Orientador: Thais Borges César / Banca: Antonio José Goulart / Banca: Fernanda Lopes Kinouchi / Resumo: O suco de laranja é fonte de vários tipos de compostos bioativos relacionados a benefícios à saúde e a atividade antioxidante deriva não somente da vitamina C, um dos principais nutrientes do suco de laranja, mas também dos flavonoides cítricos, denominados flavanonas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o estresse oxidativo e a resposta glicêmica e insulínica em indivíduos adultos saudáveis submetidos a uma dose única de suco de laranja fresco em comparação ao suco de laranja pasteurizado. Participaram do estudo 21 voluntários que foram submetidos a duas colheitas de sangue, a primeira após ingestão de suco de laranja fresco, e a segunda depois de um intervalo de 30 dias, após a ingestão de suco de laranja pasteurizado. Foram realizadas dosagem das variáveis bioquímicas: triglicérides (TG), colesterol total (CT), colesterol de LDL (LDL-C), colesterol de HDL (HDL-C), glicemia de jejum e insulina de jejum. Para determinar o estresse oxidativo no soro dos pacientes foram realizados os ensaios de TBARS e DPPH, antes e após o consumo de cada suco de laranja. Após a ingestão de suco de laranja fresco, houve diminuição nos níveis de colesterol total, efeito não observado após a ingestão do suco de laranja pasteurizado. Os níveis da glicose sanguínea se mantiveram dentro da normalidade após à ingestão dos sucos de laranja, fresco e pasteurizado enquanto os níveis de insulina aumentaram após a ingestão do suco pasteurizado em relação ao suco fresco. A capacidade antioxidante apresentou diferença significativa nos períodos pré e pós a ingestão de suco de laranja fresco, com redução da porcentagem do radical DPPH no soro dos indivíduos, entretanto tal diferença não foi significativa para a ingestão do suco de laranja... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The orange juice is a source of various types of bioactive compounds. The orange juice's antioxidant activity, related to health benefits, derive not only from vitamin C, one of the main nutrients of orange juice, but also of flavonoids citrus, called flavanones. The present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress and glycemic and insulinic response in normal adult individuals subjected to a single dose of fresh orange juice compared to pasteurized orange juice. Twenty one volunteers that participated in the study were subjected to two samples of blood, the first after ingestion of fresh orange juice, and the second after an interval of 30 days after ingestion of pasteurized orange juice. Dosage of biochemical variables were carried out: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), reason LDH/HDL, fasting plasma glucose and insulin of fasting. To determine oxidative stress in individuals' serum tests were performed and TBARS, DPPH before and after the consumption of each orange juice. After 24h from ingestion of fresh orange juice, there was decrease in total cholesterol level, non-observed after ingestion of pasteurized orange juice. Glucose levels have remained within normal after ingestion of orange juices, fresh and pasteurized. Increased insulin levels after ingestion of pasteurized juice on fresh juice. The antioxidant capacity presented significant difference in pre and post ingestion of fresh orange juice, with a reduction of the percentage of DPPH radical in serum of individuals, however this difference was not significant to the ingestion of pasteurized orange juice. There was no statistically significant difference in levels of TBARS, 24 h... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La photopolymérisation est une technologie qui gagne de plus en plus d’importance de par ses nombreuses applications et ses énormes avantages par rapport à la polymérisation thermique tels que le respect de l’environnement, des coûts économiques maitrisés car la technologie est mise en œuvre à température ambiante et ne requiert qu’une faible consommation d'énergie. De plus, elle n'utilise pas ou très peu de solvants, d'où la réduction d’émission de produits polluants. Le processus de polymérisation photochimique présente également l’avantage d’être très rapide : en effet les réactions de photopolymérisation sont souvent rapides voire même quasi instantanées. De plus le procédé de polymérisation devient photolatent : la polymérisation impliquant les formulations actives seulement en présence de lumière, la réaction peut être déclenchée « quasi à la demande ». Ce processus chimique nécessite des composants nommés « photoamorceurs », lesquels absorbent la lumière et produisent le démarrage de la réaction de polymérisation. En particulier, le développement de systèmes photoamorceurs capables d’absorber de la lumière visible a un intérêt croissant pour différentes applications industrielles, notamment l’holographie. Dans la cadre de cette thèse, des diverses systèmes photoamorceurs contenant un colorant et un ou deux co-amorceurs, qui après réaction avec les états excités des colorants génèrent les radicaux actifs, ont été étudiés, depuis leurs propriétés photophysiques fondamentales et moléculaires, jusqu’aux applications et performances pour la polymérisation des résines acrylates. Cette thèse est articulée autour de six chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre une introduction et une étude bibliographique des différents systèmes photoamorceurs développés ces dernières années sont présentées et comparés. Les chapitres deux et trois sont consacrés à l’étude des propriétés photochimiques et photophysiques réalisés sur des photoamorceurs absorbant de la lumière ultraviolette et visible respectivement. Les techniques utilisés dans ces chapitres incluent, mais ne sont pas limités à, la spectroscopie d’absorption UV-Vis stationnaire, la fluorescence, la photolyse éclaire (LFP), la fluorescence résolue en temps par comptage de photon unique (TC-SPC), la spectroscopie ultrarapide nanoseconde et femtoseconde, la spectroscopie de résonance paramagnétique électronique (EPR), entre autres. Le chapitre deux porte sur l’étude de la photophysique d’un colorant de type cyanine : l’astrazone Orange R (AO R). La photophysique de ce colorant n’est pas connue et une étude exhaustive a été menée avec des spectroscopies ultra rapides (femtoseconde) ainsi que par modélisation moléculaire. Malgré sa photophysique compliquée ce colorant, fonctionne comme un photoamorceur très efficace dans la région bleue du spectre électromagnétique. Les chapitres suivants forment une deuxième partie de la thèse dédiée à l’étude des mécanismes d’amorçage de photopolymérisation, dont le chapitre quatre aborde le cas d’irradiation le plus « traditionnel », qui est l’irradiation en mode continu (ou CW). Est ensuite abordé l’étude de la polymérisation sous irradiation pulsée ultra-courte : dans cette partie la source d’irradiation continue classique est remplacée par un laser Nd :Yag qui produit des impulsions lumineuses d’une durée de quelques 9-10 nanosecondes. Cette polymérisation avec laser pulsé ou PLP est très originale et sera étudiée par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier résolue en temps (RT-FTIR). Dans le chapitre trois, donc, on retrouve les études réalisés avec différents types de systèmes photoamorceurs visibles. Ainsi, les propriétés des colorants capables d’absorber de la lumière visible à différentes longueurs d’onde ont été étudiées dans des systèmes photoamorceurs à deux et trois composants. / Photopolymerization is a technology that is gaining more and more importance due to its numerous applications and its advantages compared to thermic polymerization. This chemical process requires compounds called photoinitiators, which absorb light and produce the initiation of the radical polymerization. The development of photoinitiating systems (PIS) which are able to absorb visible light have an increasing interest due to its industrial applications, such as holographic recording. During this thesis, many PIS were studied, from its photophysical properties to its application in acrylate polymerization. There are many different types of photoinitiators. The most classical ones are Type I PI, which are molecules that overcome homolytic cleavage from their excited state, generating initiating radicals immediately after photon absorption. Type II PI, in contrast, are composed by two molecules: one that absorbs the photon, and other that will react with the excited state of the first via electron transfer or hydrogen transfer, generating radicals that will be able to initiate polymerization. In last place, there are the most efficient Photocyclic Initiating Systems (PCIS) whose mechanism is more complicated and will be widely discussed within these pages. A state of the art of the PIS available up to date is made in the first chapter. Given the importance of the properties of the molecules involved in the photoinitiating process, the studies of the photophysical properties of a Photoinitiator, the Astrazone Orange (AO), are shown. It was found that this molecule suffers an isomerization process from its excited state, which then comes slowly back to the more stable conformer. This process being viscosity-dependent makes AO a suitable photoinitiator for polymerization with visible light in highly viscous media. The last three chapters of this thesis are devoted to the study of a novel technique called Pulsed Laser Polymerization (PLP). This technique consists in the irradiation of the samples with a short duration pulsed laser, which allows the separation of the initiation steps of the polymerization reaction from the steps of propagation and termination. A simple Type I PI was used as a model to study the properties of this technique of polymerization. The monomer conversion was registered by RT-FTIR and analyzed. To a better understanding of these results, a mathematical model was developed. Thanks to it, it was possible to collect valuable information about propagation and termination rate constants (kp and kt, respectively), the variation of viscosity with conversion and other aspects relatives to PLP mechanism. Furthermore, the efficiency of many visible light PIS was studied by PLP. Their performance was compared and studied and contrasted with the classical continuous irradiation mode (CW). The characteristics that a PIS must have in order to show efficient polymerization in PLP mode were found and discussed. Finally, the effect of formulation viscosity in PLP and CW was analyzed by diluting the sample with different amounts of DMSO. In PLP, it was seen that the highest conversion is found for the most concentrated samples, while the opposite effect is noticed in CW. This result is attributed to the different conditions given by the difference in irradiation methods.

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The present work presents as main idea a study of distortions and contradictions citrícola alagoano belt: aspects of agricultural production and marketing between 2008 and 2011. Study the process of marketing of an agricultural product in a city or region is of fundamental importance, since it enables generation of knowledge of how the market works and behaves. When speaking, therefore, in no way makes cultures ignore varieties such as the orange tree, which is the main variety of citrus produced and marketed in the State of Alagoas, and only with great economic and social importance, thanks to its historic roots. The data collected for the dissertation shows that there is a strong concentration of establishments producing orange in the region known as vale do mundaú, besides a high concentration, that represents more than 90% of the State's production, destined to the CEASA/AL. Despite this strong rooting and all soil and climate conditions presented, it does not translate into development for the region , the human development index (HDI) with the municipalities in the region as being one of the worst in the State. Fact that only comes to confirm the hypothesis that in spite of all potential and of the factors that elevate the region as polo Orange producer in Alagoas, it is not reflected in economic and social development, by the fact that most of the income generated by the production of Orange stay in the hands of middlemen because of the distortions caused by these intermediary agents during the process of commercialization. The work also verified through analysis model of transmission of prices and marketing margins, which the producers anything interfere in pricing in the marketing channel of the product to get to the wholesale market, that is, there is some difficulty in passing on the farm to wholesale price that does not influence your pricing In addition there is a strong producer price distortion to the wholesaler, which in most of the four years studied, holds a relative negative margin, featuring so prejudice, thanks to greater volatility in their prices in relation to prices charged by the manufacturer, which is characterized by a greater inherent stability, market conditions. / O presente trabalho apresenta como ideia principal um estudo das distorções e contradições no cinturão citrícola alagoano: aspectos da produção e comercialização agrícola entre 2008 e 2011. Estudar o processo de comercialização de um produto agrícola em uma cidade ou região é de fundamental importância, pois possibilita geração de conhecimento de como o mercado funciona e se comporta. Ao se falar, portanto, em culturas citrícolas, não há como ignorar variedades como a laranja lima, que é a principal variedade de citros produzida e comercializada no estado de Alagoas, e a única com grande importância econômica e social, graças ao seu enraizamento histórico. Os dados coletados para a dissertação demonstram que existe uma forte concentração de estabelecimentos produtores de laranja na região denominada como vale do mundaú, além de uma grande concentração produtiva, que representa mais de 90% da produção do estado, destinada para a CEASA/AL. Apesar desse forte enraizamento e todas as condições edafoclimáticas apresentadas, isso não se traduz em desenvolvimento para a região, haja vista os índices de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) que apresentam os municípios da região como sendo um dos piores dentro do Estado. Fato esse que só vem a confirmar a hipótese de que apesar de todo potencial e dos fatores que elevam a região como polo produtor de laranja em Alagoas, isso não se reflete em desenvolvimento econômico e social, pelo fato de que a maior parte da renda gerada pela produção de laranja ficar nas mãos dos atravessadores devido as distorções provocadas por esses agentes intermediários durante o processo de comercialização. O trabalho verificou também através do modelo de análise de transmissão de preços e margens de comercialização, que os produtores em nada interferem na formação de preço dentro do canal de comercialização do produto até chegar ao mercado atacadista, ou seja, existe certa dificuldade em se repassar o preço do produtor para o atacado que não sofre influência na sua formação de preço, além de existir uma forte distorção de preços do produtor para o atacadista, que na maior parte dos quatro anos estudados, detém uma margem relativa negativa, caracterizando assim prejuízo, graças a uma maior volatilidade dos seus preços em relação aos preços praticados pelo produtor, que se caracteriza por uma estabilidade maior, inerente as condições de mercado.

Viktiga frågor konstrueras på olika sätt, inom fiktion, utefter producentens uppfattningar om världen. Genom att undersöka maktrelationerna kan man ta reda på vilken betydelse makt har i viktiga frågor som hat, ras, klass. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka och analysera hur maktrelationer opererar i den populärkulturella tv-serien Orange Is the New Black. För att utföra studien analyserades ett avsnitt, det sjunde ur säsong 4, som släpptes i juni år 2016. De frågeställningar som ställdes till materialet var: Hur konstrueras maktrelationer inom fältet Orange Is the New Black?”, ”I vilka situationer är dessa maktrelationer tydliga?”, samt ”Är dessa situationer positiva/negativa och i sådana fall på vilka sätt?”. Dessa frågeställningar utformades för att ge en helhetsbild av maktrelationerna inom avsnittet. För att utföra studien tillämpades Pierre Bourdieus klassperspektiv, där begreppen fält, habitus och kapital användes. I uppsatsen diskuterades även Marx definition av begreppet klass, då klass-begreppet är mest associerat till honom. Även Goffmans teori angående stigma användes för att kunna gå in med en förståelse av vad de utsatta kan ha för attribut som kan påverka hur andra ser på dem. För att utföra studien tillämpades även Bourdieus metodologi. Analysen visade att maktrelationer konstrueras på olika sätt. Genom att producenten skapar situationer där karaktärerna tävlar om makt och kapital får tittaren se vilken betydelse makt har inom viktiga frågor. Kamper om makt och kapital visades på flera olika sätt. Slutsatsen som drogs var att maktrelationer konstrueras på flera olika sätt, att dessa händelser och situationer inte enbart är negativa, utan även positiva och hur situationerna konstrueras kan påverka människors tankar då det är en populärkulturell serie som når ut till en massa. / Important subjects in fictional tv-series are being constructed in different ways, depending on the producers view on the world. By examining power relationships you can find out what role power plays within subjects like hate, race and class. The purpose of this study was to analyze how power relationships operate on the popular cultural tv-show Orange Is the New Black. The seventh episode of season 4 was analyzed, which aired in June 2016. The questions that were asked to the material were: ”How are power relationships constructed within the field of Orange Is the New Black?”, ”In what situations are these power relationships clear?”, and ”Are these situations positive/negative, and if so, in which way?”. These questions were asked to get the whole picture of the power relationships within the episode. In this study the theory of class by Pierre Bourdieu was used, where the concept of field, capital and habitus took a lot of space. Marx definition of class was also discussed in the study, because class is mostly associated with him. Another theory that was discussed was Erving Goffman’s theory about stigma. The purpose of using this theory was to understand what attributes a prisoner can have that could affect how other people view them. In this study, the methodology of Bourdieu was used. The analysis showed that power relationships are being constructed in different ways. When the producer creates situations where the characters are fighting about power and capital, the viewer is able to see how power is operating within important questions. Fights about capital and power were shown in different ways. The conclusion that was made is that power relationships are being constructed in different ways, that these situations are both positive and negative and that they can affect peoples mind due to being a popular cultural tv-show that is seen by many.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Science University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Science. / Beatrix Mine is located 35 km south of the city of Welkom in the Welkom Goldfield and as such forms the most southerly of the Witwatersrand-type gold mines. The Beatrix Reef overlies an angular unconformity at the base of the Turffontein Subgroup, Central Rand Group Significant, southerly truncation of over 600m of the Johannesburg Subgroup, and the lower formations of the Turffontein Subgroup, occur at this unconformity in the Beatrix area.. characteristics of the Beatrix Reef conglomerates such as the morphology, sorting and packing of clasts, and the arrangement. of the sediments in various sedimentary structures and facies/ sequences, suggest deposition within a braided fluvial environment on a coarse-grained braid-delta. Sedimentation occurred after the fluvial degradation of previously deposited units, and culminated in a marine/ lacustrine transgression. Low aggradation rates led to significant reworking and concentration of placer materials in a depositional model probably typical of ventral Rand Group placer formation. Heavy minerals (and gold) are concentrated in response to hydraulic conditions and show a close association with large and small scale sedimentary features. Transport directions deduced from the sedimentary structures suggest a north to south dispersal of sediment down the braid plain. Sedimentary structures in the finer rained units at the base of the Eldorado Formation are indicative of tidal influences and document the marine transgression as the culmination of the degradational events. The lithologys sedimentary structures and facies sequences of the coarser grained units of the Eldorado Formation well as the overall coarsening upward of these lithologies indicate sedimentation in a braided , fluvial system, on an alluvial fan prograding across the preyiously deposited units" Sedimentary ~tructures and lithologic variations confirm a continued north to south dispersal pattern. In the area south of the Sand over the period of fluvial degradation and transgression after the formation of the Beatrix: Reef was followed by more rapidly aggreding fluvial progradation due to a major change in base level in response to compressional tectonics and uplift along the Western Margin Structure. Only in post-Central Rand Group times did relaxation and extensional tectonics result in the outpourings of the Ventersdorp .supergroup lavas and the cessation of active Witwatersrand Supergroup sedimentation. / Andrew Chakane 2018

O processamento de citros se justifica pela dificuldade de descascamento destes frutos. Estudos de descascamento de laranja \'Pêra\' realizados na ESALQ-USP vêm mostrando o potencial do uso do tratamento hidrotérmico para facilitar o descascamento desta variedade. As laranjas são imersas em água a 50ºC por 8 minutos, isto facilita o descascamento e não afeta a qualidade da fruta. Entretanto, é necessário estudar outros tempos de imersão para flexibilizar o uso desta técnica em escala industrial, bem como estendê-la a outras variedades. O objetivo deste trabalho foi adequar a tecnologia de descascamento de frutas cítricas pelo uso do tratamento hidrotérmico, bem como avaliar sua influência na qualidade fisiológica, físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial de laranjas \'Pêra\', laranjas \'Valência\' e tangores \'Murcott\'. Também foram avaliados o tempo de descascamento, o rendimento em frutos comercializáveis e a temperatura interna dos frutos durante o tratamento. Os frutos foram lavados, sanitizados, resfriados a 5ºC por 12 horas, submetidos ao tratamento hidrotérmico e descascados. O tratamento hidrotérmico consistiu em colocar os frutos em banho-maria a 50ºC por 5 (somente para o tangor \'Murcott\'), 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos. Posteriormente, os frutos foram descascados retirando-se a parte peduncular com a faca e, em seguida, o flavedo foi retirado, manualmente, junto com o albedo. Os frutos sem tratamento hidrotérmico (controle) foram descascados retirando-se primeiramente o flavedo, e depois o albedo cuidadosamente para causar o mínimo de injúria possível. Os frutos foram analisados durante seis dias de armazenamento a 5ºC. Os experimentos foram conduzidos separadamente para cada fruta cítrica e de acordo com cada tipo de análise. Foram utilizados delineamentos inteiramente ao acaso e em blocos casualizados, adequados para cada variável analisada. O tratamento hidrotérmico provocou alterações na atividade respiratória dos frutos somente nas primeiras horas após o processamento. A temperatura interna dos frutos (medida a 2 cm de profundidade em relação ao epicarpo) após 30 minutos de tratamento atingiu aproximadamente 35ºC, temperatura comumente observada em algumas etapas da cadeia de comercialização dos frutos. A coloração externa das laranjas sem tratamento apresentou maior valor de luminosidade (L) quando comparadas às frutas tratadas. Não houve alterações nas outras características físico-químicas e nas características microbiológicas dos frutos. O tratamento não alterou o sabor e melhorou a aparência em relação aos frutos sem tratamento devido à ausência de resquícios de albedo nos frutos. Além disso, o tratamento diminuiu em até 78% o tempo de descascamento dos frutos tratados para a laranja \'Pêra\', em até 75% para a laranja \'Valência\' e em até 57% para o tangor \'Murcott\', quando comparados aos frutos sem tratamento, e aumentou o rendimento em frutos comercializáveis. O tratamento hidrotérmico realizado até 30 minutos a 50ºC pode ser utilizado como técnica de descascamento para laranja \'Pêra\', laranja \'Valência\' e tangor \'Murcott\'. / The citrus fruit processing is justified for the difficulty of peeling of these fruits. Studies of peeling of \'Pera\' sweet orange fruit accomplished at ESALQ-USP are showing the potential of the use of the hydrothermal treatment to facilitate the peeling of this variety. The oranges are immersed in hot water at 50ºC for 8 minutes. This process to make easy the peeling and it doesn\'t affect the quality of the fruit. However, it is necessary to study other immersion times to make flexible the use of this technique in industrial scale, as well as to extend it for other varieties. The purpose of this work was to adapt the technology of peeling of citric fruits for the use of the hydrothermal treatment, as well as to evaluate the influence of the hydrothermal treatment in the physiological, physicochemical, microbiologic and sensorial qualities of \'Pera\' sweet orange, \'Valencia\' sweet orange and \'Murcott\' tangor. The peeling time, the yield of marketable fruits and the internal fruit temperature were also evaluated during the treatment. Fruits were washed, sanitized, cooled at 5ºC for 12 hours, submitted to hydrothermal treatment and peeled. The hydrothermal treatment consisted of putting fruits in water-bath at 50ºC for 5 (only for \'Murcott\' tangor), 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes. Then, fruits were peeled by first opening a gap on the peduncular region with a knife and then, the flavedo was removed, manually, with the albedo. Fruits with no hydrothermal treatment (control) were peeled by first removing the flavedo and then, the albedo was removed carefully to cause the less of injuries possible. The fruits were analyzed for six days of storage at 5ºC. The experiments were carried out separately for each citric fruit and in agreement with each analysis type. The experimental designs used were completely randomized and in randomized blocks, appropriate for each analyzed variable. Hydrothermal treatment caused changes in respiratory activity just in first hours after treatment. Internal fruit temperature (evaluated at 2 cm depth in relation to the epicarp) after 30 minutes of treatment reached 35ºC approximately, temperature commonly observed in some stages of the commercialization\'s chain of the fruits. The external coloration of the oranges without treatment presented larger value of brightness (L) when compared to the treated fruits. There were no changes in the others physicochemicals and microbiologics characteristics of the fruits. The treatment did not change the flavor and it improved the appearance in relation to the fruits without treatment due to the lower albedo residue in the fruits. Besides, the treatment decreased in up to 78% the peeling time of the treated fruits for the \'Pera\' sweet orange, in up to 75% for the \'Valencia\' sweet orange and in up to 57% for the \'Murcott\' tangor, when compared to the fruits without treatment, and it increased the yield of marketable fruits. The hydrothermal treatment accomplished up to 30 minutes at 50ºC can be used as peeling technique for \'Pera\' sweet orange, \'Valencia\' sweet orange and \'Murcott\' tangor.

Atualmente, a utilização de azo corantes pelas indústrias de tingimento constitui um problema ambiental e de saúde, considerando o lançamento de quantidades elevadas para o meio ambiente e a falta de dados toxicológicos dos corantes disponíveis para as indústrias. Vários estudos têm demonstrado o potencial genotóxico de diversos corantes azóicos, porém para os corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e o Disperse Red 13, não foram encontrados dados na literatura relativos à sua capacidade de dano ao material genético. Considerando que esses corantes são empregados em processos de tingimento no Brasil, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação de sua atividade mutagênica, utilizando o teste de micronúcleo (MN) em linfócitos humanos e em células HepG2. Os resultados obtidos no teste com linfócitos, demonstram que na menor concentração testada (0,2 µg/mL), o número de micronúcleos presentes foi semelhante ao controle negativo, mas esse número aumenta à medida que eleva-se a concentração. No entanto, a partir da concentração de 1,0 µg/mL, este valor começa a decair. Isso provavelmente se deve à citotoxidade dos corantes, levando à morte celular ou redução da divisão celular e, conseqüentemente, não há a formação de micronúcleo. Embora o perfil de mutagenicidade dos três corantes seja semelhante, o corante Disperse Red 13 parece ter maior potencial de dano sobre os linfócitos em relação aos demais, seguido pelo Disperse Red 1 e Disperse Orange 1, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos para o teste de MN em células HepG2 foram semelhantes aos obtidos no teste feito em linfócitos. O aumento do número de micronúcleos em relação ao aumento da concentração dos corantes, ocorreu até o limite de 2,0 µg/mL em células HepG2, excetuando-se o corante Disperse Red 13, para o qual o limite foi de 1,0 µg/mL. E a partir desses pontos, considerados como limites, ocorreu uma redução no número de MN. Para este sistema celular, os três corantes parecem ter potencial mutagênico bastante semelhante. Portanto, a análise dos resultados mostrou que os corantes Disperse Red 13, Disperse Red 1 e Disperse Orange 1 são mutagênicos para sistemas celulares diferentes. Foi também avaliado Índice de Proliferação do Bloqueio de Citocinese (IPBC), que permite a avaliação de toxicidade celular ou atraso no ciclo celular por meio da determinação da proliferação celular nas culturas. Porém, neste estudo não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre o controle negativo e as concentrações testadas. Nossos resultados confirmam que os azo corantes constituem uma importante classe de contaminantes ambientais e devem ser avaliados e utilizados de forma cautelosa. / Currently, the use of azo dyes for the textile industries can causes direct and/or indirect effects on human health and on the environment, considering the discharge of industrial effluents that contain toxic dyes and the lack of reports in the literature about the toxic effects of these compounds. Several studies have been demonstrated the genotoxic effect of diverse azo dyes, however for the dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 no information about their capacity to cause DNA damage was found in the literature. Considering that these dyes are used for dying processes in Brazil, the main of this work was the evaluation of the mutagenic activity of Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13, using the micronucleus assay (MN) in human lymphocytes and HepG2 cells. For the lymphocytes assay, we observed that the number of micronucleus induced by the lowest concentration of each dye (0,2 µg/mL) was similar to the negative control. For the other concentrations we observed a dose response micronucleus formation, until 1,0 µg/mL. Above this concentration, the number of micronucleus has decreased, probably because of the cytotoxic effects of the dyes, which leads to cellular death or reduction of cellular division and, consequently, does not have the micronucleus formation. Although the mutagenicity profile of the three dyes is similar, Disperse Red 13 seems to be the strongest for the lymphocytes, followed by Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1, respectively. For the HepG2 cells the results were similar to the lymphocytes. For the three dyes we noted a dose dependent increase in the frequency of micronuclei. However, for the HepG2 the threshold for this increase was 2,0 µg/mL, except for Disperse Red 13, which the limit was at 1 µg/ml, after this point a reduction in the MN number occurred. For this cellular system, the three dyes seem to have similar mutagenic potential. Therefore, our results suggest that the dyes Disperse Red 13, Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 are potentially mutagenic for different cellular systems. Besides, cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI) was calculated, in order to evaluate cellular toxicity or delay in the cellular cycle through of the determination of the cellular proliferation in the cultures. No statistical difference was detected between the tested concentrations and the negative control. Our results confirmed that azo dyes constitute an important class of environmental contamination and they should be evaluated and used carefully.

Os azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 são amplamente utilizados para o tingimento de fibras e são mutagênicos para o ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma e para o ensaio de micronúcleos. O aumento da complexidade e dificuldades para o tratamento de efluentes têxteis tem levado à busca constante de novas metodologias para o tratamento destes rejeitos. A cloração é um método amplamente empregado para a desinfecção de águas e efluentes, mas também para remover ou reduzir a cor do efluente a fim de atender o padrão de emissão da legislação brasileira. Porém, muitos trabalhos mostram que este tratamento muitas vezes não é capaz de remover a mutagenicidade dos corantes e em alguns casos pode até aumentar a toxicidade da amostra. Já a fotoeletrocatálise, aparentemente, é eficiente tanto na degradação desses compostos em amostras aquosas como na redução da atividade mutagênica, como demonstraram alguns ensaios preliminares. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação da eficiência do tratamento por fotoeletrocatálise na remoção da mutagenicidade dos azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 presentes em amostras aquosas em comparação à cloração química convencional utilizando o teste de micronúcleos (MNs) em células HepG2. Os resultados demonstraram que a freqüência de MNs induzidos pelas diferentes concentrações testadas das soluções dos corantes estudados não foram significativamente diferentes do controle negativo. Nossos dados também revelaram que os índices de proliferação do bloqueio da citocinese (IPBC) em cultura de células HepG2 tratadas com os três corantes após a cloração e fotoeletrocatálise também não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação aos seus respectivos controles negativos. A análise comparativa dos azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 clorados e fotoeletrocatalisados com os corantes originais estudados pelo nosso grupo (CHEQUER, 2008; CHEQUER et al., 2009) mostrou uma diminuição no número de MNs indicando que após os tratamentos houve a remoção da mutagenicidade a partir da concentração de 1,0 µg/mL para os três corantes estudados. Portanto, podemos concluir que a cloração química convencional e a fotoeletrocatálise, nas condições testadas, são eficientes na remoção da mutagenicidade dos azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 em relação à indução de micronúcleos. / The azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 are widely used in dyeing processes and are mutagenic for Salmonella/microsome and micronucleus assays. The increasing of the complexity and difficulties for treatments of textile effluents has led to a constant search for new methodologies for the treatment of these wastewaters. Chlorination is a method extensively used for water and wastewaters disinfection and to remove or reduce the color of effluents in order to respect the standard of discharges issued by the Brazilian legislation. However, a lot of studies have shown that this treatment is not often able to remove the mutagenicity of the dyes, and in some cases it may even increase the toxicity of the sample. On the other hand, photoelectrocatalysis is apparently efficient both in the degradation of these compounds in aqueous samples and in reduction of the mutagenic activity, as demonstrated by some preliminary assays. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the photoelectrocatalysis treatment in the removal of the mutagenicity of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 present in aqueous sample in comparison to conventional chemical chlorination using the micronucleus test (MNs) in HepG2 cells. The results showed that the frequency of MNs induced by different tested concentrations of the solutions of the studied dyes were not significantly different from the negative control. Our data also revealed that the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CPBI) in cultures of HepG2 cells treated with the three dyes after chlorination and photoelectrocatalysis also showed no statistical differences related to the their respective negative controls. The comparative analysis of azo dyes chlorinated and photoelectrocatalysed Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 with the original dyes studied by our group (CHEQUER, 2008; CHEQUER et al., 2009) showed a decrease in the number of MNs indicating that after the treatments occurred the removal of the mutagenicity potencial at concentration of 1,0 µg/mL for the three dyes studied. Therefore, we conclude that conventional chemical chlorination and photoelectrocatalysis, under the conditions tested, are effective in removing of the mutagenicity of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 related to induction of micronucleus.