This thesis describes work on fibre transitions made in photonic crystal fibres (PCF) and conventional standard fibres. Three post-processing techniques were used to make the transitions: fibre tapering, ferrule drawing and a new technique – PCF hole inflation. All these methods change the fibre dimensions on a centimeter scale while maintaining very low loss. In the hole inflation technique, cladding holes are pressurized and can be enlarged while heat-treating, unlike other techniques where the holes can only be reduced in size. Controlled hole expansion was used to produce devices for applications such as supercontinuum generation. Furthermore, differential pressurization of holes could create a diversity of core shapes in a PCF section. For example they were investigated to improve interfacing of laser diodes to fibres. Differential pressurization was also used to introduce new cores into PCFs. Introducing a larger core asymmetrically by the original core resulted in a fundamental to second-order mode conversion with a high extinction ratio. Alternatively, similar mode conversion was demonstrated by fusing two unequal standard fibres. Also with standard fibres, low-loss multimode to single-mode fibre transitions were made using a modified fibre fabrication technique. These fibre transitions and optical devices have a wide range of potential applications, for example in supercontinuum generation and low-loss interfacing of fibres to other optical systems.

The phenomenon of dopant diffusion as a viable means of coupler fabrication is investigated. It is well known that the diffusion of dopants can improve the uniformity of multimode star couplers manufactured by the fused biconical taper technique. The theoretical basis for the same phenomenon in a single mode coupler is developed, on the basis of the theory of diffusion and the Gaussian approximation for circular fibers. A novel technique to manufacture and design single mode optical fiber couplers with a minimization of the manufacturing complexity is demonstrated. Traditionally fused biconical tapered couplers have been manufactured by twisting, fusing and elongating optical fibers at elevated temperatures. Usually, high temperature oxy-hydrogen flames are used for such purposes and some degree of skill is needed for a human operator. The complexity of control procedures for automation of the process is greatly increased by the fact that the tapering process is an integral part of the feedback loop. This can be eliminated if a constant tension is maintained on the fibers in the heating process while heat is applied uniformly from a source such as a platinum wire furnace. Since the refractive index differentials responsible for the guiding phenomenon at optical frequencies are directly dependent on concentration of dopants like fluorine and germania, radial diffusion of such dopants causes the fiber cores that are heated in a platinum wire furnace to come closer together. Such proximity leads to the phenomenon of evanescent field interaction or coupling of optical power from one arm of the coupler to the other. The time evolution of the coupling process can be predicted in theory. While initial results are promising, the ability to automate the manufacture of couplers will be successful only after greater control over the variables is established. It is the intention of this work to understand the physics behind the mechanism as well as to prove the feasibility of modeling real world phenomena under controlled conditions. / Master of Science

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-13T22:58:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JoãoMC_DISSERT.pdf: 1741418 bytes, checksum: 13c15c64738df641ff1a1cadad54fa09 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-18T15:08:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoãoMC_DISSERT.pdf: 1741418 bytes, checksum: 13c15c64738df641ff1a1cadad54fa09 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-18T15:09:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JoãoMC_DISSERT.pdf: 1741418 bytes, checksum: 13c15c64738df641ff1a1cadad54fa09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T15:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoãoMC_DISSERT.pdf: 1741418 bytes, checksum: 13c15c64738df641ff1a1cadad54fa09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-07 / In this work, it is analyzed two applications involving optical fiber. In the first application, a new design of an optical fiber coupler composed by two and three cores from a fiber with step index is proposed and analyzed using a vector formulation based on finite element applied in conjunction with genetic algorithm (GA). The fiber is made with pure silica and silica doped with germanium and it is composed by two and three identical cores separated by distance d. The proposed structure has a very simple geometry, and each fiber that composed the coupler is obtained by inclusion of a very small air hole at the core of each conventional step index fibers. Next, optical fiber composed by photonic quasi-crystals, through a quasi-periodic and symmetric matrix, is analyzed using the finite element method, applied in conjunction with perfectly matched layers of type cylindrical. The structure is composed of germanium-doped silica and it is originates from twelve distributions of air holes arranged symmetrically with a defect caused by the absence of central air hole / Neste trabalho, serão analizadas duas aplicações envolvendo fibra óptica. Na primeira aplicação um novo projeto de um acoplador de fibra óptica constituída por dois e três núcleos a partir de uma fibra com índice degrau é proposta e analisada através de uma formulação vetorial baseada em elementos finitos aplicada em conjunto com o Algoritmo Genético (GA).A fibra é feita desílica pura e sílica dopada com germânio e contém dois e três núcleos idênticosseparados por umadistância d. A estrutura proposta apresenta uma geometria bastante simples, ecada fibra que compõe o acoplador é obtida através da inclusão de um buraco de ar muito pequeno no núcleo de cada uma das fibras de índice degrau convencional. Na segunda aplicação, fibras ópticas constituídas por quase cristais fotônicos, através de uma matriz quase periódica e simétrica é analisada através do método dos elementos finitos, aplicado em conjunto com camadas perfeitamente casadas do tipo cilíndricas. A estrutura é composta por sílica dopada com germânio e é originada a partir de doze distribuições de buracos de ar organizados simetricamente com um defeito provocado pela ausência do buraco de ar central / 2017-07-13

nÃo hà / Nosso trabalho apresenta uma anÃlise numÃrica da propagaÃÃo e comutaÃÃo de solitons fundamentais em acopladores de dois nÃcleos de fibras nÃo lineares construÃdos com fibras de perfis de dispersÃo (DPF). NÃs mostramos, que o formato apropriado do perfil DPF à muito eficaz na recuperaÃÃo, quase total, do comportamento da comutaÃÃo do sinal original associado à situaÃÃo sem perdas. O estudo da comutaÃÃo de solitons em acopladores nÃo lineares de fibras DPF proporciona possibilidades de se alcanÃar alta eficiencia no processamento de sinais ultra-rÃpidos em sistemas totalmente Ãticos, especialmente para comutadores e transistors Ãticos. Iniciamos, estudando as equaÃÃes de Maxwell, os Solitons Ãpticos, as EquaÃÃes dos Modos Acoplados, e a EquaÃÃo NÃo Linear de SchrÃdinger - NLSE (mÃtodos analÃtico, e numÃrico). A seguir, detalhamos a PropagaÃÃo e Chaveamento de Sinais Ãpticos âCWâ e âQuasi-CWâ em Acopladores Ãpticos, bem como analisamos de forma teÃrica os acopladores duplos nÃo lineares de Fibras Ãpticas com Perfis de DispersÃo Decrescente (DPF). Os Ãltimos capÃtulos tratam do objetivo real de nossa DissertaÃÃo, ou seja, a AnÃlise Detalhada de Acopladores Ãpticos de Fibras com Perfis de DispersÃo (DPF), Com, e Sem Perdas Ãpticas, incluindo dois tipos de configuraÃÃo(PA1 e PB1). Encerramos a DissertaÃÃo com as ConclusÃes sobre os estudos acima referidos / We present a numerical investigation of the propagation and the switching of fundamental solitons in a two-core nonlinear fiber coupler constructed with Dispersion Profile Fiber (DPF). We have shown that appropriate shaping of the DPF profile is quite effective to recover, almost completely, the original switching behavior associated to the lossless situation. The study of soliton switching in DPF nonlinear fiber couplers provides possibilities for achieving, high efficiency in ultrafast all-optical signal processing, especially for optical switches and optical transistors. We initiate, studying the Maxwell Equations, the Coupled-Mode Equations, and the the Nonlinear SchrÃdinger Equation - NLSE, (analytic, and numerical approaches). After this, we detail the Propagation and Switching of "CW" and "Quasi-CW" Optical Signals in Optical Couplers, as well like we analyze, through theoretical form, the nonlinear double couplers of Dispersion Profiles Fibers (DPF). The last chapters explain the real objective of our Dissertation, or be, Detailed Analysis of the Optical Couplers of Profiles Dispersion Fiber (DPF), With, and Without Optical Losses, including two kinds of configuration (PA1 and PB1). We enclose the Dissertation with the Conclusions about the above referred studies