The Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area (NSA) was created in 1986 in response to a growing interest in preserving the scenic beauty of the gorge. The creation of the NSA and other areas around the country with a scenic resource emphasis indicates a growing interest in protecting landscapes with diverse scenic qualities that are not showcase areas such as the Grand Canyon and Yosemite. NSA mandates included the protection and enhancement of scenic, natural, cultural, and recreational resources (SNCRs) as the primary concern in the consideration of new land uses. The NSA management plan contains a complex mix of management tools for the protection of SNCRs in the gorge. This research was an investigation into how scenic resources policy was developed, with a focus on the scenic resources of the NSA. One issue was the definition of scenic resources, which are undefined in the management plan. Because of the difficulty of identifying scenic resources, other resources may be managed as a surrogate for them. An analysis was made of the scenic resources management schemes of several federal reserve lands with a stated scenic management objective to determine if this was the case, and to compare their management strategies for the NSA. A second issue was the public's understanding of what constitutes a scenic resource and the role that public input had in the development of the management plan. Empirical work suggests that complexity of issues may hinder successful public input processes. A final issue was how identifiable stakeholders in the Columbia River Gorge differed in their views on scenic resources, which may depend on their proximity to and relationship with such resources. Results of data analysis and the interview process reveal that public understanding about scenic resource concepts is low, and that gorge planners were primarily responsible for development of scenic resources policy in the NSA management plan. As expected there were some identifiable differences in the views on scenic resources among various stakeholders. Scenic resources management elsewhere is done primarily through traditional zoning requirements, and the basis of management of scenic resources appears to be for other culturally-defined purposes such as recreation.

Located in the Columbia River Gorge, The Red Bluff Landslide (18.8 km2) is one of four large landslides that make up the Cascade Landslide Complex. In its current form, the Red Bluff Landslide is a post-Missoula Flood feature made up of two components: an active upper lobe (8.6 km2) that is translational, creeping to the south at 25 cm/yr and spreading laterally to the east at 6 cm/yr over a semi-fixed portion (10.2 km2) of the Red Bluff Landslide area that has been "smoothed" by Missoula Floods. The upper active lobe is the landslide debris accumulated since Missoula Flood time (~15,000 yr. BP). Five separate collapse events have been identified and rock failures along the main scarp headwalls continue. Two rock avalanches on the Red Bluff Landslide were mapped. The Old Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche is estimated to have occurred 100 to 150 years ago, represents the fifth collapse event on the Red Bluff Landslide, and covers an area of 200,000 m2. It has a volume of 4.2 million m3; its length is 748 m and has a width of 215 m. On January 3, 2008, the Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche occurred, flowing over the Old Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche, covering an area of 100,000 m2 and deposited a volume of about 375,000 m3. Its length is 730 m with an average depth of 1.22 m. It contributed approximately 0.058% of the total volume and 0.01% of the surface area to the active upper lobe portion of the Red Bluff Landslide. The Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche was determined to be insignificant in the movement of the active part of the Red Bluff Landslide during the winter of 2007-2008. The original Cascade Landslide Complex map (Wise, 1961) included the Mosley Lakes Landslide which has now been removed because it lacked the characteristics of a landslide like a scarp. The original complex (35.5 km2) has been renamed the "Greater Cascade Landslide Complex" (43.0 km2), with the addition of the adjacent Stevenson Slide and the elimination of the Mosley Lakes Landslide.

Some orthodontics clinicians apply an empirical method to evaluate the anteroposterior inclination of the upper incisor, in order to visually and qualitatively assess its inclination. It consists in projecting the prolongation of the upper incisor’s axis in relation to the cephalometric point Orbitale (Or) without referring to the conventional cephalometric measures related to the upper incisor. However, this method does not have a scientific basis due to the lack of studies conducted to demonstrate it. Aim: To validate the new measurement I-Or as a reliable method to classify the sagittal inclination of the upper incisor. Method: A total of 305 cephalometric radiographs were selected and classified into three incisor groups: proclined, retroclined, and normal. Cephalometric analyses were performed using standard measures of upper incisor inclination such as I/FH angle, I/NA angle, I/SN angle, and I- NA distance (mm). The shortest distance between the extension of the incisor axis with the Golden point (I-Or) was measured and compared with the I/FH measurement (angle), which was considered the conventional standard to determine the classification of the incisor inclination in this study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in I-Or values between the 3 groups identified by standard measurement I/FH (p<0.001). I-Or cut-off values of incisors having a normal inclination varied between +2 mm and -4 mm. Conclusion: I-Or is a reliable reference to determine the upper incisor’s inclination in 73% of the cases selected in this study. The sagittal position of the maxilla, the deflection of the incisor axis and cephalometric tracing errors would play a major role in the 27% of cases for which the measurement is not reliable. / Certains cliniciens orthodontistes appliquent une méthode empirique d’observation de l’inclinaison antéro postérieure de l’incisive supérieure, afin d’évaluer visuellement et de façon qualitative son inclinaison. Cette méthode consiste à projeter l’axe de l’incisive par rapport au point céphalométrique Orbitale (Or), et ceci, sans avoir recours au tracé céphalométrique incluant les mesures conventionnelles se rapportant à l’incisive supérieure. Or, cette méthode n’a aucun fondement scientifique en raison de l’absence d’études réalisées pour la démontrer. But : Valider la nouvelle mesure I-Or comme une méthode fiable pour classer l'inclinaison sagittale de l'incisive supérieure. Matériel et Méthodes : Un total de 305 radiographies céphalométriques a été sélectionné et classé en trois groupes d’incisives : proclinées, rétroclinées et normales. Les analyses céphalométriques ont été effectuées en utilisant les mesures standards d’inclinaison de l’incisive supérieure telles que I/FH angle, I/NA angle, I/SN angle et la distance I- NA (mm). La plus courte distance entre le prolongement de l’axe de l’incisive avec le point Or (I-Or) a été mesurée et comparée à la mesure I/FH (angle) qui a été considérée le standard conventionnel pour déterminer la classification de l’inclinaison de l’incisive dans cette étude. Résultats : Il y a une différence statistiquement significative des valeurs I-Or entre les 3 groupes identifiés par la mesure standard I/FH (p<0,001). Les valeurs seuils I-Or des incisives à inclinaison normale étaient de +2 mm et de -4 mm. Conclusion : I-Or est une référence fiable pour déterminer l'inclinaison de l'incisive supérieure dans 73% des cas sélectionnés dans cette étude. La position sagittale du maxillaire, la déflexion de l’axe de l’incisive et les erreurs de traçage céphalométrique joueraient un rôle majeur dans les 27% des cas pour lesquels la mesure n’est pas fiable.

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No description available.

The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) from chromite ore is a reducing process, whereby the Cr(III) and Fe(II) in the ore are reduced to metallic chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) in the final product. FeCr is mostly used for the production of stainless steel, which is a vital alloy in modern society. It is, however, impossible to exclude oxygen completely from all the high temperature steps during the production process and very small amounts of Cr(VI) are therefore formed, although not intended. The formed Cr(VI) is mostly associated with the off-gas of the high temperature processes, which are cleaned before it is released into the atmosphere by means of venturi scrubbers or bag filter systems. Certain Cr(VI) species are regarded as carcinogenic, with specifically airborne exposure to these Cr(VI) species being associated with cancer of the respiratory system. FeCr smelter facilities generate three main types of waste materials, i.e. slag, venturi sludge and bag filter dust (BFD). Most of the Cr in the waste materials consists mostly of Cr(III). However, BFD generated during the cleaning of the off-gas of open/semi-closed furnaces, could contain more significant levels of Cr(VI) than the slag and sludge. The aim of this study was to determine the solubility of different Cr(VI) species present in BFDs. This would allow that the Cr(VI) in BFD is categorised as water soluble Cr(VI), sparingly soluble and insoluble Cr(VI). These solubility categories can then be related to groups of Cr(VI) compounds, therefore taking the first step in better characterisation of Cr(VI) present in BFD. Four different BFD samples from FeCr producers in South Africa were characterised in detail. Analytical methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), particle size analysis, trace metal analysis with inductively coupled plasma with a mass spectrometer detector (ICP-MS) and Cr(VI) analysis with ion chromatography (IC) were utilised in order to characterise and categorise the samples. The results indicated that more Cr(VI) leached with an increase in pH. This was in contrast with the trend for most heavy metals. This was also an indication that not only soluble, but also sparingly- and insoluble Cr(VI) compounds occur in the BFD samples evaluated. Further analysis showed that approximately one third of the Cr(VI) species was insoluble and the remainder consisted of sparingly insoluble and soluble Cr(VI) compounds. The most significant finding was that the current leaching procedures applied by FeCr producers, prior to the chemical reduction of Cr(VI), do not effectively extract the sparingly water insoluble compounds. This results in Cr(VI) leaching from waste facilities at later stages, even if seemingly effective Cr(VI) treatment was applied. Therefore, it should be considered as an extremely important future perspective to develop economically feasible Cr(VI) extraction procedures that will ensure complete extraction of sparing water soluble Cr(VI) compounds together with the water soluble fraction, prior to chemical reduction of Cr(VI) and subsequent storage of the residue on a waste facility. / MSc (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The purpose of the study was to explore and describe factors influencing termination of pregnancy and describe measures that can be implemented to reduce the high rate of Termination of pregnancy (TOP). A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was followed, in order to explore and describe factors influencing termination of pregnancy in Mafikeng North West Province. Purposive sampling was utilized to identify participants who met inclusion criteria for the study. The sample size was determined by data saturation, which was reached after twenty five in-depth individual interviews with women requesting TOP was done. In-depth individual interviews were utilized to gather data after written approval from the Human research Ethics committee as well as the Research Ethics Committee of the North West University (Mafikeng Campus), North West Provincial Department of Health, Operational manager of Montshioa Stadt Health Centre, and Hospital Manager of Mafikeng Provincial Hospital where data was collected, and consent was also obtained from women who requested TOP. The findings of this study indicated that factors influencing termination of pregnancy were economic factors, the need for self development, health factors and social factors. From the results, women requesting termination of Pregnancy think that effective use of contraceptives and correct use of condom can reduce the high rate of termination of pregnancy. Conclusion reached were that, non-use of contraceptives and incorrect use of condoms influenced TOP, as it was their common problem, hence the researcher suggested that health education on different methods of contraceptives should be given to teenage girls and other older women by health care providers. Recommendations in the field of nursing practice, nursing education, as well as nursing research were made. / Thesis (M.Cur) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012

The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) from chromite ore is a reducing process, whereby the Cr(III) and Fe(II) in the ore are reduced to metallic chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) in the final product. FeCr is mostly used for the production of stainless steel, which is a vital alloy in modern society. It is, however, impossible to exclude oxygen completely from all the high temperature steps during the production process and very small amounts of Cr(VI) are therefore formed, although not intended. The formed Cr(VI) is mostly associated with the off-gas of the high temperature processes, which are cleaned before it is released into the atmosphere by means of venturi scrubbers or bag filter systems. Certain Cr(VI) species are regarded as carcinogenic, with specifically airborne exposure to these Cr(VI) species being associated with cancer of the respiratory system. FeCr smelter facilities generate three main types of waste materials, i.e. slag, venturi sludge and bag filter dust (BFD). Most of the Cr in the waste materials consists mostly of Cr(III). However, BFD generated during the cleaning of the off-gas of open/semi-closed furnaces, could contain more significant levels of Cr(VI) than the slag and sludge. The aim of this study was to determine the solubility of different Cr(VI) species present in BFDs. This would allow that the Cr(VI) in BFD is categorised as water soluble Cr(VI), sparingly soluble and insoluble Cr(VI). These solubility categories can then be related to groups of Cr(VI) compounds, therefore taking the first step in better characterisation of Cr(VI) present in BFD. Four different BFD samples from FeCr producers in South Africa were characterised in detail. Analytical methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), particle size analysis, trace metal analysis with inductively coupled plasma with a mass spectrometer detector (ICP-MS) and Cr(VI) analysis with ion chromatography (IC) were utilised in order to characterise and categorise the samples. The results indicated that more Cr(VI) leached with an increase in pH. This was in contrast with the trend for most heavy metals. This was also an indication that not only soluble, but also sparingly- and insoluble Cr(VI) compounds occur in the BFD samples evaluated. Further analysis showed that approximately one third of the Cr(VI) species was insoluble and the remainder consisted of sparingly insoluble and soluble Cr(VI) compounds. The most significant finding was that the current leaching procedures applied by FeCr producers, prior to the chemical reduction of Cr(VI), do not effectively extract the sparingly water insoluble compounds. This results in Cr(VI) leaching from waste facilities at later stages, even if seemingly effective Cr(VI) treatment was applied. Therefore, it should be considered as an extremely important future perspective to develop economically feasible Cr(VI) extraction procedures that will ensure complete extraction of sparing water soluble Cr(VI) compounds together with the water soluble fraction, prior to chemical reduction of Cr(VI) and subsequent storage of the residue on a waste facility. / MSc (Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Being able to read and write different kinds of texts in English is more important than ever, and previous research has shown that the latter of those two skills benefits from the former. The importance of reading is stressed in the curriculum for upper secondary education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of English literature at upper secondary school. Similarities and differences in attitudes towards literature among students in vocational and academic programs in the first year will be looked into. I wish to get an idea of how students experience literary studies in their English education. Further, I want to investigate the students’ own ideas on how to best make literary studies interesting and a good tool for learning. The results show that the academic program students read more often in their spare time, and also that they enjoy reading to a higher degree than the vocational program students. When it comes to practicing reading literature in English lessons in school, both groups think that they do this seldom and a slight majority of both groups are satisfied with this. However, nearly half of the academic program students and nearly a quarter of the vocational program students would like to read more in school. Moreover, it seems that academic program students see more advantages in literary studies for acquiring a second language, whereas the vocational program students do not know if literary studies are a good way of learning English or gaining knowledge of the English culture. Previous research has shown that students are not likely to find a task, such as reading literature, worth doing if they are not motivated in ways that make them understand the advantages that the task will provide. My conclusion is therefore that it is important that teachers strive to motivate their students in such a way. Further, it is important that teachers consider that even though students do not read a great deal in their spare time, they might still want to do so in school.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper describes the concept of wide-angle coverage optical vision system integrated with guidance support of microwave or acoustical imaging arrays. The objective is to provide the capability of effective high-resolution full-view monitoring and sensing. The optical component, formed by a multi-camera array, is responsible for the main interface with human users. The acoustical and microwave arrays are integrated, allowing the system to function in the event-triggered modality for optimal efficiency. In this paper, the arrays discussed are in circular configurations. With minor modification, the system can also function with linear array configurations.