Magister Scientiae (Nutrition Management) - MSc(NM) / Orange-fleshed sweet potato consumption promotion is one of the key nutrition sensitive interventions implementedto address high vitamin A deficiency among the rural population of Zambia since 2011. However, to date no study has been completed regarding household consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potato and factors related to their consumption. The study detailed here therefore sought to establish the consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potato, and to identify factors associated with its household consumption in the Integrating Orange Project areas in Chipata district of Zambia. The study randomly sampled 295 households, and collected information on the household characteristics, production, procurement, consumption and knowledge on orange-fleshed sweet potato. Cross tabulation chi square and one-way analysis of variance were used to identify associated consumption factors. The study found that 86.8% of the households ate orange-fleshed sweet potato; 49.5% ate it 1 to 3 days per week and 30.2% ate it at least 4 or more days per week, and only 13.2% did not consume orange-fleshed sweet potato at all. A relationship was found between having children younger than five years old and consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (P < 0.001). Results showed that 8.7% of households with children (n=183) never ate orange-fleshed sweet potato, versus 20.5% of households without children (n=112). Production of orange-fleshed sweet potato (n=178) was found to have a relationship with household conusmption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (P < 0.001). Only 1.1% of households that produced orange-fleshed sweet potato did not consume any, versus 31.6% who did not produce orange-fleshed sweet potato. Purchasing of orange-fleshed sweet potato (n=118) was found to have a relationship with its household consumption (P < 0.001); 56.2% of the households that ate orange-fleshed sweet potato 1 to 3 days during the previous week bought it, compared to only 27.0% of households who ate orange-fleshed sweet potato more than 4 days per week among those that bought it. The respondent‘s knowledge of the health benefits of orange-fleshed sweet potato was found to have a relationship with its consumption in the household (P < 0.001). Only 7.8% of the households where respondents knew the benefits of orange-fleshed sweet potato (n=215) never ate orange-fleshed potato, compared to 50.0% of households where the respondents did not know any benefit (n=80). In contrast, 33.5% of the households where the respondents knew the health benefits ate orange-fleshed sweet potato at least 4 days a week compared to only 7.9% of households where the respondents did not know any benefit. Overall, the study showed that most households consumed orange-fleshed sweet potato. The highconsumption might be due to seasonality, as the study was done during the harvesting season of orange-fleshed sweet potato. Also, prodcution of orange-fleshed sweet potato was promoted in the study area through the Integrating Orange Project. These results therefore suggest that projects seeking to promote consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potato as an intervention for vitamin A deficiency control should promote production of orange-fleshed sweet potato and sensitization of communities on the health benefits of orange-fleshed sweet potato consumption.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Clay diagenesis phenomenon and their effects on some petrophysical properties of lower cretaceous silliciclastic sandstones, offshore Orange basin have been established. Previous studies on Orange basin revealed that chlorite and quartz cements have significantly compromised the reservoir quality in this basin but it is expected that the reservoirs shows better improvement basinward, an analogy of this is displayed by tertiary sandstones deposit, offshore Angola. The main goal of this thesis is to perform reservoir quality evaluation by intergrating geological, geochemical and geophysical tools to substantiate the effects of clay minerals distribution and its subsequent diagenesis on the intrinsic properties (porosity, permeability and saturation) of reservoir intervals encountered within three wells in block 3A (deeper waters), offshore Orange basin. Five lithofacies were identified based on detailed core description from wells KF-1, KH-1 and AU-1 in this block. The facies were grouped based on colour and grain sizes, they are named : A1 (shale), A2 (sandstone), A3 (siltstone), A4 (dark coloured sandstone) and A5 (conglomerates).Depositional environment is predominantly marine, specifically, marine delta front detached bars and deepwater turbiditic sandstone deposit. Geophysical wire line logs of gamma ray, resistivity logs combo and porosity logs were interpreted, parameters and properties such as VCL, porosity, permeability and saturation were estimated from these logs and the values obtained were compared with values from conventional core analysis data, the values agreed well with each other. Detailed petrographic studies (SEM, XRD and thinsection) plus geochemical studies (CEC, EDS, pH, Ec) were carried out on twenty two core samples to establish if these clay minerals and other cements have pervasive effects on the reservoir quality or otherwise.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The evaluation of petroleum reservoirs has shifted from single approach to an integrated approach. The integration, analysis and understanding of all available data from the well bore and creating property models is an exceptional way to characterize a reservoir. Formulating, implementing, and demonstrating the applicability of the joint inversion of seismic and well-bore related observations, and the use of information about the relationship between porosity and permeability as the key parameters for identifying the rock types and reservoir characterization is a vital approach in this study. Correlating well and seismic data, potential reservoirs can be delineated and important horizons (markers) can be pointed out to better characterize the reservoir. This thesis aims to evaluate the potential petroleum reservoirs of the Wells K-A1, K-A2, K-A3 and K-H1 of the Shungu Shungu field in the Orange Basin through the integration and comparison of results from core analysis, wireline logs and seismic and attempt to produce a good reservoir model and by additionally utilizing Petrophysics and seismic and trying to better understand why the area has dry wells. Different rock types that comprise reservoir and non reservoirs are identified in the study and five Facie types are distinguished. Tight, fine grained sandstones with low porosity values ranging from 3% - 6% where dominant in the targeted sandstone layers. Porosity values ranging from 11% - 18% where identified in the massive sandstone lithologies which where hosted by Well’s K-A2 and K-A3. Low permeability values reaching 0.1mD exist throughout the study area. Areas with high porosity also host high water saturation values ranging from 70 – 84%. An improvement in the porosity values at deeper zones (3700m -3725m) and is apparent. Poroperm plots exhibit quartz cemented sandstones and density with neutron plot suggest that the sandstones in the area contain quarts and dolomite mineralization.Well K-A3, consist of a cluster by quartzitic sandstone, meaning there is a large amount of sandstone present. There are apparent high porosity values around the sandstone. What is apparent from this plot is that there are many clusters that are scattered outside the chart. This could suggest some gas expulsions within this Well. Sandstones within the 14B2t1 to 14At1 interval are less developed in the vicinity covered by well K-A2 than at the K-A1 well location. The main targeted sandstones belong to the lower cretaceous and lie just below 13At1. The four wells drilled in this area are dry wells. The areas/blocks surrounding this area have shown to possess encouraging gas shows and a comparative study could reveal better answers. At deeper zones of the well at an interval of 5350m -5750m, there are more developed sandstones with good porosity values. The volume of shale is low and so is the water saturation. The main target sandstones in the study area are the Lower Cretaceous sandstones which are at an interval 13At1. These sandstones are not well developed but from the property model of the target surface it can be seen that the porosity values are much more improved than the average values applied on all the zones on the 3D grid.

Vitamin A deficiency has been recognised as a widespread problem affecting about 750 million people, mostly in developing countries. Mortality due to vitamin A deficiency can be reduced by as much as 23% with improved vitamin A status. Vitamin A's immuneenhancing aspects strengthen the body's defence system against infectious diseases such as measles, malaria and diarrhoea, thus preventing death. Children beyond the weaning age (6 months to 6 years) are most at risk. In South Africa, one in three children has a low vitamin A status, with the rural areas being most affected. Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) has emerged as a promising plant source with a high beta-carotene content that can make a significant contribution to the vitamin A intake of individuals at risk of vitamin A deficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutrient and sensory quality of OFSP. To this end, the nutrient content of different cultivars of OFSP was determined as well as the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability was established. During the first phase, four different cultivars of OFSP i.e. Resisto, W119, Jewel and A 15, plus one composite sample, all cultivated by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC)-Roodeplaat, South Africa, were sampled for nutrient analysis. During the second phase (descriptive sensory analysis), four OFSP cultivars and one white-fleshed sweet potato (WFSP) cultivar i.e. Blesbok, were evaluated. A trained sensory panel was used to establish terminology for describing the sensory attributes of the different sweet potato cultivars in terms of its aroma, texture, flavour and aftertaste attributes. Consumer preference (n=180) for OFSP and WFSP was measured by means of a paired preference test. Focus group discussions were conducted to verify findings of the consumer preference test. The results obtained from the nutrient analysis confirmed that OFSP is an excellent source of beta-carotene. A 100 g portion of cooked OFSP can provide up to 6528 ~g beta-carotene, which is approximately 136% of the RDA for vitamin A for children four to eight years. High levels of other nutrients present in OFSP were identified namely vitamin C, calcium and zinc. OFSP further contributes 28% vitamin C, 13% calcium, 15% magnesium and 75.6% zinc of their daily requirements. This study confirms the valuable contribution that OFSP can make as a food-based approach to reduce vitamin A deficiency in individuals at risk. The sensory profiles indicated that OFSP differed from WFSP in colour, flavour and texture. OFSP is generally less moist and subsequently more dense and adhesive compared to WFSP. The latter being more fibrous and less firm than OFSP. Overall OFSP had and earthy aroma which was not typical of WFSP and had a sweeter flavour. The flavour of OFSP was described as similar to that of yellow vegetables such as butternut and pumpkin. Although the different OFSP cultivars had similar characteristics, differences were found in the moist, adhesive and grainy texture attributes as well as the vegetable sweet flavour. Resisto had the sweetest in flavour, with the most dense and pasty texture of the four OFSP cultivars. W119 had the grainiest texture. No significant differences were found in the earthy aroma, sweet potato and yellow vegetable flavour attributes. It can be concluded that in flavour, few differences were found among the OFSP, except in sweetness. OFSP differed primarily from each other in texture. The consumer preference test results showed that overall 85% of respondents preferred the taste of OFSP to that of WFSP, 53% liked the orange colour a lot while 24% liked the colour a little and the remaining 22 % disliked the colour (either a lot, a little, neither like nor dislike). The majority of the consumers (86%) indicated a willingness to buy OFSP. From these results it can be concluded that the taste and colour of OFSP are acceptable to consumers of sweet potato and that it has potential to be successful in the marketplace. Given the high level of consumer acceptability of OFSP, an opportunity exists to address vitamin A deficiency through commercially viable decentralised vine production centres. Such centres could be managed by commercial-, small-scale- and subsistence farmers in South Africa in key sweet potato production areas, with adequate water supply throughout the year. However, availability of commercially produced OFSP in retail sores in recent months, may change this prospect. / Dissertation (MConsSci)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Consumer Science / unrestricted

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Urban and peri-urban agriculture is a strategy that can be adapted by low income households in Orange Farm to meet their food and nutritional requirements. The practice is a basis upon which poor families can enhance their incomes by producing part of their food needs, hence saving money for use on other livelihood obligations. This dissertation discusses the importance of urban and peri-urban agriculture as a method easily available to low income families residing in informal settlements to access food and incomes. Urban agriculture is examined in the context of poverty alleviation. A descriptive and quantitative assessment of the salient variables of the practice in the area is attempted in order to give an insight of the potential role the sector can play in eliminating poverty, enhancing incomes and creating employment. The study shows that participation in urban farming can impact significantly on poverty conditions and improve livelihoods. / MA (Development Studies)

Between 1955 and 1984, the Reverend Robert Schuller’s Garden Grove Community Church in Orange County, California, blossomed into a ten-thousand-member congregation of regional and national prominence. Straddling the line between evangelical and mainline Protestantism, the church was emblematic of conservative American Christianity in the second half of the 20th century. Likewise, Orange County was the quintessential sprawling, decentralized, postindustrial suburban region. Garden Grove Community Church and Orange County grew together at an exponential rate in the postwar era. Through participation in the devotional, social, and organizational activities of the church, Schuller’s congregation actively constructed their personal and collective identities. They made meaning out of their suburban lives in ways that had long-term political and economic implications for the county, the region, and the country. The church offered cultural, spiritual, and ideological coherence to a community of corporate, white-collar transplants with few social roots. The substance of that coherence was a theology conflating Christianity with meritocracy and entrepreneurial individualism. The message resonated with “Sun Belt” suburbanites who benefited from systemic class- and race-based metropolitan inequality. Schuller’s message of self-reliance and personal achievement dovetailed with a national conservative repudiation of the public sector and collective responsibility that originated in the suburbs. This drive to eviscerate the American New Deal political order state was nearly unstoppable by the early 1980s, and it received theological aid from institutions like Garden Grove Community Church.

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Several alternate systems for use in implementing the 911 emergency system in Orange County, Florida were investigated. The proposed systems were compared with the already existing systems on the basis of reliability, response time, and cost. System reliability was the prime consideration of the study. Flow charts of each system were formulated in order to determine the functions required of equipment and humans. The reliability was then determined by examining the difficulty of the tasks that each was required to perform. Reliability models of the present and proposed systems were constructed. By examining these models and comparing the reliabilities, response times, and costs, the most advantageous system configurations were determined. Two systems, Emergency Operator Call Transfer and Emergency Operator Call Relay, were selected as the most desirable; there were no appreciable differences in their reliability, response time, and cost.