Natural selection mediated by pollinators has influenced the evolution of floral diversity of the flowering plants (angiosperms). The scope of this thesis was to study: 1) phenotypic selection, 2) mating systems, and 3) floral shifts involved in plant speciation. Model plant species were Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae). These orchids are moth-pollinated, strictly co-sexual (bisexual flowers), and produce a spike that displays 10-20 white flowers. I explored the influence of characters on plant fitness by using multiple linear regressions. Pollen removal (male fitness) and fruit set (female fitness) increased with more flowers per plant in three P. bifolia populations. There was selection towards longer spurs in a dry year when average spur length was shorter than in normal-wet years. Female function was sensitive to drought, which enabled an application of the male function hypothesis of floral evolution (Bateman's principle). The results show that selection may vary between populations, years, and sex-functions. I examined inbreeding by estimating levels of geitonogamy (self-pollination between flowers of an individual) with an emasculation method in two P. bifolia populations. Geitonogamy did not vary with inflorescence size. Levels of geitonogamy was 20-40% in the smaller, but non-significant in the larger population. This may relate to lower number of possible mates and pollinator activity in the smaller population. Platanthera bifolia exhibits the ancestral character state of tongue-attachment of pollinia on the pollinator. Its close relative P. chlorantha attaches its pollinia onto the pollinator's eyes. To explore the mechanism of a floral shift, pollination efficiency and speed was compared between the two species. The results showed no differences in pollination efficiency, but P. chlorantha had faster pollen export and import. Efficiency of pollination in terms of speed may cause floral shifts, and thus speciation.

O vírus da mancha das orquídeas ("Orchid fleck virus" - OFV), transmitido pelo ácaro Brevipalpus californicus, causa manchas cloróticas e necróticas em orquídeas de vários gêneros e foi relatado em diversos países. O diagnóstico de "orchid fleck", doença causada pelo OFV, tem sido feito através da análise dos sintomas, sorologia, observação de cortes ultrafinos de tecido infectado em microscópio eletrônico de transmissão ou RT-PCR. No entanto, apesar de testes moleculares serem freqüentemente mais eficientes e específicos que outros métodos, os "primers" disponíveis na literatura nem sempre detectam o vírus em baixas concentrações no tecido vegetal, ou amplificam regiões da planta sadia. Com base nas seqüências nucleotídicas da capa protéica viral depositadas no GenBank foram desenhados novos "primers", que amplificam um fragmento de 326 pb. Esses "primers" foram utilizados para a detecção do OFV por RT-PCR e para a marcação com digoxigenina de sondas para hibridização. A variabilidade de um fragmento do gene da capa protéica deste vírus foi estudada por polimorfismo conformacional de fita simples ("Single strand conformational polymorphism" - SSCP) e seqüenciamento de nucleotídeos. Quarenta e oito amostras de 18 gêneros de orquídeas foram coletadas no Brasil, Costa Rica e Austrália. As análises dos padrões de SSCP resultaram em seis haplótipos diferentes e em agrupamentos baseados na origem geográfica das amostras. Amostras representando cada um desses padrões foram seqüenciadas e comparadas com aquelas disponíveis no GenBank. A análise de SSCP provou ser eficiente para fornecer informações preliminares sobre a variabilidade do OFV. No entanto, apenas através do seqüenciamento de nucleotídeos das amostras foi possível determinar a real variabilidade das mesmas. / Orchid fleck virus (OFV), transmitted by the mite Brevipalpus californicus, causes chlorotic and necrotic ringspots in many orchid genera and was reported in several countries. The diagnosis of the Orchid fleck disease has been performed by symptomatology, transmission electon microscopy, serology or RT-PCR. Even though the molecular tests are usually more efficient and specific than other methods, the available primers did not always detect the OFV in low concentrations or sometimes amplified healthy plant samples. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene (cp) available in the GenBank, new primers were designed. These primers amplified a 326 pb specific OFV fragment and were used for RT-PCR and as hybridization probes. The variability of a fragment of the cp of this virus was investigated by "single strad conformational polymorphism (SSCP)" and nucleotide sequencing. Forty eight samples of 18 genera of orchids were collected from Brazil, Costa Rica and Australia. The SSCP analysis resulted in six different haplotypes and demonstrated a clustering in samples based on geographical origin. Samples representing the different SSCP patterns were sequenced and compared with those available in the GenBank. The SSCP analysis proved to be efficient to provide preliminary information about OFV variability. However, only through nucleotide sequencing it was possible to determine the actual variability amongst the samples.

[Truncated abstract] Currently, Alcoa World Alumina Australia (Alcoa) mines and undertakes procedures to rehabilitate approximately 550 ha of jarrah forest each year at two open-cut bauxite mines in South-West Western Australia. Alcoa aims to establish a self-sustaining jarrah forest ecosystem that maintains the functions of the landscape prior to mining, including biodiversity, on areas that have been mined for bauxite. Indigenous terrestrial orchids form a significant proportion of the indigenous geophytic plant species that either fail to colonise rehabilitated areas or do so very slowly. Terrestrial orchids are considered to be particularly sensitive to competition from weeds and disturbance, which combined with the obligate nature of the orchid-mycorrhizal fungus association suggests that orchids would colonise rehabilitation areas only when both microhabitat sites and soil microflora have established. Occurrence of certain orchids may therefore be expected to be useful as indicators of ecosystem health, the success of vegetation establishment and the recovery of edaphic conditions suitable for orchid mycorrhizal fungi. Vegetation surveys were undertaken to compare orchid species richness and population size of a chrono-sequence of rehabilitation areas with adjacent unmined forest. ... Orchid taxa present in each vegetation assemblage were generally not exclusive to these assemblages, with the following broad exclusions: D. bracteata was found only in species assemblages associated with rehabilitation areas; and Eriochilus sp. and T. crinita were found only in species assemblages associated with unmined forest. No single orchid species appears to be an indicator of ecosystem recovery. However, the presence of populations of C. flava, P. sp. crinkled leaf (G.J.Keighery 13426) or P. recurva in combination with the absence of the disturbance opportunist orchid taxa D. bracteata and M. media appears to be a measure of the maturity of the rehabilitation vegetation. Orchid species richness and clonal orchid population size were correlated with changes in vegetation structure, but apart from the absence of orchids in 1 year old rehabilitation areas, these orchid population characteristics did not show any direct relationship with rehabilitation age or vegetation maturity. Only two orchid taxa appeared to have potential as indicators of vegetation characteristics: T. crinita as an indicator of undisturbed jarrah forest; and D. bracteata as an indicator of disturbed ecosystems. The results of this study suggest that most jarrah forest orchid taxa will readily colonise the post bauxite mining landscape, but that the unassisted colonisation by recalcitrant orchid taxa may be a prolonged process. It is recommended that field-based transplantation and/or seeding trials be undertaken with these recalcitrant taxa to determine if these procedures will enhance recruitment. The results of this work have applications not only in the management of post-mining landscapes but also in vegetation monitoring and conservation work in Western Australia and elsewhere.

<p>Natural selection mediated by pollinators has influenced the evolution of floral diversity of the flowering plants (angiosperms). The scope of this thesis was to study: 1) phenotypic selection, 2) mating systems, and 3) floral shifts involved in plant speciation. Model plant species were <i>Platanthera bifolia</i> and <i>P. chlorantha</i> (Orchidaceae). These orchids are moth-pollinated, strictly co-sexual (bisexual flowers), and produce a spike that displays 10-20 white flowers.</p><p>I explored the influence of characters on plant fitness by using multiple linear regressions. Pollen removal (male fitness) and fruit set (female fitness) increased with more flowers per plant in three <i>P. bifolia</i> populations. There was selection towards longer spurs in a dry year when average spur length was shorter than in normal-wet years. Female function was sensitive to drought, which enabled an application of the male function hypothesis of floral evolution (Bateman's principle). The results show that selection may vary between populations, years, and sex-functions.</p><p>I examined inbreeding by estimating levels of geitonogamy (self-pollination between flowers of an individual) with an emasculation method in two <i>P. bifolia</i> populations. Geitonogamy did not vary with inflorescence size. Levels of geitonogamy was 20-40% in the smaller, but non-significant in the larger population. This may relate to lower number of possible mates and pollinator activity in the smaller population.</p><p><i>Platanthera bifolia</i> exhibits the ancestral character state of tongue-attachment of pollinia on the pollinator. Its close relative <i>P. chlorantha</i> attaches its pollinia onto the pollinator's eyes. To explore the mechanism of a floral shift, pollination efficiency and speed was compared between the two species. The results showed no differences in pollination efficiency, but <i>P. chlorantha</i> had faster pollen export and import. Efficiency of pollination in terms of speed may cause floral shifts, and thus speciation.</p>

Natural selection mediated by pollinators has influenced the evolution of floral diversity of the flowering plants (angiosperms). The scope of this thesis was to study: 1) phenotypic selection, 2) mating systems, and 3) floral shifts involved in plant speciation. Model plant species were Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae). These orchids are moth-pollinated, strictly co-sexual (bisexual flowers), and produce a spike that displays 10-20 white flowers. I explored the influence of characters on plant fitness by using multiple linear regressions. Pollen removal (male fitness) and fruit set (female fitness) increased with more flowers per plant in three P. bifolia populations. There was selection towards longer spurs in a dry year when average spur length was shorter than in normal-wet years. Female function was sensitive to drought, which enabled an application of the male function hypothesis of floral evolution (Bateman's principle). The results show that selection may vary between populations, years, and sex-functions. I examined inbreeding by estimating levels of geitonogamy (self-pollination between flowers of an individual) with an emasculation method in two P. bifolia populations. Geitonogamy did not vary with inflorescence size. Levels of geitonogamy was 20-40% in the smaller, but non-significant in the larger population. This may relate to lower number of possible mates and pollinator activity in the smaller population. Platanthera bifolia exhibits the ancestral character state of tongue-attachment of pollinia on the pollinator. Its close relative P. chlorantha attaches its pollinia onto the pollinator's eyes. To explore the mechanism of a floral shift, pollination efficiency and speed was compared between the two species. The results showed no differences in pollination efficiency, but P. chlorantha had faster pollen export and import. Efficiency of pollination in terms of speed may cause floral shifts, and thus speciation.

Resumo: O presente estudo aborda as possibilidades do uso de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica aplicados no levantamento e mapeamento de Orchidaceae na bacia hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí no Estado de São Paulo, a qual é considerada um exemplo de local com situação alarmante no sentido da conservação de geoecossistemas. Ocorrem na área atividades agropastoris, transformando a paisagem natural e pressionando as florestas que se tornam pequenos fragmentos, principalmente ao longo do curso dos rios e seus afluentes, somando-se, nesse contexto, atividades mineradoras que prejudicam o sistema hidrológico da bacia. Nessa dimensão imponente de uma área delimitada em seu perímetro, considerando as partes mais altas formadas pelas cuestas, ao norte, montanhas e morros a oeste e a leste, o rio Corumbataí é o principal leito condutor das águas superficiais, depositando-as no rio Piracicaba. Geograficamente, estudou-se a distribuição dos geótopos, nesse caso, em seu interior, as orquídeas, sob metodologia linear nos corredores de matas ciliares, às margens dos rios e córregos e fragmentos dessa bacia. Os resultados dessa pesquisa consistem na revelação de que há na bacia hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí grande heterogeneidade de recursos florestais e, a distribuição das orquidáceas se processa em vegetações com características semelhantes, ou seja, apresentam-se sobre solos hidromórficos e em locais acidentados protegidos, da ação antrópica. Foram encontradas e mapeadas por essa pesquisa vinte e oito (28) espécies de Orchidaceae, indicando que essa bacia hidrográfica ainda pode apresentar outras espécies que até então não foram encontradas. Os dados obtidos pela pesquisa foram armazenados em um banco de dados no servidor do Centro de Análise e Planejamento Ambiental (CEAPLA) e serão incluidos no Atlas Ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí / Abstract: This study explores the possibilities of the Geographic Information Systems' use be applied in the surveying and mapping of Orchidaceae in Corumbataí watershed in São Paulo, which is considered an example of local alarming situation in order to conserve geo-ecosystems. Agropastoral activities occur in the area, transforming the natural landscape and pressing the forests to become smaller fragments, mainly along the courses of rivers and their affluent rivers, adding to this context, mining activities that affect the hydrological system of the basin. In this imposing size of a fence on the perimeter, whereas the higher parts formed like cuestas at the North, mountains and hills at West and East, the Corumbataí river is the main conduit for the superficial water's conduction, depositing it in the Piracicaba river. In this case, the distribution of geotopes and their inner orchids was geographically studied, under linear methodology in the corridors of riparian forests along the rivers, streams and fragments of the Corumbataí watershed. The results of this research involve the revealing that there are in the Corumbataí watershed great heterogeneity of forest resources and the distribution of orchids that occur in vegetation with similar characteristics, they show up on hydromorphic soils and rough in places protected against anthropic activities. Twenty-eight (28) species of Orchidaceae were found and mapped by this research, indicating that this basin may still have other species that had not been ever found. The study's data were stored in the Center for Environmental Analysis and Planning's database server (CEAPLA) and they will be included in the Environmental Atlas of the Corumbataí river basin / Orientador: Magda Adelaide Lombardo / Coorientador: Maria Inez Pagani / Banca: Fábio de Barros / Banca: Antônio Carlos Sarti / Banca: Sérgio Luis Antonello / Banca: Sâmia Maria Tauk-Tornisielo / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zampin_ic_dr_rcla.pdf: 2778730 bytes, checksum: 5be26f35c87d05defd3f059ec68aa1de (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo aborda as possibilidades do uso de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica aplicados no levantamento e mapeamento de Orchidaceae na bacia hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí no Estado de São Paulo, a qual é considerada um exemplo de local com situação alarmante no sentido da conservação de geoecossistemas. Ocorrem na área atividades agropastoris, transformando a paisagem natural e pressionando as florestas que se tornam pequenos fragmentos, principalmente ao longo do curso dos rios e seus afluentes, somando-se, nesse contexto, atividades mineradoras que prejudicam o sistema hidrológico da bacia. Nessa dimensão imponente de uma área delimitada em seu perímetro, considerando as partes mais altas formadas pelas cuestas, ao norte, montanhas e morros a oeste e a leste, o rio Corumbataí é o principal leito condutor das águas superficiais, depositando-as no rio Piracicaba. Geograficamente, estudou-se a distribuição dos geótopos, nesse caso, em seu interior, as orquídeas, sob metodologia linear nos corredores de matas ciliares, às margens dos rios e córregos e fragmentos dessa bacia. Os resultados dessa pesquisa consistem na revelação de que há na bacia hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí grande heterogeneidade de recursos florestais e, a distribuição das orquidáceas se processa em vegetações com características semelhantes, ou seja, apresentam-se sobre solos hidromórficos e em locais acidentados protegidos, da ação antrópica. Foram encontradas e mapeadas por essa pesquisa vinte e oito (28) espécies de Orchidaceae, indicando que essa bacia hidrográfica ainda pode apresentar outras espécies que até então não foram encontradas. Os dados obtidos pela pesquisa foram armazenados em um banco de dados no servidor do Centro de Análise e Planejamento Ambiental (CEAPLA) e serão incluidos no Atlas Ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do rio Corumbataí / This study explores the possibilities of the Geographic Information Systems’ use be applied in the surveying and mapping of Orchidaceae in Corumbataí watershed in São Paulo, which is considered an example of local alarming situation in order to conserve geo-ecosystems. Agropastoral activities occur in the area, transforming the natural landscape and pressing the forests to become smaller fragments, mainly along the courses of rivers and their affluent rivers, adding to this context, mining activities that affect the hydrological system of the basin. In this imposing size of a fence on the perimeter, whereas the higher parts formed like cuestas at the North, mountains and hills at West and East, the Corumbataí river is the main conduit for the superficial water’s conduction, depositing it in the Piracicaba river. In this case, the distribution of geotopes and their inner orchids was geographically studied, under linear methodology in the corridors of riparian forests along the rivers, streams and fragments of the Corumbataí watershed. The results of this research involve the revealing that there are in the Corumbataí watershed great heterogeneity of forest resources and the distribution of orchids that occur in vegetation with similar characteristics, they show up on hydromorphic soils and rough in places protected against anthropic activities. Twenty-eight (28) species of Orchidaceae were found and mapped by this research, indicating that this basin may still have other species that had not been ever found. The study's data were stored in the Center for Environmental Analysis and Planning’s database server (CEAPLA) and they will be included in the Environmental Atlas of the Corumbataí river basin

O vírus da mancha das orquídeas (“Orchid fleck virus” - OFV), transmitido pelo ácaro Brevipalpus californicus, causa manchas cloróticas e necróticas em orquídeas de vários gêneros e foi relatado em diversos países. O diagnóstico de "orchid fleck", doença causada pelo OFV, tem sido feito através da análise dos sintomas, sorologia, observação de cortes ultrafinos de tecido infectado em microscópio eletrônico de transmissão ou RT-PCR. No entanto, apesar de testes moleculares serem freqüentemente mais eficientes e específicos que outros métodos, os "primers" disponíveis na literatura nem sempre detectam o vírus em baixas concentrações no tecido vegetal, ou amplificam regiões da planta sadia. Com base nas seqüências nucleotídicas da capa protéica viral depositadas no GenBank foram desenhados novos “primers”, que amplificam um fragmento de 326 pb. Esses “primers” foram utilizados para a detecção do OFV por RT-PCR e para a marcação com digoxigenina de sondas para hibridização. A variabilidade de um fragmento do gene da capa protéica deste vírus foi estudada por polimorfismo conformacional de fita simples ("Single strand conformational polymorphism" – SSCP) e seqüenciamento de nucleotídeos. Quarenta e oito amostras de 18 gêneros de orquídeas foram coletadas no Brasil, Costa Rica e Austrália. As análises dos padrões de SSCP resultaram em seis haplótipos diferentes e em agrupamentos baseados na origem geográfica das amostras. Amostras representando cada um desses padrões foram seqüenciadas e comparadas com aquelas disponíveis no GenBank. A análise de SSCP provou ser eficiente para fornecer informações preliminares sobre a variabilidade do OFV. No entanto, apenas através do seqüenciamento de nucleotídeos das amostras foi possível determinar a real variabilidade das mesmas. / Orchid fleck virus (OFV), transmitted by the mite Brevipalpus californicus, causes chlorotic and necrotic ringspots in many orchid genera and was reported in several countries. The diagnosis of the Orchid fleck disease has been performed by symptomatology, transmission electon microscopy, serology or RT-PCR. Even though the molecular tests are usually more efficient and specific than other methods, the available primers did not always detect the OFV in low concentrations or sometimes amplified healthy plant samples. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene (cp) available in the GenBank, new primers were designed. These primers amplified a 326 pb specific OFV fragment and were used for RT-PCR and as hybridization probes. The variability of a fragment of the cp of this virus was investigated by “single strad conformational polymorphism (SSCP)” and nucleotide sequencing. Forty eight samples of 18 genera of orchids were collected from Brazil, Costa Rica and Australia. The SSCP analysis resulted in six different haplotypes and demonstrated a clustering in samples based on geographical origin. Samples representing the different SSCP patterns were sequenced and compared with those available in the GenBank. The SSCP analysis proved to be efficient to provide preliminary information about OFV variability. However, only through nucleotide sequencing it was possible to determine the actual variability amongst the samples.

A wide majority of orchid populations are decreasing due to habitat fragmentation and to changes in land management. Population size, density and habitat quality are factors that are expected to be positively related to the viability and future growth of a population. We evaluated if population size, density and soil organic matter were good predictors of growth, survival, flowering, recruitment, and growth rate in 18 populations of the long-lived orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. We followed the populations for four years. Recruitment in 2020 increased with population size, and survival in 2018 was higher in denser populations. However, flowering probability and number of flowers both decreased with population size in 2018. Soil organic matter did not significantly influence any vital rate. In total, the studied population factors could explain very little of the variation in demography. The matrix modelling showed that 14 of the 18 populations had a positive stochastic growth rate, even with an increased probability of summer drought (scenario with 50% of the years equal to the dry summer of 2018). In the populations with negative growth rate, the probability of quasi-extinction in the next 50 years varied from 90 to 100%. Declining populations were characterized by low survival following the dry year. In sum, population size, density and soil organic matter did not convincingly explain variation in growth rate of G. conopsea, suggesting that other environmental factors are responsible of governing variation in vitals rates and population dynamics.

L’Afrique centrale atlantique (ACA) englobe l’ensemble du domaine bas-guinéen, les îles du Golfe de Guinée et une partie de l’archipel afromontagnard. Plusieurs centres d’endémisme ont été identifiés en son sein et sont généralement considérés comme liés à la présence de refuges forestiers durant les périodes glaciaires. Cependant, l’origine de cet endémisme, sa localisation et les méthodes permettant d’identifier ces centres restent controversées. La localisation de ces zones d’endémisme et des plantes rares qu’elles abritent, est pourtant un prérequis indispensable pour la mise en place de politiques cohérentes de conservation et demeure une priorité pour les organisations privées, institutionnelles ou gouvernementales actives dans la gestion et le maintien durable de la biodiversité.<p><p>Cette étude phytogéographique porte sur la famille des Orchidaceae et est basée sur l’analyse de la distribution des taxons endémiques de l’ACA. Elle s’appuie sur un jeu de données original résultant d’un effort d’échantillonnage important au Cameroun et d’un travail d’identification et de localisation de spécimens dans les principaux herbaria européens abritant des collections d’ACA. Durant cette étude, (i) nous avons tout d’abord identifié ces taxons endémiques et documenté leur distribution au travers de plusieurs contributions taxonomiques et floristiques, (ii) nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé aux nouvelles méthodes permettant d’analyser ces données d’herbier de plantes rares et donc pauvrement documentées, testant aussi l’intérêt des Orchidaceae comme marqueurs chorologiques, et finalement, appliquant ces méthodes à notre jeu de données, (iii) nous avons délimité des centres d’endémisme et identifié les territoires phytogéographiques des Orchidaceae en ACA.<p><p>(i) Une révision taxonomique des genres Chamaeangis Schltr. et Stolzia Schltr. a été réalisée respectivement. Sept nouveaux taxons ont été décrits: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo et Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Plusieurs notes taxonomiques, phytogéographiques et écologiques supplémentaires ont également été redigées. Au total, nous avons identifié 203 taxons d’Orchidaceae endémiques d’ACA parmi lesquels 193 sont pris en compte pour l’étude des patrons d’endémisme.<p><p>(ii) Au Cameroun, les patrons de distribution des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae endémiques d’ACA ont été étudiés conjointement. Des méthodes de rééchantillonnage des données (raréfaction) ont été appliquées pour calculer des indices de diversité et de similarité. Elles ont permis de corriger les biais liés à la variation de l’effort d’échantillonnage. Un gradient de continentalité a été observé, les parties côtières étant les plus riches en taxons endémiques d’ACA. Contrairement à la région du Mont Cameroun et aux massifs de Kupe/Bakossi qui ont connu une attention particulière des politiques et des scientifiques, la partie côtière du sud Cameroun, presque aussi riche, reste mal inventoriée pour plusieurs familles végétales.<p><p>Cette analyse à l’échelle du Cameroun a également permis de comparer les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae. Les différences observées seraient principalement dues à la présence d’Orchidaceae terrestres dans les végétations basses et les prairies montagnardes de la dorsale camerounaise alors que les Rubiaceae sont généralement peu représentées dans ces habitats. Au sein des habitats forestiers, la concordance entre les patrons d’endémisme des Orchidaceae et des Rubiaceae remet en question l’utilisation des capacités de dispersion des espèces comme critère pour choisir les familles permettant l’identification des refuges forestiers et semble ainsi confirmer la pertinence de l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique.<p><p>La distribution potentielle a été utilisée pour étudier en détail l’écologie, la distribution et le statut de conservation de Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. une Orchidaceae endémique de la région guinéo-congolaise uniquement connue d’un faible nombre d’échantillons. Cette méthodologie semble appropriée pour compléter nos connaissances sur la distribution des espèces rares et guider les futurs inventaires en Afrique tropicale.<p><p>(iii) En ACA, les Orchidaceae permettent d’identifier plusieurs centres d’endémisme qui coïncident généralement avec ceux identifiés précédemment pour d’autres familles végétales. Ces constats supportent aussi l’utilisation des Orchidaceae comme marqueur chorologique. La délimitation des aires d’endémisme des Orchidaceae a ainsi permis de proposer une nouvelle carte phytogéographique de l’ACA. Les éléments phytogéographiques propres à chacune des dix phytochories décrites ont été identifiés et leurs affinités floristiques discutées. Les résultats phytogéographiques obtenus (a) soutiennent l’existence d’une barrière phytogéographique matérialisée par la rivière Sanaga entre les deux principaux centres et aires d’endémisme de l’ACA, (b) étendent l’archipel afromontagnard situé principalement au Cameroun au plateau de Jos (Nigeria) et (c) montrent l’importance de la chaîne montagneuse morcelée Ngovayang-Mayombe pour la distribution de l’endémisme en ACA. Cette chaîne de montagne, qui s’étend le long des côtes de l’océan du sud Cameroun au Congo-Brazzaville et qui correspond à plusieurs refuges forestiers identifiés par de nombreux auteurs, est ici considérée comme une seule aire d’endémisme morcelée./<p>Atlantic central Africa (ACA) covers the Lower Guinean Domain, the four islands of the Gulf of Guinea and a part of the afromontane archipelago. Different centres of endemism have been identified into this area and are usually considered as related to glacial forest refuges. However, the origin of this endemism, the localization of the centres and the methods employed to identify these centres are subject to debate. Yet, the localization of these centres of endemism and the identification of the rare plants they harbor is an essential prerequisite to setting up rational conservation policies, and remains a priority for private, institutional and governmental organizations which are dealing with the sustainable management of biodiversity.<p><p>This phytogeographical study focuses on Orchidaceae and analyses the distribution of the taxa endemic to ACA. We use an original dataset resulting from an important sampling efforts and the identification of specimens coming from all the principal herbaria where collections from ACA are housed. During this study, (i) we first identified the taxa endemic to ACA and documented their distribution through several taxonomic and floristic contributions, (ii) we used and developed new methods allowing to correct for sampling bias associated with the use of rare and poorly documented taxa, testing at the same time the use of Orchidaceae as chorological markers, and finally, applying these methods to our dataset, (iii) we delimited the centres of endemism and identified the phytogeographical territories of Orchidaceae in ACA.<p><p>(i) A taxonomic revision of Chamaeangis Schltr. and Stolzia Schltr. respectively was carried out. Seven new taxa were described: Angraecum atlanticum Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis spiralis Stévart & Droissart, Chamaeangis lecomtei (Finet) Schltr. var. tenuicalcar Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya engogensis Stévart & Droissart, Polystachya reticulata Stévart & Droissart, Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo and Stolzia grandiflora P.J.Cribb subsp. lejolyana Stévart, Droissart & Simo. Several additional taxonomic, phytogeographical and ecological notes were also published. We finally identified 203 Orchidaceae taxa endemic to ACA, among which 193 were used to study the patterns of endemism.<p><p>(ii) In Cameroon, the distribution patterns of both Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae endemic to ACA were studied. Subsampling methods (rarefaction) were applied to calculate diversity and similarity indices and to correct potential bias associated with heterogeneous sampling intensity. A gradient of continentality was confirmed in Cameroon, the coastal part being the richest in taxa endemic to ACA. The Cameroon Mountain and the Kupe/Bakossi mountain massifs have received a great consideration of politics and scientists. On the contrary, the Southern coastal part of Cameroon, though almost as rich as the Northern part, remains poorly known for several plant families.<p>This analysis also allowed us to compare patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae. The differences observed could be mainly due to the terrestrial habit of some Orchidaceae, which are only found in the grasslands of the highest part of the Cameroonian volcanic line where endemic Rubiaceae are rare. Within forest habitats, the concordance between the patterns of endemism of Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae question the widespread use of dispersal ability as a selection criterion for the families used to identify forest refuges. This also confirms the relevance of Orchidaceae as chorological marker.<p><p>Species distribution modelling was used of an in depth study of the ecology, the distribution and the conservation status of Diceratostele gabonensis Summerh. an Orchidaceae endemic to the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism which is only known from very few collections. This method is proved to be appropriate to complete our knowledge on the distribution of rare plant species and to guide the future inventories in tropical Africa.<p><p>(iii) In ACA, an analysis of the distribution of endemic Orchidaceae confirmed the presence and location of several centres of endemism previously identified on the basis of other plant families. This result again supports the use of Orchidaceae as a chorological marker. The chorological study of the endemic Orchidaceae allowed us to propose a new phytogeographical map for ACA. Phytogeographical elements for each of the ten phytochoria described were identified and their floristic affinities were also discussed. Our results (a) support the existence of a phytogeographical barrier, materialized by the Sanaga River, between the two main centres and area of endemism of the ACA, (b) extend the limits of the afromontane archipelago to the Jos Plateau in Nigeria and (c) show the importance of the Ngovayang-Mayombe line to explain the distribution of endemism in ACA. This mountainous line, stretching along the ocean coast from Southern Cameroon to Congo-Brazzaville, corresponds to several forest refuges identified by many authors, and is here considered as an unique but discontinuous area of endemism.<p><p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished