The effects of geometry parameters of graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI-POF) components on the coupling efficiency and signal mixed proportion are studied in this thesis. Simulation and experimental approaches are used to investigate the effects of light sources on the coupling efficiency of misalighment, Y-couplers and V-groove couplers. Two different light sources are employed in this study: Laser diode (LD) and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The optimum coupling angle and refractive index of filler in the Y-coupler are studied with a light-emitting diode (LED) light source. A good agreement between the simulation and the experiment results is shown in this work. Furthermore, two V-groove array arrangements, i.e. the parallel V-groove array and the skew V-groove array, are proposed in this study to mix multi-light-sources. The optimum parameters of V-groove are designed to achieve the highest coupling efficiency. The performances of different V-groove array arrangements have also been demonstrated for multi-signal mixing.

Processing of high-speed data using optical signals is a promising approach for tackling the bandwidth and speed challenges of today's electronics. Realization of complex optical signal processing functionalities seems more possible than any time before, thanks to the recent achievements in silicon photonics towards large-scale photonic integration. In this Ph.D. work, a novel thermal reconfiguration technology is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for silicon photonics that is compact, low-loss, low-power, fast, with a large tuning-range. These properties are all required for large-scale optical signal processing and had not been simultaneously achieved in a single device technology prior to this work. This device technology is applied to a new class of resonator-based devices for reconfigurable nonlinear optical signal processing. For the first time, we have demonstrated the possibility of resonance wavelength tuning of individual resonances and their coupling coefficients. Using this new device concept, we have demonstrated tunable wavelength-conversion through four-wave mixing in a resonator-based silicon device for the first time.

Phased array antenna (PAA) is a key component in many of the modern military and commercial radar and communication systems requiring highly directional beams with narrow beam widths. One of the advantages that this technology offers is a physical movement-free beam steering. Radar and communication technologies also require the PAA systems to be compact, light weight, demonstrate high bandwidth and electromagnetic interference (EMI) free performance. Conventional electrical phase shifters are inherently narrowband. This calls for technologies that have a larger bandwidth and high immunity to electromagnetic interference. Optical true-time-delay (TTD) technique is an emerging technology that is capable of providing these features along with the ability to provide frequency independent beam steering. Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) based optical TTD lines are capable of providing precise and continuous time delays required for PAA systems. Photonic crystal fibers are a new class of optical fibers with a periodic arrangement of air-holes around a core that can be designed to provide extraordinary optical characteristics which are unrealizable using conventional optical fibers. In this dissertation, highly dispersive photonic crystal fiber structures based on index-guidance and bandgap-guidance were designed. Designs exhibiting dispersion coefficients as large as -9500ps/nm/km and 4000ps/nm/km at 1550nm were presented. A TTD module utilizing a fabricated highly dispersive PCF with a dispersion coefficient of -600ps/nm/km at 1550nm was formed and characterized. The module consisted of 4 delay lines employing highly dispersive PCFs connected with various lengths of non-zero dispersion shifted fibers. By employing PCFs with enhanced dispersion coefficients, the TTD module size can be proportionally reduced. A 4-element linear X-band PAA system using the PCF-TTD module was formed and characterized to provide continuous time delays to steer radiofrequency (RF) beams from -41 degrees to 46 degrees by tuning the wavelength from 1530nm to 1560nm. Using the PCF-TTD based X-Band PAA system, single and simultaneous multiple beam transmission and reception capabilities were demonstrated. Noise and distortion performance characteristics of the entire PAA system were also evaluated and device control parameters were optimized to provide maximum spurious-free-dynamic range. In order to alleviate computational and weight requirements of practical large PAA systems, a sparse array instead of a standard array needs to be used. X-Band sparse array systems using PCF and dispersive fiber TTD technique were formed and RF beam steering was demonstrated. As an important achievement during the research work, the design and fabricated structure of a PCF currently reported to have the highest dispersion coefficient of -5400ps/nm/km at 1549nm, along with its limitations was also presented. Finally, other interesting applications of highly dispersive PCFs in the areas of pulse compression and soliton propagation were explored. / text

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αναφέρεται στην πρόβλεψη της διείσδυσης της FTTH (Fiber To The Home) τεχνολογίας στο σύνολο των αστικών και ημιαστικών περιοχών της Βόρειου Αμερικής. Η εν λόγω πρόβλεψη γίνεται με την χρήση μοντέλων διείσδυσης και μοντέλων ARIMA, ενώ γίνεται και σύγκριση με το αποτέλεσμα τροποποιημένων γενετικών αλγόριθμων, καθώς και με πραγματικές τιμές. Βασικός στόχος είναι να προβλέψουμε όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερα πώς θα συμπεριφερθεί η διείσδυση της συγκεκριμένης ευρυζωνικής υπηρεσίας στο εγγύς μέλλον. Γίνεται επίσης εκτενής αναφορά στα δίκτυα πρόσβασης, την αρχιτεκτονική των δικτύων, στις ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες και στις ευρυζωνικές τεχνολογίες πρόσβασης που υπάρχουν στις μέρες μας, καθώς και στα μοντέλα με τα οποία μπορεί να γίνει πρόβλεψη, με χρήση παρελθοντικών τιμών. / This dissertation concerns the provision FTTH (Fiber To The Home) penetration in urban and suburban areas of North America. This prediction is a result of the use of diffusion models, Arima Models, while the results of those models are compared with the results of modified genetic algorithms and real data. The main objective is to predict as better, as possible, the conduct of penetration, of a spesific broadband service in the near future. Another part of this dissertation, is an extensive reference to access networks, network architecture and broadband services and broadband access technologies that exist today,as well as, to models that prediction can be achieved, with the use of past values.

Currently deployed optical transmission systems use coherent detection for data rates of 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation using four phase levels in combination with polarization division multiplexing (PDM) allows transmitting four bits per symbol. The use of more complex modulation formats, such as 16 level quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) allows increasing the data rate. However, this method reduces dramatically the transmission reach. For example, when passing from 100 Gb/s PDM-QPSK to 200 Gb/s PDM-16QAM, the reach is reduced by a factor of five. A new and disruptive approach in order to increase the capacity is mode division multiplexing (MDM), and this approach is investigated in the frame of my thesis. I start my thesis with some generalities on optical transmission systems followed by a presentation of their historical evolution against the background of the increasing capacity demand in the worldwide telecommunication networks. Afterwards I show some ways to continue the capacity growth in optical transmission systems before focusing on MDM. I describe the new key elements, notably the few-mode fiber and the few-mode amplifier, the mode-multiplexer / -demultiplexer and the new receiver system. I finish with a presentation of some experiments using entire MDM systems, which allowed us to be among the first research teams worldwide to realize a successful MDM transmission

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Physics and Astronomy. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié un système complet d'antennes distribuées par voie optique pour déport de signaux radio suivant le principe de la radio sur fibre. La caractérisation du lien optique servant de base au système radio sur fibre, d'un point de vue composant et système via la transmission de standards radio a d'abord été effectuée. Nous avons montré par une nouvelle technique de caractérisation que l'élément non linéaire de notre chaîne de transmission pouvait se comporter de manière plus linéaire qu'attendue et faiblement impacter les standards radio transmis. Les standards choisis sont à enveloppe constante (GSM) et à enveloppe non constante (WLAN) pour mieux mettre en évidence les non-linéarités de la chaîne de transmission. Il est ainsi montré que les signaux à enveloppe non constante sont les signaux limitants et qu'en leur adjoignant un signal à enveloppe constante à faible puissance, la qualité de leur transmission n'est pas impactée. A partir de ces résultats expérimentaux, un algorithme de calcul de couvertures radio a été développé et appliqué à plusieurs scénarios de couverture intra-bâtiment. Notre étude montre que dans tous les cas, c'est la liaison montante, de l'utilisateur à la station centrale, qui est limitante puisque bien plus impactée par le bruit ajouté par la chaîne de transmission optique. Par suite, nous avons proposé une architecture de déploiement réseau originale de type bus pour laquelle nous montrons que malgré un coût de déploiement faible, il est possible d'atteindre des performances suffisantes pour assurer des couvertures au sein d'un réseau domestique. Enfin, ces résultats de simulation sur architecture bus sont confirmés par la réalisation d'un banc de test de type industriel permettant de confirmer par la mesure les résultats obtenus précédemment. Nous réalisons aussi un circuit radio passif permettant la séparation et recombination de plusieurs signaux (GSM et WLAN étudiés précédemment) de sorte que tous les éléments prouvant la réalisation et les mesures sur le système complet d'antennes distribuées sont à disposition et fonctionnels. / In this manuscript, we study a complete distributed antenna system through optical ways, to extend radio signals coverage, thanks to the radio over fiber principle. The optical link characterization is done first as the system basic building block. The characterization is done both through component and system analysis, thanks to different radio standards transmission. We develop a new characterization technique that allows us to confirm that the most non-linear element of the optical link behaves much more linearly than expected so that it has a low effect on transmission quality. Chosen standards are both constant and non-constant envelop to highlight the link non-linearities. This shows that non-constant envelop signals are the limiting signals for our system. This also allows to demonstrate that adding a low power constant envelop signal to a non-constant envelop one does not impact its transmission performance. From these experimental results, we develop an in-building coverage distance calculation algorithm for our system. Those simulations confirm that the uplink, from the user to the central station, is the most limiting section of our system because of the noise quantity added by the optical link. To follow this, we propose a new low-cost bus network in-building topology for our system that proves to be performing as wanted for personal homes. Finally, these bus topology simulation results are confirmed with the production of an industrial type test bench. We also produce a passive radio front-end that permits the separation and recombination of several radio signals (GSM and WLAN as previously studied) so that all the elements proving the production and the results of the complete distributed antenna system through optical ways are available and functional.

CNPq / Esta dissertação descreve a fabricação, aplicação e os resultados de um sensor de fibra ótica baseada em redes de Bragg regeneradas para a medição de elevadas temperaturas dos gases de exaustão em uma turbina de motor diesel de locomotiva. É proposto um encapsulamento para a FBG com peças em aço inoxidável o qual foi fixado na superfície da turbina. O sensor foi posto a prova sendo submetido em testes em campo variando a potência do motor. Em laboratório foi feita a comparação do sensor ótico com um sensor convencional termopar. Foi possível demonstrar que os valores de temperatura medidos pelos sensores, tanto o sensor a fibra ótica quanto o convencional, seguem a mesma tendência da potência gerada pelo motor e, dessa forma, foi demonstrado a eficiência do funcionamento dos sensores mostrando a medição de temperaturas na turbina. / This paper describes the fabrication, implementation and results of a fiber optic sensor based on Bragg gratings regenerated for measurement of high temperatures of the exhaust gases in a turbine diesel engine locomotive. The proposed sensor with an encapsulation with stainless steel parts which is laid down on the surface of the turbine. The sensor has been challenged undergoing field tests at varying engine power. In the laboratory the optical sensor was compared with a conventional thermocouple sensor. It was possible to demonstrate that the temperature values measured by the sensors, both the optical fiber sensor as the conventional follow the same trend of the power generated by the engine and thus demonstrated the efficiency of the operation of sensors measuring temperatures showing in turbine.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a utilização de redes de Bragg em fibra ótica (FBG), para a monitoração das deformações mecânicas oriundas do processo de secagem de tintas. No intervalo de tempo referente ao processo de secagem, uma fina camada de tinta sofreu uma mudança de estado físico de líquido para sólido, se transformando em um filme contínuo e mecanicamente estável. As deformações mecânicas presentes neste processo foram mensuradas pelo transdutor, demonstrando a real possibilidade das redes de Bragg serem aplicadas para estes fins. Para o acompanhamento temporal das deformações mecânicas no processo de secagem de uma tinta látex, a FBG foi encapsulada com o objetivo de evitar o contato da tinta com a fibra ótica, devido à ineficaz aderência entre ambas, e consequentemente melhorar a aderência da tinta sobre o dispositivo encapsulado. Este processo de encapsulação da FBG permitiu que as deformações mecânicas oriundas do processo de secagem fossem eficientemente transformadas em perturbações mecânicas mensuradas pelo transdutor. O acompanhamento temporal das deformações mecânicas oriundas do processo de secagem também foi investigado com a utilização de tinta diluída. Finalmente, um estudo sobre as deformações mecânicas de uma segunda camada de tinta (duas demãos) é ainda abordado. As redes de Bragg utilizadas neste trabalho foram produzidas e caracterizadas quanto à deformação mecânica longitudinal e temperatura, no Núcleo de Dispositivos Fotônicos da UTFPR. / This work shows results obtained with the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) transducer to monitor the drying process of latex paints. When a thin film of wet paint is dried on the substrate surface, the paint film change from a sticky liquid state to a solid state, transforming to a continuous, transparent and mechanically stable film. The mechanical deformations in this process were measured by the FBG sensor head, showing the real possibility of FBG strain sensor application in this area. To monitor the mechanical deformation in the film during the drying process, the FBG was packaged. The FBG packaging has two main functions: allows a better measurement of the paint mechanical deformation inherent to the drying process and also avoids paint poor adhesion to the bare optical fiber. The packaged FBG, showed that this is a promising device to be used for the measurement of stress evolution in paints during the drying time. The mechanical deformation during drying time of diluted latex paint also was investigated. Finally, a study about the mechanical deformation of a second coating application of latex paint was also carried out. The Bragg gratings used in this work were produced in photosensitive fibers by means of a phase-mask interferometric external fabrication technique at Núcleo de Dispositivos Fotônicos laboratories of UTFPR.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o comportamento térmico da excitatriz estática da Usina Hidrelétrica Derivação do Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ), empregando redes de Bragg em fibra ótica como sensor de temperatura. São apresentados os componentes da excitatriz estática, com foco na ponte retificadora trifásica controlada a tiristores. Com a calibração pôde-se conhecer os erros e incertezas dos sensores, tendo as maiores contribuições de incerteza devidas à dispersão das amostras e ajuste das curvas pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. A instrumentação da excitatriz estática permite que sejam realizados ensaios em diversas condições de operação da unidade geradora: partida da unidade, excitação a vazio, ou seja, com o gerador energizado, mas sem estar conectado ao sistema elétrico; excitada e sincronizada, ou seja, gerador energizado e sincronizado com o sistema elétrico; rampa de carga até a carga nominal e parada da unidade. Os ensaios realizados permitem estimar o comportamento térmico da ponte retificadora, variações de temperatura de cada tiristor no painel e como ocorrem as dissipações térmicas. / This work aims to study the static exciter thermal behavior of the hydroelectric power plant Rio Jordão (UHEDRJ) using fiber Bragg gratings as temperature sensor. The components of the static exciter are presented, with a focus on three-phase thyristor controlled bridge rectifier. The calibration allows knowing the errors and uncertainties of the sensors and the greatest uncertainty contributions due to dispersion of the samples and adjusting the curves by the method of minimun squares. The static exciter instrumentation allows performed the tests in various operating conditions of the generating unit: starting unit, excitation empty (with the generator energized but not connected to the grid); excited and synchronized (energized and synchronized with the power grid), ramp load to rated load and the unit stopped. The tests allow to estimate the thermal behavior of the bridge rectifier, temperature variations of each thyristor in the panel and how occur the thermal dissipation.