<p><p>This thesis concerns design and construction of an ultra high vacuum chamber to fabricate and characterize spintronic devices.  The long term intention is to fabricate spin valve structures with V[TCNE]₂ (hybrid organic inorganic semiconductor room temperature magnet) sandwiched between two ferromagnetic electrodes, which requires better than 10^-8mbar of vacuum. Due to an uncured leak in the chamber, the current vacuum is limited to 4*10^-7mbar. The V[TCNE]₂ thin film prepared in this vacuum, oxidized completely  by  the presence of oxygen during the film growth. Organic magnetoresistance (OMAR) devices which are simple organic diode structures were fabricated and characterized, as they are compatible with high vacuum conditions. A magnetoresistance measurement set up was arranged and the possible problems in fabrication and characterization are analyzed.</p><p> </p><p>To fabricate OMAR devices-ITO/P3HT/Al, RR-P3HT (regio regular poly (3-hexylthiophene)) an effective hole transport polymer with higher hole mobilities was used as an active layer and Al (aluminum) as a cathode. A thermal evaporation setup was added to the vacuum chamber to evaporate Al electrodes. The devices were kept in argon and vacuum environments, while characterizing in dark to suppress the exitons generated by photo illumination. The Organic magnetoconductance of about 1% is observed for the less concentration P3HT (3mg/1ml), and significantly improved to -23% for the high concentration P3HT (10mg/ml) solution. The results support that the negative magnetoconductance is due to the formation of bipolaron under the influence of an external magnetic field.</p><p> </p><p>Finally, suggestions to improve the performance of the vacuum chamber to fabricate and characterize the spintronic devices and OMAR devices are presented.</p></p>

This thesis concerns design and construction of an ultra high vacuum chamber to fabricate and characterize spintronic devices.  The long term intention is to fabricate spin valve structures with V[TCNE]2 (hybrid organic inorganic semiconductor room temperature magnet) sandwiched between two ferromagnetic electrodes, which requires better than 10-8mbar of vacuum. Due to an uncured leak in the chamber, the current vacuum is limited to 4*10-7mbar. The V[TCNE]2 thin film prepared in this vacuum, oxidized completely  by  the presence of oxygen during the film growth. Organic magnetoresistance (OMAR) devices which are simple organic diode structures were fabricated and characterized, as they are compatible with high vacuum conditions. A magnetoresistance measurement set up was arranged and the possible problems in fabrication and characterization are analyzed.   To fabricate OMAR devices-ITO/P3HT/Al, RR-P3HT (regio regular poly (3-hexylthiophene)) an effective hole transport polymer with higher hole mobilities was used as an active layer and Al (aluminum) as a cathode. A thermal evaporation setup was added to the vacuum chamber to evaporate Al electrodes. The devices were kept in argon and vacuum environments, while characterizing in dark to suppress the exitons generated by photo illumination. The Organic magnetoconductance of about 1% is observed for the less concentration P3HT (3mg/1ml), and significantly improved to -23% for the high concentration P3HT (10mg/ml) solution. The results support that the negative magnetoconductance is due to the formation of bipolaron under the influence of an external magnetic field.   Finally, suggestions to improve the performance of the vacuum chamber to fabricate and characterize the spintronic devices and OMAR devices are presented.

Os objetivos do presente trabalho consistem na síntese de dois polímeros - poli(2,1,3-benzotiadiazol-4,7-ilenovinileno-alt-9,9-n-dioctil-2,7-fluorenilenovinileno) (PBTDV-alt-PDO27FV) e poli[4,7-(2,1,3-benzotiadiazolileno)-alt-(2,5-dioctilóxi-1,4- fenilenovinileno)] (PBTDV-alt-PDOPPV) - cinco oligômeros - 4,7-bis(2-(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoren-2-il)vinil)2,1,3-benzotiadiazol (FBF); 2,7-bis(2-(2,1,3-benzotiadiazol-4-il)vinil)9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoreno (BFB); 4-(2-(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoren-2-il)vinil)2,1,3-benzotiadiazol (FB); 1,2-bis(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoren)2-vinileno (FF) e 2,2\'-(2,2\'-(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoreno)2,7-bis(vinileno)bis(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoreno) (FFF) - e três small molecules - 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-etil-hexil)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']ditiofen-2,6-diil)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5\'-hexil-[2\'-tiofeno-2\'-tiazol]-5-il)benzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol (G37FBT); 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-etil-hexil)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']ditiofen-2,6-diil)bis(6-fluoro-4-(2\'-isobutil-[5\',2\'-ditiazol])-5-il)benzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol (J1) e 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-etil-hexil)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']ditiofen-2,6-diil)bis(5\'-hexil-[2,2\'-bitiofeno]-5- bis(il)benzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol) (J2) - seguida da aplicação desses materiais em dispositivos fotovoltaicos e magnetorresistivos e em sensores de gás. Os polímeros e oligômeros preparados são derivados de poli(p-fenilenovinileno) e contêm unidades de fluoreno e/ou 2,1,3-benzotiadiazol, tendo sido empregada, na etapa final de cada síntese, reação de Wittig visando ao acoplamento e à formação das duplas vinilênicas. As small molecules, preparadas por meio de sucessivas formações de organo-estananas e reações de Stille, também foram sintetizadas com sucesso e em rendimentos apreciáveis. A espécie J2 não foi preparada com sucesso, obtendo-se, em contrapartida, um análogo dessa molécula, que foi devidamente isolado e caracterizado. No que tange à aplicação dos materiais em dispositivos fotovoltaicos, os resultados até então obtidos mostraram-se inconclusivos, sendo digno de nota, no entanto, que o estudo continua sendo conduzido por colaboradores. O trabalho de aplicação dos materiais em dispositivos magnetorresistivos apresentou resultados interessantes para os oligômeros FBF, BFB, FFF e FF, visto que dispositivos fabricados a partir das referidas espécies mostraram variação em seus valores de corrente elétrica quando submetidos a campo magnético de 200 mT. Por fim, foram desenvolvidos narizes eletrônicos com duas finalidades distintas: (a) identificação de diferentes espécies de madeira de interesse ambiental e (b) estudo da influência da atividade física no indivíduo por meio da análise do suor. Os sensores de gás foram preparados por meio da deposição de finos filmes de materiais orgânicos conjugados dopados sobre a superfície de eletrodos interdigitados. No estudo acerca da identificação de espécies de madeira, a análise de leave-one-out revelou 100 % de taxa de acerto na diferenciação entre as espécies angelim, cedro-rosa, imbuia e perobinha. O estudo da influência da atividade física no indivíduo também se mostrou promissor na medida em que identificou os diferentes estágios do exercício físico com taxa de acerto de 93 %, também definida pela técnica estatística de leave-one-out. / The present work consists on the synthesis of two polymers - poly(2,1,3- benzothiadiazole-4,7-ylenevinylene-alt-9,9-n-dioctyl-2,7-fluorenylenevinylene) (PBTDV-alt-PDO27FV) and poly[4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-ylene)-alt-(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)] (PBTDV-alt-PDOPPV) - five oligomers - 4,7-bis(2-(9,9-n-dioctyl- 9H-fluorene-2-yl)vinyl)2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (FBF); 2,7-bis(2-(2,1,3- benzothiadiazole-4-yl)vinyl)9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene (BFB); 4-(2-(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene-2-yl)vinyl)2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (FB); 1,2-bis(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene)2- vinylene (FF) and 2,2\'-(2,2\'-(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene)2,7-bis(vinylene)bis(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene) (FFF) - and three small molecules - 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5\'-hexyl-[2\'-thiophene-2\'- thiazole]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (G37FBT); 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(2\'-isobutyl-[5\',2\'-dithiazole]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (J1) and 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(5\'-hexyl-[2,2-bithiophene]-5-bis(yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole) (J2) - followed by the application of such materials in organic photovoltaics (OPV), magnetoresistive devices and gas sensors. The polymers and oligomers are all poli(p-phenylenevinylene)s derivatives containing 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and/or substituted fluorene units in the main chain. Those materials\' preparation comprises a coupling Wittig reaction as the key step, through which the vinylenic bonds are formed. The small molecules mentioned above were synthesized by successive organostannane preparations followed by cross-coupling Stille reactions, leading to the target-compounds in considerably high yields. Although the route is a very useful methodology for synthesizing organic conjugated small molecules, J2 was not successfully prepared. The reaction led to a J2 analogue instead, that was properly isolated and characterized. The application of the cited materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is still in progress, since the study has shown inconclusive results so far. The study of the organic magnetoresistive properties of the synthesized materials has led to interesting results for the oligomers FBF, BFB, FFF and FF. The devices containing those compounds in their active layers presented considerable variations in their electric current values when submitted to a magnetic field of 150 mT magnitude. Finally, electronic noses for two different applications were developed: (a) the identification of wood species that can be easily mistaken and (b) the study of exercise physiology through analyses of sweat samples. The gas sensors were prepared by the deposition of doped organic conjugated materials thin films onto the surface of intedigitated electrodes. The study on the differentiation of several species of wood showed 100 % rate of hits determined by leave-one-out statistics analysis. The study on the exercise physiology was also promising since it allowed the identification of the three different stages of the physical exercise with a 93 % rate of hits, also determined by leave-one-out methods. Thus, both studies suggest that the electronic nose can be a powerful tool to study many different targets in which the release of volatile compounds is involved

Os objetivos do presente trabalho consistem na síntese de dois polímeros - poli(2,1,3-benzotiadiazol-4,7-ilenovinileno-alt-9,9-n-dioctil-2,7-fluorenilenovinileno) (PBTDV-alt-PDO27FV) e poli[4,7-(2,1,3-benzotiadiazolileno)-alt-(2,5-dioctilóxi-1,4- fenilenovinileno)] (PBTDV-alt-PDOPPV) - cinco oligômeros - 4,7-bis(2-(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoren-2-il)vinil)2,1,3-benzotiadiazol (FBF); 2,7-bis(2-(2,1,3-benzotiadiazol-4-il)vinil)9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoreno (BFB); 4-(2-(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoren-2-il)vinil)2,1,3-benzotiadiazol (FB); 1,2-bis(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoren)2-vinileno (FF) e 2,2\'-(2,2\'-(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoreno)2,7-bis(vinileno)bis(9,9-n-dioctil-9H-fluoreno) (FFF) - e três small molecules - 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-etil-hexil)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']ditiofen-2,6-diil)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5\'-hexil-[2\'-tiofeno-2\'-tiazol]-5-il)benzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol (G37FBT); 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-etil-hexil)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']ditiofen-2,6-diil)bis(6-fluoro-4-(2\'-isobutil-[5\',2\'-ditiazol])-5-il)benzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol (J1) e 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-etil-hexil)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']ditiofen-2,6-diil)bis(5\'-hexil-[2,2\'-bitiofeno]-5- bis(il)benzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol) (J2) - seguida da aplicação desses materiais em dispositivos fotovoltaicos e magnetorresistivos e em sensores de gás. Os polímeros e oligômeros preparados são derivados de poli(p-fenilenovinileno) e contêm unidades de fluoreno e/ou 2,1,3-benzotiadiazol, tendo sido empregada, na etapa final de cada síntese, reação de Wittig visando ao acoplamento e à formação das duplas vinilênicas. As small molecules, preparadas por meio de sucessivas formações de organo-estananas e reações de Stille, também foram sintetizadas com sucesso e em rendimentos apreciáveis. A espécie J2 não foi preparada com sucesso, obtendo-se, em contrapartida, um análogo dessa molécula, que foi devidamente isolado e caracterizado. No que tange à aplicação dos materiais em dispositivos fotovoltaicos, os resultados até então obtidos mostraram-se inconclusivos, sendo digno de nota, no entanto, que o estudo continua sendo conduzido por colaboradores. O trabalho de aplicação dos materiais em dispositivos magnetorresistivos apresentou resultados interessantes para os oligômeros FBF, BFB, FFF e FF, visto que dispositivos fabricados a partir das referidas espécies mostraram variação em seus valores de corrente elétrica quando submetidos a campo magnético de 200 mT. Por fim, foram desenvolvidos narizes eletrônicos com duas finalidades distintas: (a) identificação de diferentes espécies de madeira de interesse ambiental e (b) estudo da influência da atividade física no indivíduo por meio da análise do suor. Os sensores de gás foram preparados por meio da deposição de finos filmes de materiais orgânicos conjugados dopados sobre a superfície de eletrodos interdigitados. No estudo acerca da identificação de espécies de madeira, a análise de leave-one-out revelou 100 % de taxa de acerto na diferenciação entre as espécies angelim, cedro-rosa, imbuia e perobinha. O estudo da influência da atividade física no indivíduo também se mostrou promissor na medida em que identificou os diferentes estágios do exercício físico com taxa de acerto de 93 %, também definida pela técnica estatística de leave-one-out. / The present work consists on the synthesis of two polymers - poly(2,1,3- benzothiadiazole-4,7-ylenevinylene-alt-9,9-n-dioctyl-2,7-fluorenylenevinylene) (PBTDV-alt-PDO27FV) and poly[4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-ylene)-alt-(2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)] (PBTDV-alt-PDOPPV) - five oligomers - 4,7-bis(2-(9,9-n-dioctyl- 9H-fluorene-2-yl)vinyl)2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (FBF); 2,7-bis(2-(2,1,3- benzothiadiazole-4-yl)vinyl)9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene (BFB); 4-(2-(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene-2-yl)vinyl)2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (FB); 1,2-bis(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene)2- vinylene (FF) and 2,2\'-(2,2\'-(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene)2,7-bis(vinylene)bis(9,9-n-dioctyl-9H-fluorene) (FFF) - and three small molecules - 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5\'-hexyl-[2\'-thiophene-2\'- thiazole]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (G37FBT); 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(2\'-isobutyl-[5\',2\'-dithiazole]-5-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (J1) and 7,7\'-(4,4-bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b-:4,5-b\']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(5\'-hexyl-[2,2-bithiophene]-5-bis(yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole) (J2) - followed by the application of such materials in organic photovoltaics (OPV), magnetoresistive devices and gas sensors. The polymers and oligomers are all poli(p-phenylenevinylene)s derivatives containing 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and/or substituted fluorene units in the main chain. Those materials\' preparation comprises a coupling Wittig reaction as the key step, through which the vinylenic bonds are formed. The small molecules mentioned above were synthesized by successive organostannane preparations followed by cross-coupling Stille reactions, leading to the target-compounds in considerably high yields. Although the route is a very useful methodology for synthesizing organic conjugated small molecules, J2 was not successfully prepared. The reaction led to a J2 analogue instead, that was properly isolated and characterized. The application of the cited materials in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is still in progress, since the study has shown inconclusive results so far. The study of the organic magnetoresistive properties of the synthesized materials has led to interesting results for the oligomers FBF, BFB, FFF and FF. The devices containing those compounds in their active layers presented considerable variations in their electric current values when submitted to a magnetic field of 150 mT magnitude. Finally, electronic noses for two different applications were developed: (a) the identification of wood species that can be easily mistaken and (b) the study of exercise physiology through analyses of sweat samples. The gas sensors were prepared by the deposition of doped organic conjugated materials thin films onto the surface of intedigitated electrodes. The study on the differentiation of several species of wood showed 100 % rate of hits determined by leave-one-out statistics analysis. The study on the exercise physiology was also promising since it allowed the identification of the three different stages of the physical exercise with a 93 % rate of hits, also determined by leave-one-out methods. Thus, both studies suggest that the electronic nose can be a powerful tool to study many different targets in which the release of volatile compounds is involved

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No. of bitstreams: 1 nunesneto_o_dr_bauru.pdf: 4276326 bytes, checksum: e73a2086ffde0d12d2f5875fb168f8c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Materiais e dispositivos baseados em compostos orgânicos desempenham um importante papel em diversas áreas da aplicação tecnológica devido às suas interessantes propriedades eletro-magneto- ópticas, adicionadas às suas características mecânicas únicas, facilidade de processamento, versatilidade de síntese e baixo custo relativo. Apesar do proeminente campo de aplicação destes materiais, muitos aspectos associados à sua ciência básica são ainda pouco compreendidos. Nesse cenário destaca-se o fenômeno de Magnetoresistência Orgânica (OMAR, da sigla em inglês). Tal fenômeno encontra-se associado a variações significativas da condutividade elétrica de dispositivos orgânicos induzidas por pequenos campos magnéticos externos em temperatura ambiente e tem sido observado em diversificados materiais poliméricos e moleculares. No presente trabalho avaliou-se o fenômeno de OMAR apresentado por um Diodo Emissor de Luz baseado na molécula de Alq3. Medidas de Espectroscopia de Impedância Elétrica na presença de um Campo Magnético estático externo (EIE-CM) foram realizadas sobre o referido dispositivo para diferentes temperaturas. Métodos diferenciados de aquisição e manipulação de dados foram empregados a fim de remover a dependência temporal dos sinais tipicamente observados. Os seguintes Efeitos de Campo Magnético (MFE, da sigla em inglês) foram observados sobre a resposta elétrica do dispositivo: (i) redução de cerca de 1% na resistência, efeito praticamente constante para todo o espectro de frequência e; (ii) variações significativas na capacitância, com intensificação do efeito de Capacitância Negativa em baixas frequências. Como suporte para a interpretação dos resultados experimentais foram realizadas simulações empregando-se duas abordagens: Circuitos Equivalentes e Análise de perturbações de pequenos sinais (em inglês, Small Signal Analysis ) via soluções numéricas das equações de transporte de Boltzmann numa aproximação por Drift-Diffusion empregando-se dispositivos simplificados. As análises sugerem que os MFE evidenciados podem estar associados a um aumento da mobilidade efetiva dos portadores de carga e a uma redução na taxa de recombinação bimolecular no dispositivo. Os resultados foram interpretados em termos dos modelos atualmente aceitos para o fenômeno de OMAR. Esta tese também apresenta um estudo de processos de geração e transferência de carga em corantes Cianinas, materiais promissores para aplicações em células solares com absorção no infravermelho. Técnicas de Ressonância de Spin Eletrônico induzida por Luz foram empregadas em blendas destes corantes com o polímero MEH-PPV e com o fulereno (C60) a fim de avaliar, respectivamente, o caráter aceitador e doador de elétrons das Cianinas. / Materials and devices based on organic compounds play an important role in various technological applications, mainly due to their interesting electrical-magneto-optical properties combined with their unique mechanical properties, easy processing, versatility of synthesis and relatively low cost. Despite the prominent application field of these materials many aspects associated with their basic science are still not well understood. In this context the Organic Magnetoresistance phenomenon (OMAR) deserves to be highlighted. This phenomenon is associated with significant changes in the electrical conductivity of organic devices induced by the presence of small external magnetic fields at room temperature, being observed in various polymeric and molecular materials. In this study we have investigated the OMAR phenomenon in Alq3-based OLEDs. Electrical impedance spectroscopy technique in the presence of an external static magnetic field (EIS-MF) was employed in the experiments; distinct temperatures were considered. Differentiated methods of acquisition and data manipulation were employed to remove the typically observed signal time dependence. The following magnetic field effects (MFE) were observed on the electrical response of the device: (i) a constant reduction of around 1% in the resistance over the entire frequency spectrum and; (ii) significant changes in the capacitance followed by an intensification of the negative capacitance effect at low frequencies. Simulations employing two different approaches were carried out for the interpretation of the experimental results: (i) Equivalent Circuits and (ii) Small Signal Analysis via numerical solutions of the Boltzmann transport equations by Drift-Diffusion approach. The results suggest that the observed MFE can be associated with an increase in the effective mobility of the charge carriers and a reduction in the bimolecular recombination rate in the device. The results were interpreted in terms of the currently accepted models for the OMAR phenomenon. This thesis also presents a study about generation and charge transfer processes in cyanine dyes (near infrared absorbing compounds) which are promising materials for applications in solar cells. Light induced Electron Spin Resonance (L-ESR) technique was employed to study the presence/formation of paramagnetic centers in blends of these dyes with MEH-PPV polymer and fullerene (C60) to evaluate, respectively, the electron acceptor and donor character of cyanine dyes. / FAPESP: 2011/21830-6 / CNPq: 204432/2013-8