An open systems architecture (OSA) is one in which all of the interfaces are fully defined, available to the public, and maintained according to a group consensus. One approach to achieve this is to use modular hardware and software and to buy commercial, off-the-shelf and commodity hardware. Benefits of an OSA include providing easy access to the latest technological advances in both hardware and software, enabling net-centric operations, and allowing a flexible design that can easily change as the needs of customers may change. This paper will provide details of an OSA system designed for a telemetry receiver and list the benefits of OSA for the telemetry community.

This thesis addresses the problem of a form of anomalous decoherence that sheds light into the spectroscopy of blinking quantum dots. The system studied is a two-state system, interacting with an external environment that has the effect of establishing an interaction between the two states, via a coherence generating coupling, called inphasing. The collisions with the environment produce also decoherence, named dephasing. Decoherence is interpreted as the entanglement of the coherent superposition of these two states with the environment. The joint action of inphasing and dephasing generates a Markov master equation statistically equivalent to a random walker jumping from one state to the other. This model can be used to describe intermittent fluorescence, as a sequence of "light on" and "light off" states. The experiments on blinking quantum dots indicate that the sojourn times are distributed with an inverse power law. Thus, a proposal to turn the model for Poisson fluorescence intermittency into a model for non-Poisson fluorescence intermittency is made. The collision-like interaction of the two-state system with the environment is assumed to takes place at random times rather than at regular times. The time distance between one collision and the next is given by a distribution, called the subordination distribution. If the subordination distribution is exponential, a sequence of collisions yielding no persistence is turned into a sequence of "light on" and "light off" states with significant persistence. If the subordination function is an inverse power law the sequel of "light on" and "light off" states becomes equivalent to the experimental sequences. Different conditions are considered, ranging from predominant inphasing to predominant dephasing. When dephasing is predominant the sequel of "light on" and "light off" states in the time asymptotic limit becomes an inverse power law. If the predominant dephasing involves a time scale much larger than the minimum time scale accessible to the experimental observation, thereby generating persistence, the resulting distribution becomes a Mittag-Leffler function. If dephasing is predominant, in addition to the inverse power law distribution of "light off" and "light on" time duration, a strong correlation between "light on" and "light off" state is predicted.

Orientador: Amir Ordacgi Caldeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Durao_LisanMarcosMarques_M.pdf: 1224728 bytes, checksum: b2631019a5882f7a0fca6cb609bfff9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Sistemas quânticos abertos, ou não isolados, podem ser caracterizados a partir de uma entropia estatística. A entropia é um conceito fundamental na física e usualmente é interpretada como falta de informação a respeito do estado do sistema. O programa usual da física estatística para sistemas não isolados é propor um Hamiltoniano para o "Universo", descrito por uma distribuição de Gibbs e aplicando uma abordagem do tipo "Sistema + Reservatório", de onde podemos avaliar o operador densidade reduzido do sistema através de um processo de traço parcial. Outra maneira de obter o operador densidade seria obter a entropia de Von Neumann do sistema completo e a partir dela o operador densidade total pelo princípio de máxima entropia para então tomar o traço parcial com respeito as coordenadas do reservatório. Por outro lado, podemos tentar obter esse operador densidade e as propriedades termodinâmicas do sistema diretamente do princípio de máxima entropia Tal tarefa pode exigir o uso de outras formas de entropia não necessariamente extensivas. Partindo de uma abordagem do tipo sistema + reservatório, estudamos a entropia de uma partícula Browniana acoplada com um reservatório harmônico. Usando isso como o ponto de partida para a maximização de entropias dependentes de um parâmetro, busca-se uma correspondência entre as constantes emergentes do nosso modelo e os parâmetros ajustáveis de algumas bem conhecidas entropias generalizadas a fim de determinar qual ansatz é mais apropriado para nosso sistema / Abstract: The main goal of our project is the characterization of open quantum systems by means of a statistical entropy. Entropy is a fundamental physical quantity and is usually interpreted as the lack of knowledge about the state of the system, which means it is an informational metric. The statistical mechanical program for non-isolated quantum systems consists in creating a Hamiltonian for the "universe" within the so-called system-plus-reservoir approach from which one can evaluate the reduced density operator of the system of interest through the partial trace of the full density operator with respect to the reservoir coordinates. Notice that, in so doing we are tacitly assuming that the equilibrium state of the whole universe can be described by a Gibbsian distribution. Alternatively one can evaluate the Von Neumman entropy for the whole universe from which the above mentioned full density operator can be obtained via the maximum entropy priciple, and then, by the same partial tracing procedure, obtain the desired reduced density operator. Now we can ask ourselves what happens if one insists in obtaining a density operator and the thermodynamical properties for the system of interest directly from a maximum entropy principle. Such a task can require the use of other forms of entropy not necessarily extensive. Starting from the system-plus-reservoir approach we study the entropy and mean values of a Brownian particle coupled to a harmonic reservoir. Using this as the starting point to the maximization of non-extensive "parameter depending" entropies, we aim at finding a correspondence between the constants arising from our model and the adjustable parameters of some well-known generalized entropies which may turn out to be more appropriate to our needs / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Cette thèse traite du problème où une équipe d'agents coopératifs et autonomes, évoluant dans un environnement stochastique partiellement observable, et œuvrant à la résolution d'une tâche complexe, doit modifier dynamiquement sa composition durant l'exécution de la tâche afin de s'adapter à l'évolution de celle-ci. Il s'agit d'un problème qui n'a été que peu étudié dans le domaine de la planification multi-agents. Pourtant, il existe de nombreuses situations où l'équipe d'agent mobilisée est amenée à changer au fil de l'exécution de la tâche.Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au cas où les agents peuvent décider d'eux-même de quitter ou de rejoindre l'équipe opérationnelle. Certaines fois, utiliser peu d'agents peut être bénéfique si les coûts induits par l'utilisation des agents sont trop prohibitifs. Inversement, il peut parfois être utile de faire appel à plus d'agents si la situation empire et que les compétences de certains agents se révèlent être de précieux atouts.Afin de proposer un modèle de décision qui permette de représenter ces situations, nous nous basons sur les processus décisionnels de Markov décentralisés et partiellement observables, un modèle standard utilisé dans le cadre de la planification multi-agents sous incertitude. Nous étendons ce modèle afin de permettre aux agents d'entrer et sortir du système. On parle alors de système ouvert. Nous présentons également deux algorithmes de résolution basés sur les populaires méthodes de recherche arborescente Monte-Carlo. Le premier de ces algorithmes nous permet de construire des politiques jointes séparables via des calculs de meilleures réponses successives, tandis que le second construit des politiques jointes non séparables en évaluant les équipes dans chaque situation via un système de classement Elo. Nous évaluons nos méthodes sur de nouveaux jeux de tests qui permettent de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques des systèmes ouverts. / This thesis addresses the problem where a team of cooperative and autonomous agents, working in a stochastic and partially observable environment towards solving a complex task, needs toe dynamically modify its structure during the process execution, so as to adapt to the evolution of the task. It is a problem that has been seldom studied in the field of multi-agent planning. However, there are many situations where the team of agents is likely to evolve over time.We are particularly interested in the case where the agents can decide for themselves to leave or join the operational team. Sometimes, using few agents can be for the greater good. Conversely, it can sometimes be useful to call on more agents if the situation gets worse and the skills of some agents turn out to be valuable assets.In order to propose a decision model that can represent those situations, we base upon the decentralized and partially observable Markov decision processes, the standard model for planning under uncertainty in decentralized multi-agent settings. We extend this model to allow agents to enter and exit the system. This is what is called agent openness. We then present two planning algorithms based on the popular Monte-Carlo Tree Search methods. The first algorithm builds separable joint policies by computing series of best responses individual policies, while the second algorithm builds non-separable joint policies by ranking the teams in each situation via an Elo rating system. We evaluate our methods on new benchmarks that allow to highlight some interesting features of open systems.

Using a cross-sectional sample of 94 medium to large-sized manufacturing organisations in Iran, this study utilised cluster, regression, and gap analyses to study the relationships among extent of use, predictive value, and information availability for 63 performance measures. Based on the results, it appears that the studied Iranian manufacturing organisations do not overemphasise financial measures at the expense of other important performance measures related to the competitive, strategic environment, operational efficiency, and the human resource development. The Iranian executives appear to overlook the innovation aspects of organisational performance. The implications of this research are highlighted in relation to the findings and the conclusions. The conceptual framework in Figure 1 is offered for future research, which deals with performance management and its interaction with the economic and cultural facets.

We begin by studying various topological properties of invariant sets of hyperbolic toral automorphisms in the linear case. Results related to cardinality, local maximality, entropy, and dimension are presented. Where possible, we extend the results to the case of hyperbolic toral automorphisms in higher dimensions, and further to general Anosov maps.

Due to extensive challenges to the efficient development and fielding of operationally effective and affordable weapon systems, the U.S. employs a complex management framework to govern defense acquisition programs. The Department of Defense and Congress recently modified this process to improve the levels of knowledge available at key decision points in order to reduce lifecycle cost, schedule, and technical risk to programs. This exploratory research study employed multiple methods to examine the impact of systems engineering reviews, competitive prototyping, and the application of a Modular Open Systems Approach on knowledge and risk prior to funding system implementation and production. In-depth case studies of two recent Major Defense Acquisition Programs were conducted to verify the existence and relationships of the proposed constructs and identify potential barriers to program success introduced by the new process. The case studies included program documentation analysis as well as interviews with contractor personnel holding multiple roles on the program. A questionnaire-based survey of contractor personnel from a larger set of programs was executed to test the case study findings against a larger data set. The study results indicate that while some changes adversely affected program risk levels, the recent modifications to the acquisition process generally had a positive impact on levels of critical knowledge at the key Milestone B decision point. Based on the results of this study it is recommended that the Government improve its ability to communicate with contractors during competitive phases, particularly with regard to requirements management, and establish verifiable criteria for compliance with the iii Modular Open Systems Approach. Additionally, the Government should clarify the intent of competitive prototyping and develop a strategy to better manage the inevitable gaps between program phases. Contractors are recommended to present more requirements trade-offs and focus less on prototype development during the Technology Development phases of programs. The results of this study may be used by policy makers to shape future acquisition reforms; by Government personnel to improve the implementation of the current regulations; and by contractors to shape strategies and processes for more effective system development. This research may be used by the Government to improve the execution of acquisition programs under this new paradigm. The defense industrial base can use this research to better understand the impacts of the new process and improve strategic planning processes. The research methodology may be applied to new and different types of programs to assess improvement in the execution process over time.

Recent advances in self-supervised learning have made it possible to reuse information-rich models that have been generally pre-trained on massive amounts of data for other downstream tasks. But the pre-training process can be drastically different from the fine-tuning training process, which can lead to inefficient learning. We address this disconnect in training dynamics by structuring the learning process like an open system in thermodynamics. Open systems can achieve a steady state when low-entropy inputs are converted to high-entropy outputs. We modify the the model and the learning process to mimic this behavior, and attend more to elements of the input sequence that exhibit greater changes in entropy. We call this architecture the Open System Neural Network (OSNN). We show the efficacy of the OSNN on multiple classification datasets with a variety of encoder-only Transformers. We find that the OSNN outperforms nearly all model specific baselines, and achieves a new state-of-the-art result on two classification datasets.

[pt] Sistemas multi-agentes abertos são freqüentemente caracterizados como sistemas distribuídos onde agentes, que podem não ser conhecidos a priori, podem entrar ou sair do sistema a qualquer momento. Uma abordagem de governança estabelece regras de interação que precisam ser seguidas pelos agentes de um determinado sistema. O uso destas regras permite uma maior previsibilidade e controle sobre o comportamento observável do sistema. Nesta tese, apresenta-se uma abordagem de governança de sistemas multi-agentes abertos como adequada para lidar não apenas com o monitoramento e controle do comportamento dos agentes, mas também com aspectos de fidedignidade. Um software é dito fidedigno quando se pode confiar no mesmo através de verificações formais ou informais assumindo riscos de danos compatíveis com o serviço prestado pelo software. A incorporação de aspectos de fidedignidade em uma abordagem de governança tem como principal benefício a geração de uma tecnologia integrada que possui as vantagens de uma abordagem de governança e ao mesmo tempo lida com especificações de instrumentos de fidedignidade tais como prevenção e tolerância a faltas. A abordagem proposta é ilustrada através de um estudo de caso no contexto de controle de tráfego aéreo. / [en] Open multi-agent systems are frequently characterized by having little or no control over the behavior of the agents. The internal implementation and architecture of agents usually are inaccessible, and different teams may have developed them but with no coordination between them. Furthermore, agents may enter or leave the system at their will. A governance approach defines the interaction rules that must be obeyed by the agents. These rules allow for a greater control and predictability of the observable system behavior. In this thesis, we propose a governance approach to deal not only with the monitoring and control of agents` behavior but also to deal with dependability concerns. The original definition of dependability is the ability to deliver service that can justifiably be trusted. A governance approach that also deals with dependability has as main benefit the reuse of the monitoring and enforcement present in the governance infrastructure for dependability. We present a case study in the context of an air traffic control system to illustrate our approach.

Wir betrachten offene Systeme; Systeme mit Schnittstelle und Verhalten in Form eines Protokolls. Offener Systeme interagieren durch den Austausch von Nachrichten. Die Interaktion ist korrekt, wenn die interagierende offenen Systeme terminieren können. Die korrekte Interaktion unabhängig entwickelter, offener Systeme ist nicht immer möglich. Obwohl ein offenes Systeme Funktionalität bereitstellt, die ein zweites offenes System benötigt, können Inkompatibilitäten in den Schnittstellen oder im Verhalten dazu führen, dass Nachrichten nicht korrekt ausgetauscht werden. Hier kommt die Idee eines Adapters zum Tragen, der solche Unterschiede ausgleicht. Wir führen eine Technik ein, die Inkompatibilitäten der Schnittstelle und des Verhaltens getrennt voneinander betrachtet. Mit Hilfe von Transformationsregeln geben wir an, wie Nachrichten zweier offener Systeme im Zusammenhang stehen. Wir modellieren so korrekten Datenfluss zwischen den Schnittstellen der offenen Systeme. Mit Hilfe existierender Techniken zur Controllersynthese erzeugen wir korrekten Kontrollfluss, sodass die Transformationsregeln so angewendet werden, dass Inkompatibilitäten im Verhalten überwunden werden. Wir erzeugen korrekten Kontrollfluss. Die Einheit aus Transformationsregeln und Controller bezeichnen wir als Adapter. Aufbauend auf dieser Technik betrachten wir in dieser Arbeit folgende Fragestellungen: - Welche Eigenschaften besitzt die vorgestellte Technik? Wann existiert ein Adapter? Wie lässt sich die Technik allgemein auf offene, kommunizierende Systeme anwenden? - Wie verteilen wir einen generierten Adapter auf verschiedene Komponenten? - Welche Informationen können wir bereitstellen, falls wir keinen Adapter finden? - Wie leiten wir ein formales Modell eines Adapters ab, wenn wir nur aufgezeichnetes Verhalten der offenen Systeme, aber keine formalen Modelle gegeben haben? / We consider open systems being described by an interface and behavior in form of an protocol. Interaction between open systems means exchange of messages. For the interaction to be correct, the interacting open systems must be able to terminate. The interaction of independently developed open systems is not guaranteed to be correct. Although one open system provides functionality a second open system requires, incompatiblities of the interfaces or the behavior may prevent the correct exchange of messages. The idea is to introduce an adapter to overcome the incompatiblities. We present a technique that considers incompatiblities of the interfaces and the behavior separately. With transformation rules we specify how messages of two open systems relate to each other. Using these rules we model the data flow between open systems and overcome incompatiblities of the interfaces. By using existing techniques for controller synthesis we overcome incompatiblities of the behavior. Thus we create correct control flow. We call the composition of transformation rules and controller an adapter. Based on the technique presented in this thesis, we want to answer the following reseach questions: - What are the properties of the proposed technique? When does an adapter exist? How can we apply the technique on open, communicating systems in general? - How do we distribute a generated adapter to different components? - Which information can we provide, if adapter synthesis fails? - How can we discover a formal model of an adapter, when we only have recorded behavior of open systems, but no formal models?