The original work presented in this thesis describes research into Si-based luminescent materials, prepared specifically by ion implantation and rapid thermal processing of thermal oxide films. An in-depth optical characterisation, employing photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy was complimented with electron microscopy, revealing the source of efficient room temperature PL as nano-scale silicon inclusions (Si-NCs). The evolution of the Si-NC size and density with isothermal and isochronal annealing may be described using classical thermodynamics according to a diffusion limited, Ostwald ripening process. Values for the coarsening rate and activation energy, extracted from the evolution of the Si-NC size with annealing indicate that the transport of Si atoms and precipitate formation are enhanced in ion implanted films, attributable to the presence of vacancy and interstitial defects generated during ion irradiation. The PL and Raman spectra are well correlated with the evolving Si-NC size and density according to the quantum confinement (QC) model in which samples containing larger clusters emit at longer wavelengths. However, the formation of bound exciton states within the band gap of small clusters (< 2nm), as a result of specific surface chemistries, suppresses higher energy emissions. The increase in PL intensity with annealing was exactly correlated with the increase in PL lifetime, characteristic of the removal of non-radiative defects. A dependence of the PL dynamics on emission energy, with higher energies exhibiting shorter lifetimes, further evidences the QC effect. Blue shifted emission at high excitation flux and/or low temperature is correspondent with the slower PL dynamics and preferential saturation at longer wavelengths. Raman spectra were fit using a phonon confinement model, from which Si-NC size distributions were extracted and found to compare favourably with those obtained from TEM images. Stresses in the films, determined from the Raman peak position, were used as an independent method for calculating the Si surface energy, which is very close to the literature values. A single, high temperature anneal of Si and erbium (Er) co-doped films revealed a preferential aggregation of Er at the Si-NC formation site, which is of particular importance for the photo-sensitization of Er PL around 1.5μm. The Er PL was enhanced in the presence of Si-NCs by several orders of magnitude compared with a reference SiO2:Er. Whilst broadband pumping of the Er via Si-NCs evidences a non-resonant energy transfer mechanism with an efficiency which depends on the Si-NC size, the process is limited at high excitation flux by a combination of low sensitizer (Si-NC) density and non-radiative losses. Finally the Si-NC PL intensity in phosphorus (P) co-doped films was studied and found to depend strongly on the annealing conditions and P concentration. For lower temperature treatments, a factor 2 PL enhancement, relative to an un-doped reference was obtained, attributed to the passivation of Si-NC surface defects. Higher temperature treatments resulted in the monotonic quenching of the PL with increasing P concentration, attributed to the introduction of an efficient Augerre combination channel as a result of the ionization of P-donors inside large Si-NCs. A simple statistical model predicts this behaviour and provides an incidental estimate of the Si-NC size.

Orientador: Munemasa Machida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica, Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T10:48:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_Fellypedo_M.pdf: 4493365 bytes, checksum: 50c2d66d1ba6fb6004585fe057e964e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foram feitas medidas simultâneas e três linhas e emissão e hidrogênio no tokamak NOVA-UNICAMP. A partir das medidas e brilho as emissões das linhas Ha , H b e Hg e fazendo uso de coeficientes que constam nas tabelas de Johnson e Hinnov, foi possível determinar temperaturas e densidades eletrônicas no plasma ao longo de descargas o tokamak. Para isto, foi utilizada, e aperfeiçoada, uma técnica desenvolvida num trabalho e doutoramento recente do nosso grupo, a qual faz uso do conceito de unicidade do tempo de confinamento de partículas. Os principais aprimoramentos realizados neste diagnóstico foram: utilização de três espectrômetros para medidas simultâneas das emissões e hidrogênio, instalação e fibras ópticas para coletar a luz emitida pelo plasma, adoção de um sistema de colimação para obter um certo grau e definição espacial nas medidas, uso de um maior número e valores e temperaturas na análise dos dados e desenvolvimento de um novo método (algorítimo) para obter os valores de temperaturas e densidades dos elétrons no plasma. As temperaturas e densidades eletrônicas médias obtidas ficaram em torno e 7,5 eV e 7,0 ·10 12cm-3, respectivamente. Estes valores estão entro do espera o para tais parâmetros na borda do tokamak NOVA-UNICAMP. Isto indica que este diagnóstico pode ser usado para monitorar ensidades e temperaturas e elétrons em plasmas gerados por tokamaks. Além isso, foram efetuados alguns experimentos com detectores multicanal e o gás hidrogênio foi trocado pelo hélio, na tentativa de mostrar a versatilidade do diagnóstico proposto. / Abstract: In this work, we have made simultaneous measurements of three hydrogen emission lines on our tokamak. From the measurements of absolute brightness of the Ha , H b e Hg lines an using data from Johnson an Hinnov table, was possible to determine electronic ensities an temperatures during the tokamak ischarges. For this,we have used, an refined, a technique developed in a recent PhD thesis in our work group. This technique uses the concept of particle confinement time uniqueness. The main upgrades made in this diagnostic were: the use of three spectrometers for simultaneous measurements of the hydrogen emissions, installation of optical fibers to collect the light emitte by the plasma, adoption of a collimation system for having some spatial definition of the measurements, use of a greater range of temperature values uring the data analysis and development of a new method (algorithm) for obtaining the electronic densities and temperatures in the plasma. The average temperature and density obtained was about 7.5 eV and 7.0 ·1012cm-3, respectively. The results obtained are in accordance with the expected values for these parameters at the edge of the NOVA-UNICAMP tokamak plasma. This indicates that this diagnostic can be used to monitor the electronic densities and temperatures in tokamak plasmas. Additionally, we have made experiments with multichannel detectors, and the hydrogen gas was replaced by helium, in an attempt to show the versatility of the proposed diagnostic. / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Orientador: Rickson Coelho Mesquita / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-29T15:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ForeroTorres_EdwinJohan_M.pdf: 4179362 bytes, checksum: aee9e712d9413439ca126f8c0a72ca77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As técnicas de espectroscopia de difusão tais como a espectroscopia óptica de difusão (DOS) e a espectroscopia de correlação de difusão (DCS) permitem estudar as propriedades ópticas (ou estáticas) e dinâmicas, respectivamente, de meios turvos como o tecido biológico. Em geral, nestas técnicas se usam modelos de difusão da luz em meios turvos para estimar a intensidade da luz espalhada ou sua flutuação pelo meio, e através da comparação com dados experimentais, quantificar a concentração e o deslocamento quadrático médio das moléculas absorvedoras e espalhadoras que compõem os tecidos. No entanto, por serem técnicas relativamente recentes se conhece pouco em relação à propagação da luz em meios com diferentes geometrias, particularmente em relação com as propriedades dinâmicas. Por essa razão, para obter tais propriedades com estas técnicas é necessário assumir algumas características dos tecidos tais como homogeneidade e geometrias simples que nem sempre são correspondentes à situação real, o que pode ocasionar erros nas estimativas das propriedades. Nos últimos anos, os algoritmos de Monte Carlo têm sido cada vez mais usados para analisar a propagação da luz através de meios turvos, entre outras coisas porque envolvem poucas hipóteses e permitem simular meios com alto grau de heterogeneidade. Assim, este projeto propôs o estudo de simulações de Monte Carlo no problema de propagação da luz no tecido biológico, adaptando e modificando o algoritmo livre para download chamado mcxyz. Este estudo se enfocou em meios com geometrias semi-infinita e de duas camadas. Neste projeto também se estabeleceu uma metodologia para a obtenção das propriedades ópticas e dinâmicas de tecidos biológicos, implementando um algoritmo genético para o caso estático e um algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt para o caso dinâmico. Estes algoritmos foram testados sobre as medidas de DOS e DCS feitas na cabeça de voluntários sadios, comparando os resultados obtidos com os resultados encontrados pelas técnicas convencionais para meios semi-infinito e de duas camadas. Palavras-chaves: Monte Carlo, Espectroscopia de Difusão, Algoritmos de otimização / Abstract: Diffusion spectroscopy techniques such as optical diffusion spectroscopy (DOS) and diffusion correlation spectroscopy (DCS) allow to study the optical (or static) properties and dynamic respectively, of turbid media such as biological tissue. In general, in these techniques, difusse light models of turbid media are used to estimate the intensity of scattered light or a fluctuation in the middle and through comparison with experimental data, to quantify the concentration and the mean square displacement of the absorbing and scattering molecules which comprise tissues. However, recent techniques being relatively little is known regarding the propagation of light in media with different geometries, particularly in relation to the dynamic properties. For this reason, for such properties with these techniques it is needed to take some tissue characteristics such as homogeneity and simple geometries that are not always correspond to the real situation, which can lead to errors in estimates of property. In recent years, Monte Carlo algorithms have been increasingly used to analyze the light propagation through turbid media, among other things because they involve little hypothesis and allowing to simulate media with a high degree of heterogeneity. Thus, this project proposes the study of Monte Carlo simulations on the problem of propagation of light in biological tissue, adapting and modifying the algorithm to free download called mcxyz. This study is focused on media with semi-infinite geometries and two layers. This project also established a methodology to obtain the optical and dynamic properties of biological tissues, implementing genetic algorithms to the static case and Lenverberg Maquerest algorithm for dynamic case. These algorithms were tested on the DCS and DOS measurements made in head volunteers, comparing the results obtained with results obtained by conventional techniques for semi-infinite and two layers media. Keywords: Monte Carlo, Diffusion Spectroscopy, Optimization Algorithms / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 119701-7/2013 / CAPES

Orientador: Flávio Caldas da Cruz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T20:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IngaCaqui_MarvynWilliam_M.pdf: 57466489 bytes, checksum: e14e1adbe90a64e5b5e7ee380f180702 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Neste trabalho desenvolvemos uma montagem óptica para realizar espectroscopia de alta sensibilidade através de medidas do tempo de decaimento da luz em uma cavidade óptica contendo uma amostra transparente (ring-down time spectroscopy). Usando um laser contínuo de comprimento de onda único em S32nm e uma cavidade de finesse moderada (16500), optamos por explorar o uso deste sistema para análise de amostras líquidas ou sólidas, ao invés do uso tradicional em espectroscopia de gases. Para isto utilizamos uma cubeta comercial intracavidade, com faces orientadas em ângulo de Brewster, para estudo de amostras líquidas. Uma análise das perdas residuais por reflexão nas faces foi realizada a fim de extrair o coeficiente de absorção do líquido. Demonstramos também o uso deste sistema para medidas de pequenos coeficientes de absorção de sólidos transparentes / Abstract: In this work, an experimental optical setup for high sensitivity ring-down time spectroscopy was developed. This is based on measurements of the light decay time in an optical cavity containing a transparent sample. Using a continuous-wave, single-wavelength laser at 532 nm and an optical cavity of moderate finesse (16500), we opted for exploring this system for analysis of liquid and solid samples, instead of the traditional use in gas spectroscopy. For this, an intracavity commercial cuvette with faces oriented at Brewster's angle was used for the study of liquid samples. An analysis of the limitations arising from the residual losses by reflection on the faces was carried out, in order to extract the absorption coefficient of the liquid. The usefulness of this system for measurements of the small absorption coefficients of transparent solids was also demonstrated / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 1186373/2013 / CAPES

The evolution of electronics has become the staple thrust of modern scientific innovation: a need for advancing materials engineered for our equally rapidly advancing needs and computing requirements has fueled recent wealth of new materials. Here, I use the ideals of exotic materials design to answer this need, specifically for 2D materials. Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials with in-plane anisotropy are of great interest for directional transport of charge and energy. I perform solid state synthesis to produce several such materials: an intrinsic antiferromagnet, superatomic semiconductors, and a polytype system with a component that displays the possibilities of Weyl nodes.The former, chromium sulfur bromide (CrSBr), is first synthesized, then fully studied structurally, compositionally, electronically, and magnetically. Second harmonic generation (SHG), more advanced than older techniques such as magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy, allows us to fully understand the magnetic symmetry in this system as an interlayer antiferromagnetic and intralayer ferromagnetic in-plane anisotropic material. I also introduce published work in which we integrate CrSBr into different devices to show the utility of this fundamental research into a more practical application setting. It is used to stimulate more magnetic response from graphene — promising ultra-thin magnetic memory or sensory devices in future projects. Applying strain and external magnetic fields provides another tuning knob through which to access different functional modalities. In the latter third of this dissertation, we report a layered van der Waals semiconductor with in-plane anisotropy built upon the superatomic units of Mo₆S₃Br₆ (MSB), a robust construction with a direct gap of 1.64 eV. Next, MSB and Re₆Se₈Cl₂, another analogous superatomic vdW material, are potential candidates for optoelectronic applications; we qualify this by studying their Auger dynamics as a measure of quantum efficiency. Finally, layered van der Waals (vdW) materials belonging to the MM’Te₄ structure class have recently received intense attention due to their ability to host exotic electronic transport phenomena, such as in-plane transport anisotropy, Weyl nodes, and superconductivity. In summary, we have discovered two ternary exfoliatable vdW TMD polytypes with the composition TaFeTe₄, one of which (ꞵ) shows the prerequisite symmetry elements to be a type-II Weyl semimetal. This dissertation is a treatise to solid state synthesis, exploration into the more exotic spectrum of 2D materials, and robust and eclectic methods used to paint a full picture of different magnetic and electronic systems within.

This thesis deals with an experimental research of the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) using Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy (SNOM). The first chapter provides theoretical background and a description of most of the physical phenomena and relevant dependencies studied in this work. These dependencies include the dependence of the resulting SPP image on homogeneity, polarization, wavelength and phase of the illumination, on the geometry of the interference structures and on the tilt of the sample with respect to the illumination. Further, this work presents a new experimental method which, using the numerical simulations or SNOM measurements, allows to estimate the sensitivity of SNOM probe to detect the individual electric intensity components of the near-field. At the end of the thesis, the work presents a new microscopic technique which enables a 3D quantitative imaging of phase distribution above the plasmonic metasurfaces.

Les microcavités à semiconducteurs apparaissent aujourd’hui comme une plateforme particulièrement propice à l’étude des fluides quantiques en interactions. Dans ces cavités, la lumière et les excitations électroniques sont confinées dans de petits volumes et leur couplage est rendu si fort que les propriétés optiques sont gouvernées par des quasi-particules hybrides lumière-matière appelées polaritons de cavité. Ces quasi-particules se propagent comme des photons, mais interagissent avec leur environnement via leur partie matière. Elles peuvent occuper massivement un même état quantique et se comporter comme une onde macroscopique cohérente et non-linéaire. On parle alors de fluide quantique de lumière. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la dynamique de fluides quantiques de polaritons dans différentes microstructures unidimensionnelles. La technologie de gravure de microcavités planaires, développée au C2N, permet de réaliser une ingénierie complète du potentiel dans lequel nous générons ces fluides de polaritons et d’implémenter des géométries complexes. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié les propriétés de localisation des états propres de réseaux synthétiques quasi-périodes. L’exploration théorique du diagramme de phase de localisation des modes propres a dévoilé une nouvelle transition de type délocalisation-localisation lors d’une déformation originale d’un quasi-cristal, transition que nous avons pu observer expérimentalement. Une deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la dynamique non-linéaire de deux fluides contra-propageant dans un canal unidimensionnel. La compétition entre énergie cinétique et énergie d’interactions conduit alors à l’apparition de solitons sombres, dont le nombre discret et la position peuvent être contrôlés optiquement. Nous avons mis en évidence une bistabilité contrôlée par la différence de phase imprimée sur les deux fluides. La dernière partie du travail concerne l’étude des non-linéarités pour un fluide de polaritons occupant une bande plate. L’énergie cinétique du fluide y est nulle, si bien que sa propagation est gelée. Nous observons alors la formation de domaines non-linéaires de taille quantifiée. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives prometteuses, tout particulièrement pour l’exploration de phases topologiques de bosons en interactions. De plus, augmenter les interactions permettrait d’utiliser notre plate-forme comme un simulateur quantique. / Semiconductor microcavities have emerged as a powerful platform for the study of interacting quantum fluids. In these cavities, light and electronic excitations are confined in small volumes, and their coupling is so strongly enhanced that optical properties are governed by hybrid light-matter quasiparticles, known as cavity polaritons. These quasiparticles propagate like photons and interact with their environment via their matter part. They can macroscopically occupy a single quantum state and then behave as an extended coherent nonlinear wave, i.e. as a quantum fluid of light. In this thesis, we study the nonlinear dynamics of polariton quantum fluids in various one-dimensional microstructures. The possibility to etch microstructures out of planar cavities, a technology developed at C2N, allows full engineering of the potential landscape for the polariton fluid, and implementing complex geometries. In a first part, we have studied the localization properties of the eigenstates in synthetic quasiperiodic lattices. Theoretical exploration of the localization phase diagram revealed a novel delocalization-localization transition in an original deformation of a quasicrystal and we have experimentally evidenced this transition. A second part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of the nonlinear dynamics of two counterpropagating polariton fluids in a one-dimensional channel. The interplay between kinetic and interaction energy is responsible for the formation of dark solitons, whose number and position can be controlled by optical means. We have evidenced a bistable behaviour controlled by the phase twist imprinted on the two fluids. The last part of this work addresses the study of nonlinearities for a fluid injected in a flat band. Therein, the kinetic energy of the fluid is quenched, so that propagation is frozen. We then observe the formation of nonlinear domains with quantized size. This work opens us exciting perspectives, specifically towards the exploration of topological phases of interacting bosons. Enhancing interactions would also allow using our platform for quantum simulation.

This diploma thesis is devoted to systematic study of structural trans- formations of Heusler alloys by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optical spectroscopy. Structural transformations in these alloys are induced by different microscopic mechanisms. Obtained experimental results were confronted with theoretical calculations. This allowed the discussion of obtained results and suggestion of their interpretation. In the case of Co- Fe-Si alloys, changes in optical and magneto-optical properties with change of Co-Fe ratio were observer. This was explained by lowering of the gap for minority spins with increasing Fe concentrations. Temperature dependent optical and magneto-optical properties of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy showed the pres- ence of so-called Martensitic transformation from cubic to tetragonal phase. A study of Mn-Rh-Co-Sn alloys did not show a clear dependence of physical properties upon the concentration of Rh and Mn. This was explained by strong strain inside the samples, which distorted obtained results. 1

In this thesis the optical changes of beers and model beer solutions during their photodegradation were studied. The optical changes - change of absorbance - were measured on the prototype of apparatus COLORTURB and were correlated with sensory tested intensity of the lightstruck flavour of beer and with riboflavin content in samples. High correlation between the lightstruck flavour intensity, the loss of absorbance at the wavelength of 450 nm and the riboflavin content loss was found. The partial recovery of the absorbance for both beers and model beer solutions was found and was attributed to the riboflavin photoproducts transformation. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cílem této práce bylo studium Heuslrových sloučenin pomocí optických a magneto-optických (MO) metod. V případě první sloučeniny, Co2FeGa0.5Ge0.5, jsme studovali výskyt strukturálního disorderu za pomoci spektroskopické elipsometrie, MO spektroskopie a MO Kerrovy magnetome- trie. Experimentální výsledky jsme poté porovnali s teoretickými modely. Doplnili jsme také výsledky našich spolupracovník·, a to včetně X-ray difrakce, atomic-force mikroskopie a ab initio výpočt·, abych potvrdili naši interpretaci naměřených výsledk·. Bylo zjištěno, že strukturální disorder je vskutku pozorovatelný pomocí metod, kterých jsme využili. Jeho výskyt se projevil změnou elektronové struktury vzork·. V případě druhé sloučeniny, Fe2MnGa, jsme vyšetřovali vliv obsahu Fe složky na optické a MO vlastnosti tohoto materiálu. Zjistili jsme, že atomy Fe ovlivňují koncentraci volných elektron·, čímž dodávají sloučenině kovový charakter (v porovnání s Ni2MnGa). Zároveň zvyšují optickou a MO odezvu v blízké infra-červené oblasti spektra. Dále bylo zjištěno, že vzorek s nejvyšším obsahem Fe má nulovou magnetizaci. 1