This work considers the effect of symmetries on analysing bifurcations in dynamical systems. We consider an example of a laser with strong optical feedback which is modelled using coupled non-linear differential equations. A stationary point can be found in space, which can then be continued in parameter space using software such as AUTO. This software will then detect and continue bifurcations which indicate change in dynamics as parameters are varied. Due to symmetries in the equations, using AUTO may require the system of equations to be reduced in order to study periodic orbits of the original system as (relative) equilibria of the reduced system. Reasons for this are explored as well as considering how the equations can be changed or reduced to remove the symmetry. Invariant and Equivariant theory provide the tools for reducing the system of equations to the orbit space, allowing further analysis of the lasers dynamics.

Sejam G um grupo topológico e X um espaço topológico. Existe uma questão natural associada ao par (G; X) sobre a existência de ações livres e contínuas de G em X. Se tal ação existe, outra questão natural é o estudo de propriedades do espaço de órbitas X / G e, nesse contexto, temos o problema usualmente difícil de se calcular o anel de cohomologia de X / G. Este trabalho é dedicado a essas questões quando X são variedades de Dold P(m;n) especiais e G = Z2. A variedade fechada e suave P(m;n), de dimensão m+2n, é o espaço de órbitas da involução livre T : Sm × CPn → Sm × CPn (x; [z]) → (-x; [ z̄ ]) e foi introduzida por Albrecht Dold em 1956, sendo bastante estudada na literatura e desempenhando papel fundamental na teoria de cobordismo. A principal ferramenta utilizada nesse estudo foi a sequência espectral de Leray-Serre associada à fibração de Borel X → XG → BG; onde XG = (X × EG) / G é a construção de Borel associada ao G-fibrado universal EG → BG. / Let G be a topological group and X be a topological space. There is a natural question associated with the pair (G; X) about the existence of a continuous free action of G on X. If such an action exists, other natural question is the study of properties of the orbit space X / G and, in this setting, the study of the cohomology ring of X / G. This thesis is devoted to these questions when X are special Dold manifolds P(m;n) and G = Z2. The closed smooth (m+2n)-dimensional manifold, P(m;n), is the orbit space of the free involution T : Sm × CPn → Sm × CPn (x; [z]) → (-x; [ z̄ ]) and was introduced by Albrecht Dold in 1956, being well studied in literature and playing a fundamental role in cobordism theory. The main tool used in this study was the Leray-Serre spectral sequence associated with the Borel fibration X → XG → BG; where XG = (X × EG) / G is the Borel construction associated with the universal G-bundle EG → BG.

Sejam G um grupo topológico e X um espaço topológico. Existe uma questão natural associada ao par (G; X) sobre a existência de ações livres e contínuas de G em X. Se tal ação existe, outra questão natural é o estudo de propriedades do espaço de órbitas X / G e, nesse contexto, temos o problema usualmente difícil de se calcular o anel de cohomologia de X / G. Este trabalho é dedicado a essas questões quando X são variedades de Dold P(m;n) especiais e G = Z2. A variedade fechada e suave P(m;n), de dimensão m+2n, é o espaço de órbitas da involução livre T : Sm × CPn → Sm × CPn (x; [z]) → (-x; [ z̄ ]) e foi introduzida por Albrecht Dold em 1956, sendo bastante estudada na literatura e desempenhando papel fundamental na teoria de cobordismo. A principal ferramenta utilizada nesse estudo foi a sequência espectral de Leray-Serre associada à fibração de Borel X → XG → BG; onde XG = (X × EG) / G é a construção de Borel associada ao G-fibrado universal EG → BG. / Let G be a topological group and X be a topological space. There is a natural question associated with the pair (G; X) about the existence of a continuous free action of G on X. If such an action exists, other natural question is the study of properties of the orbit space X / G and, in this setting, the study of the cohomology ring of X / G. This thesis is devoted to these questions when X are special Dold manifolds P(m;n) and G = Z2. The closed smooth (m+2n)-dimensional manifold, P(m;n), is the orbit space of the free involution T : Sm × CPn → Sm × CPn (x; [z]) → (-x; [ z̄ ]) and was introduced by Albrecht Dold in 1956, being well studied in literature and playing a fundamental role in cobordism theory. The main tool used in this study was the Leray-Serre spectral sequence associated with the Borel fibration X → XG → BG; where XG = (X × EG) / G is the Borel construction associated with the universal G-bundle EG → BG.

Nous étudions les triangulations dans des espaces de courbure négative constante, en théorie et en pratique. Ce travail est motivé par des applications dans des domaines variés. Nous considérons les complexes de Delaunay et les diagrammes de Voronoï dans la boule de Poincaré, modèle conforme de l'espace hyperbolique, en dimension quelconque. Nous utilisons l'espace des sphères pour la description des algorithmes. Nous étudions aussi les questions algébriques et arithmétiques et observons que les calculs effectués sont rationnels. Les démonstrations sont basées sur des raisonnements géométriques et n'utilisent aucune formulation analytique de la distance hyperbolique. Nous présentons une implantation complète, exacte et efficace en dimension deux. Le code est développé en vue d'une intégration dans la bibliothèque CGAL, qui permettra une diffusion à un large public. Nous étudions ensuite les triangulations de Delaunay des surfaces hyperboliques fermées. Nous définissons une triangulation comme un complexe simplicial afin de permettre l'adaptation de l'algorithme incrémentiel connu pour le cas euclidien. Le cœur de l'approche consiste à montrer l'existence d'un revêtement fini dans lequel les fibres définissent toujours une triangulation de Delaunay. Nous montrons une condition suffisante sur la longueur des boucles non contractiles du revêtement. Dans le cas particulier de la surface de Bolza, nous proposons une méthode pour construire un tel revêtement, en étudiant les sous groupes distingués du groupe fuchsien définissant la surface. Nous considérons des aspects liés à l'implantation. / We study triangulations of spaces of constant negative curvature -1 from both theoretical and practical points of view. This is originally motivated by applications in various fields such as geometry processing and neuro mathematics. We first consider Delaunay complexes and Voronoi diagrams in the Poincaré ball, a conformal model of the hyperbolic space, in any dimension. We use the framework of the space of spheres to give a detailed description of algorithms. We also study algebraic and arithmetic issues, observing that only rational computations are needed. All proofs are based on geometric reasoning, they do not resort to any use of the analytic formula of the hyperbolic distance. We present a complete, exact, and efficient implementation of the Delaunay complex and Voronoi diagram in the 2D hyperbolic space. The implementation is developed for future integration into the CGAL library to make it available to a broad public. Then we study the problem of computing Delaunay triangulations of closed hyperbolic surfaces. We define a triangulation as a simplicial complex, so that the general incremental algorithm for Euclidean Delaunay triangulations can be adapted. The key idea of the approach is to show the existence of a finite-sheeted covering space for which the fibers always define a Delaunay triangulation. We prove a sufficient condition on the length of the shortest non-contractible loops of the covering space. For the specific case of the Bolza surface, we propose a method to actually construct such a covering space, by studying normal subgroups of the Fuchsian group defining the surface. Implementation aspects are considered.