the low power, micro inverter has electrical characteristics essential for the insertion in the energy matrix, such as: insulation betwe en the source and the load, types of voltages and currents waves in output with little distortion and frequency of the network. The results obtained in the laboratory show that the micro inverter flyback operating in open loop gets yields close to 90% bein g delivered to the load about 180W. Thus, the ease of construction, the use of fewer components and results collected experimentally enable the micro inverter flyback to perform the CC - CA conversion of photovoltaic systems of small powers connected in sing le - phase linear loads with senoidais characteristics or interconnected to the electric grid