L'électrodialyse peut être utilisée pour traiter des effluents salins contenant de la matière organique. La compréhension des mécanismes de transfert (eau, ions, espèces organiques) à travers les membranes échangeuses d'ions et particulièrement l'influence de la composition ionique est un point clé vis-à-vis des performances du procédé. L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude du transfert et la relation avec les performances de dessalement. Les nombres d'hydratation des ions sont tout d'abord calculés à partir des mesures du transfert des ions et de l'eau. Ils sont indépendants du courant et de la composition saline. La comparaison avec des valeurs de la littérature montre que les membranes ont peu d'effet sur l'hydratation des ions. Le transfert d'espèces organiques est ensuite étudié pour différentes compositions salines. Outre la diffusion, une contribution additionnelle est mise en évidence (convection pour les espèces neutres, migration pour les espèces chargées). Pour les espèces neutres, diffusion et convection sont du même ordre de grandeur et fixées par l'effet stérique. Des tendances inverses sont obtenues concernant l'hydratation des ions, la diffusion étant limitée par les modifications des membranes, la convection étant limitée par l'hydratation des espèces organiques en solution. Pour les espèces chargées, la migration domine la diffusion, les deux contributions étant influencées par la présence de sel. Les performances de dessalement sont enfin discutées sur la base d'un modèle phénoménologique à 4 paramètres liés au transfert de l'eau, des ions et des espèces organiques. La robustesse du modèle est validée pour différentes conditions. Ce travail montre que l'électrodialyse est une technologie très prometteuse pour le dessalement d'effluents contenant de la matière organique. / Electrodialysis can be used to treat saline water containing organic solute, separating organic solutes from salt. The understanding of salt, water and organic solute transfer through ion- exchange membranes and especially the influence of salt composition is a key factor regarding the process performances. The aim of the Thesis is to investigate the mass transfer and the relationship with the desalination performance. Firstly, hydration numbers of individual ion transferring through the membranes are computed based on experimental measurements of ion- water flux. They are independent from the salt compositions and current. Comparison with literatures values shows that the membranes have a weak influence on the ion hydration. Secondly, the transfer of different organic solutes is investigated with different salt compositions. Two contributions are pointed out, diffusion and additional one (convection for neutral solute, migration for charged one). For neutral solutes, diffusion and convection are comparable and both fixed by steric effect. Ion hydration leads to reversed trend for diffusion due to membrane swelling and convection due to solute dehydration. For charged solute, migration is more important than diffusion, both being influenced by the presence of salt. Then, desalination performance is discussed based on a phenomenological model, consisting of 4 parameters, related to ion, water and organic solute transfer respectively. The robustness of the model is demonstrated for different conditions. This work shows that electrodialysis can be a very promising process for the desalination of saline water containing organic solutes.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-25T12:32:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Henrique Costa do Nascimento.pdf: 1093774 bytes, checksum: eb85afbd1a40d83514ec8248cffd373e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T12:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Henrique Costa do Nascimento.pdf: 1093774 bytes, checksum: eb85afbd1a40d83514ec8248cffd373e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of the present work was to analyze the growth, water relations, gas exchange and quantification of organic solutes of jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) seedlings under water deficit. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse conditions at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, between August 2007 and January 2008, with trial period of 105 days. The plants were cultivated in vases with 8 kg of soil from where the seeds were collected. Randomized blocks were used as experimental design, with four water treatments (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of the field capacity) and six replicates. Plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter were evaluated weekly. At the end of the experimental period, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaves, stem, root and total dry matter production and the biomass allocation to the several organs were determined. The leaf water potential was evaluated in three times (35, 70 and 105 days after differentiation) in two hours of evaluation (antemanhã and midday). The relative water content was measured only at the end of the experiment, using the leaves used in the analysis of midday leaf water potential. Temperature and relative humidity measures were taken daily inside the greenhouse for the calculation of the water deficit pressure. Transpiration and diffusive resistance were evaluated fortnightly. At the end of the experiment were measured the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins and free proline. The water deficit affected the plant growth reducing plant height, stem diameter and dry matter production of all organs when cultivated in water levels with less than 50% of the field capacity. The number of leaves decreased in all stress levels when compared to 100% of field capacity. However, the pattern of biomass allocation, root:shoot ratio, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were not affected by the stress. The applied water stress influenced the water relations of plants, restricting significantly the leaf water potential and relative water content, which are highly correlated. We observed significant increases in levels of organic solutes, according to the severity of the treatments, and proline, the organic solute that showed greater sensitivity to water deficit. The number of leaves was the variable more sensible to stress. Jatobá seedlings do not paralyze their growth when cultivated in soil with low water availability in theirinitial development stage. However its growth is severely affected by water levels less than 50% of water retention capacity in the soil. Overall, 35 days of exposure to 50% of the field capacity, do not affect the water potential of seedlings of jatobá, suggesting that the species is able to tolerate moderate stress, during the period. Finally the variables were good physiological indicators because easily indicated differences between the treatments. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar o crescimento, relações hídricas, trocas gasosas e a quantificação dos solutos orgânicos de mudas de jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) sob déficit hídrico. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação do Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, entre agosto de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, com período experimental de 105 dias. As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 8 kg de solo oriundo do local de coleta das sementes. Foram utilizados blocos casualizados como delineamento experimental, com quatro tratamentos hídricos (100%, 75%, 50% e 25% da capacidade de pote) e seis repetições. Semanalmente foram avaliados a altura das plantas, o número de folhas e o diâmetro do caule. Ao final do período experimental, foram determinadas a área foliar, a razão de área foliar e a área foliar específica, a produção de matéria seca das folhas, caule, raízes e total e a alocação de biomassa para as folhas, caule e raízes. O potencial hídrico foliar foi avaliado em três épocas (35, 70 e 105 dias após a diferenciação dos tratamentos) em dois horários de avaliação (antemanhã e meio-dia). O teor relativo de água foi avaliado apenas ao termino do experimento, utilizando-se as folhas utilizadas nas análises do potencial hídrico de meio-dia. Diariamente foram tomadas medidas da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no interior da casa de vegetação para o calculo do déficit de pressão de vapor d água. Também foram avaliadas, quinzenalmente, a transpiração e a resistência difusiva. Ao final do experimento foram quantificadas as concentrações de carboidratos solúveis, proteínas solúveis e prolina livre. O déficit hídrico afetou o crescimento das plantas quanto à altura, diâmetro do caule e produção de matéria seca para os diversos órgãos quando cultivadas em níveis a partir de 50% da CP. O número de folhas reduziu em todos os níveis de estresse, quando comparados com o tratamento 100% da CP. O padrão de alocação de biomassa, a relaçãoraiz/parte aérea, a razão de área foliar e a área foliar específica, no entanto, não foram afetados pelo estresse. O estresse hídrico aplicado atuou nas relações hídricas das plantas, restringindo significativamente o potencial hídrico e o teor relativo de água das folhas, e os mesmos, se apresentaram altamente correlacionados. Com o aumento do estresse hídrico observaram-se reduções significativas na transpiração e consequente aumento naresistência difusiva. Foram observados aumentos significativos nos teores de solutos orgânicos, de acordo com a severidade dos tratamentos, sendo a prolina o soluto orgânico que apresentou maior sensibilidade à deficiência hídrica. O número de folhas foi à variável mais sensível ao estresse. Mudas de jatobá não paralisam o seu crescimento quando cultivadas com baixa disponibilidade de água no solo na fase inicial do desenvolvimento. No entanto, seu crescimento é severamente afetado em níveis de água abaixo de 50% da capacidade de retenção de água no solo. De forma geral, as mudas de jatobá cultivadas a 50% da CP, não evidenciam redução no potencial hídrico após 35 dias de exposição ao estresse, sugerindo que a espécie é capaz de tolerar estresses moderados, durante o referido período. Por fim, as variáveis estudadas foram boas indicadoras fisiológicas, pois facilmente refletiram diferenças entre os tratamentos estudados e sugerem que mudas de jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) toleram níveis moderados de seca.