Diss.--Heidelberg, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 442-468. Index.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät I--Erlangen, Nürnberg--Universität, 1994. / Bibliogr. p. 527-554. Index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

À l'instar des héros de l'indépendance Simón Bolívar et José Martí pendant le premier XIXe siècle, Ernesto Guevara marqua profondément l'histoire de l'Amérique latine pendant le second XXe siècle. Il eut aussi un impact politique, idéologique, culturel et moral dans le monde entier. Aujourd'hui, on retrouve encore son portrait en tête des manifestations ainsi que sur des produits dérivés. Quelles sont donc les origines de ces postérités multiples d'Ernesto « Che » Guevara ? Cette recherche se propose d'étudier ses représentations, sa médiatisation et ses influences en France de 1957 à 1974, aussi bien dans la presse que chez les intellectuels ou dans les milieux d'extrême gauche. En exposant les différents regards français sur Ernesto Guevara et le guévarisme des éditeurs de ses textes et écrits, de ses premiers biographes, des journalistes et éditorialistes, des universitaires et intellectuels, des témoins et révolutionnaires, on peut mieux évaluer son impact de son vivant et les premières années après sa mort, de « Mai 68 » à la baisse des idéaux révolutionnaires et internationalistes au début des années 1970 / Like the heroes of independence Simón Bolívar and José Martí during the first part of the 19th century, Ernesto Guevara left his mark on the second part of the 20th century. He also had a political, ideological, cultural and moral impact all around the world. Nowadays, we still find his portrait in the lead of the demonstrations and on the derivatives. What are the origins of Ernesto « Che » Guevara numerous posterities? This research offers to study his representations, his exposure and his influences in France from 1957 to 1974 in the press as well as among the intellectuals or the extreme left circles. In presenting the different French points of view of his texts and writings editors, of his first biographers, of the journalists and columnists, of the academics and intellectuals, of the witnesses and revolutionaries on Ernesto Guevara and on the Guevarism, we can better assess his impact during his lifetime and the first days after his death, from « Mai 1968 » to the decrease of the revolutionary and internationalist ideas in the early 70’s

Na WEB, são encontradas postagens sobre assuntos variados, notícias de celebridades, produtos e serviços. Tal conteúdo contém emoções positivas, negativas ou neutras. Minerar o sentimento da população sobre candidatos a eleições e seus aspectos em mídias virtuais pode ser realizado por meio de técnicas de Mineração de Opiniões. Existem soluções para fontes de opinião fortemente estruturadas, tais como revisões de produtos e serviços, no entanto o problema que se apresenta é realizar a mineração de opiniões em nível de aspecto em fontes de opiniões fracamente estruturadas. Além de avaliar conceitos relacionados à mineração de opiniões, o presente trabalho descreve a realização de um estudo de caso, o qual analisa fontes de opiniões fracamente estruturadas e propõe uma abordagem para minerar opiniões em nível de aspecto, utilizando como fontes de opinião comentários de leitores de jornais. O estudo de caso contribui (i) na concepção de uma abordagem para identificação da opinião em nível de aspecto sobre entidades eleitorais em comentários de notícias políticas, (ii) na aplicação de um método baseado em aprendizagem de máquina para classificar a opinião sobre entidades e seus aspectos em três classes (positivo, negativo e neutro), (iii) na representação da sumarização visual de opinião sobre entidades e seus aspectos. São descritos experimentos para identificar comentários que mencionam os aspectos saúde e educação, utilizando co-ocorrência, em que foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios utilizando as técnicas Expected Mutual Information Measure e phi-squared. Já para a polarização de sentenças, são realizados experimentos com duas abordagens de classificação: uma que classifica sentenças em três classes e outra que realiza classificações binárias em duas etapas. / In the WEB are found posts about various subjects like celebrity news, products and services. Such content has positive, negative or neutral emotions. Mining the population’s sentiments about elections candidates and their aspects in virtual media can be performed using Opinion Mining techniques. There are solutions for highly structured opinion sources, such as reviews of products and services, however the problem is how to perform aspect-based opinion mining in less structured opinions sources. Besides evaluating concepts related to opinion mining, this work describes a case study which analyzes weakly structured sources and proposes an approach to mine aspect-based opinions using as sources of sentiment reviews of newspaper readers. The case study contributes (i) designing an approach to identify the aspect-based opinion about electoral candidates in news political comments, (ii) to the application of a machine learning-based method to classify the opinion about entities and their aspects in three classes (positive, negative and neutral) (iii) to the representation of a visual summarization review of entities and their aspects. It describes experiments to identify comments about health and education aspects using co-occurrence where satisfactory results were obtained using the techniques Expected Mutual Information Measure and phi-squared. In which regards sentences polarization, experiments are performed with two classification approaches, one that classifies sentences in three classes and another that performs binary classifications in two stages.

Na WEB, são encontradas postagens sobre assuntos variados, notícias de celebridades, produtos e serviços. Tal conteúdo contém emoções positivas, negativas ou neutras. Minerar o sentimento da população sobre candidatos a eleições e seus aspectos em mídias virtuais pode ser realizado por meio de técnicas de Mineração de Opiniões. Existem soluções para fontes de opinião fortemente estruturadas, tais como revisões de produtos e serviços, no entanto o problema que se apresenta é realizar a mineração de opiniões em nível de aspecto em fontes de opiniões fracamente estruturadas. Além de avaliar conceitos relacionados à mineração de opiniões, o presente trabalho descreve a realização de um estudo de caso, o qual analisa fontes de opiniões fracamente estruturadas e propõe uma abordagem para minerar opiniões em nível de aspecto, utilizando como fontes de opinião comentários de leitores de jornais. O estudo de caso contribui (i) na concepção de uma abordagem para identificação da opinião em nível de aspecto sobre entidades eleitorais em comentários de notícias políticas, (ii) na aplicação de um método baseado em aprendizagem de máquina para classificar a opinião sobre entidades e seus aspectos em três classes (positivo, negativo e neutro), (iii) na representação da sumarização visual de opinião sobre entidades e seus aspectos. São descritos experimentos para identificar comentários que mencionam os aspectos saúde e educação, utilizando co-ocorrência, em que foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios utilizando as técnicas Expected Mutual Information Measure e phi-squared. Já para a polarização de sentenças, são realizados experimentos com duas abordagens de classificação: uma que classifica sentenças em três classes e outra que realiza classificações binárias em duas etapas. / In the WEB are found posts about various subjects like celebrity news, products and services. Such content has positive, negative or neutral emotions. Mining the population’s sentiments about elections candidates and their aspects in virtual media can be performed using Opinion Mining techniques. There are solutions for highly structured opinion sources, such as reviews of products and services, however the problem is how to perform aspect-based opinion mining in less structured opinions sources. Besides evaluating concepts related to opinion mining, this work describes a case study which analyzes weakly structured sources and proposes an approach to mine aspect-based opinions using as sources of sentiment reviews of newspaper readers. The case study contributes (i) designing an approach to identify the aspect-based opinion about electoral candidates in news political comments, (ii) to the application of a machine learning-based method to classify the opinion about entities and their aspects in three classes (positive, negative and neutral) (iii) to the representation of a visual summarization review of entities and their aspects. It describes experiments to identify comments about health and education aspects using co-occurrence where satisfactory results were obtained using the techniques Expected Mutual Information Measure and phi-squared. In which regards sentences polarization, experiments are performed with two classification approaches, one that classifies sentences in three classes and another that performs binary classifications in two stages.

Na WEB, são encontradas postagens sobre assuntos variados, notícias de celebridades, produtos e serviços. Tal conteúdo contém emoções positivas, negativas ou neutras. Minerar o sentimento da população sobre candidatos a eleições e seus aspectos em mídias virtuais pode ser realizado por meio de técnicas de Mineração de Opiniões. Existem soluções para fontes de opinião fortemente estruturadas, tais como revisões de produtos e serviços, no entanto o problema que se apresenta é realizar a mineração de opiniões em nível de aspecto em fontes de opiniões fracamente estruturadas. Além de avaliar conceitos relacionados à mineração de opiniões, o presente trabalho descreve a realização de um estudo de caso, o qual analisa fontes de opiniões fracamente estruturadas e propõe uma abordagem para minerar opiniões em nível de aspecto, utilizando como fontes de opinião comentários de leitores de jornais. O estudo de caso contribui (i) na concepção de uma abordagem para identificação da opinião em nível de aspecto sobre entidades eleitorais em comentários de notícias políticas, (ii) na aplicação de um método baseado em aprendizagem de máquina para classificar a opinião sobre entidades e seus aspectos em três classes (positivo, negativo e neutro), (iii) na representação da sumarização visual de opinião sobre entidades e seus aspectos. São descritos experimentos para identificar comentários que mencionam os aspectos saúde e educação, utilizando co-ocorrência, em que foram obtidos resultados satisfatórios utilizando as técnicas Expected Mutual Information Measure e phi-squared. Já para a polarização de sentenças, são realizados experimentos com duas abordagens de classificação: uma que classifica sentenças em três classes e outra que realiza classificações binárias em duas etapas. / In the WEB are found posts about various subjects like celebrity news, products and services. Such content has positive, negative or neutral emotions. Mining the population’s sentiments about elections candidates and their aspects in virtual media can be performed using Opinion Mining techniques. There are solutions for highly structured opinion sources, such as reviews of products and services, however the problem is how to perform aspect-based opinion mining in less structured opinions sources. Besides evaluating concepts related to opinion mining, this work describes a case study which analyzes weakly structured sources and proposes an approach to mine aspect-based opinions using as sources of sentiment reviews of newspaper readers. The case study contributes (i) designing an approach to identify the aspect-based opinion about electoral candidates in news political comments, (ii) to the application of a machine learning-based method to classify the opinion about entities and their aspects in three classes (positive, negative and neutral) (iii) to the representation of a visual summarization review of entities and their aspects. It describes experiments to identify comments about health and education aspects using co-occurrence where satisfactory results were obtained using the techniques Expected Mutual Information Measure and phi-squared. In which regards sentences polarization, experiments are performed with two classification approaches, one that classifies sentences in three classes and another that performs binary classifications in two stages.

M.A. (Communication Studies) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Business through e-commerce has become popular recently due to the massive amount of information available on internet. This has resulted in the abnormal number of reviews on websites like www.amazon.com  and www.ebay.com, where customers express their opinions about the purchases they have made. Analyzing customer’s behavior has become very important for the organizations to find new market trends and insights. For the potential customer  it becomes really difficult to get the knowledge about a product in the presence of such huge number of reviews and to sort the useful reviews and make good decision. The reviews available on these websites are in heterogeneous form i.e. structured  and unstructured form and needs to be stored in a consistent format. Since good decision requires quality information in limited amount of time, Yaakub et, al.(2011) have  proposed an ontology that uses a  multidimensional model to integrate customer’s characteristics and their comments about products. This approach first identifies the entities and then sentiments present in the customers reviews related to mobiles are transformed into an attribute table by using a 7 point polarity system (-3 to 3). The research proposed by Yaakub et, al.(2011) is in developing stage. The limitation of their approach is that the ontology proposed by them is too general. The authors have shown their desire that it should be tested for a large group of products. Also, Yaakub et, al.(2011) have used very short and simple comments for the manual extraction of features for which a sentiment has been expressed. Usually comments present on e-commerce websites are not that short and simple. In order to fulfill the aim of this thesis project, a case study has been conducted on websites www.amazon.com and www.ebay.com and the ontology proposed by  Yaakub et, al.(2011) has been refined for the three categories of mobile phones: smart phones, wet and dirty mobile phones and simple mobile phones. Further, sentiment analysis has been conducted by first using the ontology proposed by Yaakub et, al.(2011) and then by using the refined version of the ontologies for the three categories of mobile  in order to compare the results.

“Know what people think”. Ce slogan, affiché sur la page d’accueil du site de l’entreprise britannique Brandwatch, résume à lui seul la promesse de l’industrie nouvelle associée à l’étude des opinions sur le web : savoir enfin ce que les gens pensent, et cela sans même avoir besoin de le leur demander. Un ensemble d’agences, de start-ups et d’éditeurs de logiciels propose en effet depuis le milieu des années 2000 de connaître les opinions du grand public à partir des millions de publications quotidiennes sur le web social : tweets, billets de blogs, messages sur les forums ou encore commentaires de la presse en ligne. Ces données massivement disponibles sont ainsi investies par des acteurs et des instruments extrêmement variés pour mesurer aussi bien la réputation des grandes marques et entreprises, que les réactions à une campagne publicitaire ou un débat télévisé, ou encore des pratiques de consommation émergentes ; tous ont en commun de s’intéresser pour cela aux opinions non sollicitées des internautes. Cette démarche rencontre par ailleurs un succès considérable depuis plusieurs années : en 2015, soit dix ans après la création des premières entreprises dans ce domaine, l’industrie des logiciels de social media analysis générait 2,2 milliards de dollars de chiffre d’affaires selon le cabinet Markets and Markets, qui prévoit par ailleurs la croissance de ce marché jusqu’à 17,9 milliards de dollars en 2019.À distance du positivisme qui entoure ces technologies comme d’une critique constructiviste extérieure à son objet, cette thèse cherche à décrire l’émergence de médiations d’un nouveau type qui se saisissent des traces conversationnelles du web social pour la mesure de l’opinion, et renouvellent ainsi le contenu épistémologique et politique de cette catégorie. Partant de l’hypothèse d’une pluralité des formes de l’opinion et des dispositifs qui la mesurent, nous suivons ainsi un ensemble extrêmement varié de modélisations, construites par des start-ups et entreprises innovantes. Nous nous intéressons ainsi dans un premier temps les tentatives de redéfinition de la notion de représentativité par l’échantillonnage de publics mobilisés et influents. Dans un second temps, nous étudions le modèle qui semble l’emporter sur ce marché, fondé sur des logiciels visant l’indexation exhaustive et continue des traces de la conversation en ligne. Mesurant l’opinion comme un flux continu d’événements singuliers, ces instruments rompent définitivement avec l’idée de représentativité et réactualisent une grammaire de l’opinion comme activité collective et discursive, attentive aux dynamiques médiatiques et relationnelles de la discussion en ligne. Ce régime indiciel de connaissance des opinions délaisse donc la quantification des majorités et des minorités pour la mesure des mobilisations et des mouvements de l’opinion. / "Know what people think." This slogan, posted on the homepage of the British company Brandwatch website, contains the promise of the new industry associated with the study of online opinion: know what people think, finally, without even having to ask. Indeed, since the mid-2000s, a group of agencies, startups and software companies offers to know the opinion from millions of daily publications on the social web: tweets, blog posts or messages on forums. These massively available data are invested by extremely diverse actors and instruments, to measure brand reputation, reactions to an advertising campaign or a televised debate, or emerging consumer practices. To this purpose, all have in common an interest for unsolicited opinions of Internet users. This approach met considerable success in recent years: in 2015, ten years after the creation of the first companies in this area of social media software industry analysis generated $ 2.2 billion in revenue by the firm markets and markets, which also provides for the growth of this market to $ 17.9 billion in 2019.Taking distance with both positivism, which surrounds these technologies, and with an external and critical constructivism, this thesis seeks to describe the emergence of a new type of mediation that captures conversational traces from the social web for measuring opinion, and thus renews the epistemological and political content of this category. Assuming the plurality of the instruments and regimes that measure opinion, we follow a very diverse set of models built by start-ups and innovative companies. We first analyze some attempts made by them to redefine the concept of representative sampling, based on the selection of mobilized and influential publics. Secondly, we study the model that seems to prevail in this market, based on software seeking a comprehensive and continuous indexing of the online conversation. Measuring the opinion as a continuous flow of singular events, these instruments definitively break with the idea of representativeness and reactualize a conception of opinion as collective and discursive activity, focused on the relational dynamics of the online discussion. This regime thus abandons the quantification of majorities and minorities, to concentrate on the mobilizations and movements of online opinion.