Thesis advisor: Celeste Wells / It has been identified that academic stress is an issue plaguing college undergraduates across the country. A significant amount of academic stress can have a negative impact on both the physical and mental state of the individual. Six elements were identified as contributing to the make up of an individual’s stress profile and as a result, influenced the subsequent impact that academic stress may have on their daily life. Those elements included the following; definitions of stress, reactions to stress, timing, organizational strategies, support group and peer opinions. While the abundance of academic stress observed throughout colleges and universities is discouraging, its prevalence provides a large amount of data. By identifying the factors that contribute to the severity of academic stress, the avenues to a solution were identified as well. This study surveyed 16 participants at a large, private institution known for its academic rigor and competitive undergraduate environment thus rendering it an ideal setting for a study focused on academic stress. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Communication.

As mudanças presentes nos mercados e nas economias mundiais direcionam as empresas para novas formas de atuação, seja em suas estratégias, seja em suas estruturas. Em especial, as atividades e estruturas de marketing ganham atenção nesse processo de adaptação, visto que se constituem em facilitadores da interação entre a empresa e seu ambiente. Nesse contexto, a presente tese teve por objetivo analisar os impactos recíprocos entre estratégias da empresa e estruturas de marketing. Para atingir o objetivo proposto pela tese, realizaram-se uma revisão teórica e um trabalho de campo exploratório. A bibliografia pesquisada foi delimitada dentro de um escopo contingencial e sistêmico. Na revisão da bibliografia, abordaram-se os conceitos relacionados às estratégias e aos níveis estratégicos da empresa: estratégias corporativas, competitivas, funcionais e de marketing. Também foram pesquisados os assuntos ligados às estruturas organizacionais e às estruturas de marketing. Além de empreender essa busca conceitual, a presente tese discutiu os resultados encontrados em estudos anteriores sobre o relacionamento entre estratégias e estruturas, assim como entre estratégias e estruturas de marketing. Por último, a revisão contribuiu com a ideia de hierarquização de múltiplos níveis e sua interpretação nas estruturas de marketing. O trabalho de campo foi realizado por meio de pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa e utilizou o método de estudo de caso encaixado, instrumental e de replicação teórica. A investigação do trabalho de campo ocorreu junto às unidades de análises contidas nas empresas Conexel e Schneider Electric Brasil, ambas pertencentes ao setor de materiais elétricos de instalação. As análises desse estudo de campo foram realizadas em duas etapas: a primeira, com a descrição e a análise individual de cada caso selecionado; a segunda, com a consolidação e a discussão conjunta das análises obtidas individualmente. A replicação teórica dos casos refletiu os conceitos vistos e defendidos na revisão teórica da tese e reforçou as ideias presentes na conclusão do trabalho. Os resultados da tese indicam que as estruturas de marketing são subordinadas às estratégias da empresa. A função marketing não está isolada na organização, e as decisões das áreas de marketing interagem com todas as outras áreas funcionais independentemente dos departamentos envolvidos. Na tese, verificou-se de modo teórico que as estruturas de marketing se alteram conforme o marketing deixa de ser apenas uma área funcional. As estruturas de marketing tentem a migrar para formas mais inovativas quando passam a ser compreendidas como parte das decisões das estratégias da empresa. À medida que as estratégias são formuladas em condições ambientais cada vez mais competitivas, as estruturas de marketing migram para níveis hierárquicos superiores dentro de um sistema de múltiplos níveis. As questões advindas dos insights gerados por este estudo podem contribuir para a geração de parâmetros específicos sobre o tema, como formulação de métricas, categorias e hipóteses necessárias para a condução de novos estudos conclusivos que generalizem as ideias exploradas nesta tese. / The changes in the worldwide markets and economies direct the companies to new forms of actuation, either in their strategies, or in their structures. Particularly, the marketing activities and structures gain attention in this process of adaptation, since they constitute themselves as facilitators of the interaction between the company and its environment. Within this context, the present thesis aimed to analyze the reciprocal impacts between the company´ strategies and the marketing structures. In order to reach objective proposed by the thesis, a theoretical review and an exploratory field work were carried out. The bibliography researched was delimited within a contingential and systemic scope. Upon reviewing the bibliography, the concepts related to the strategies and the strategic levels of the company were discussed: corporate, competitive, functional and marketing strategies. Also, subjects related to organizational and marketing structures were researched. In addition to undertaking this conceptual search, the present thesis discussed the results found in previous studies on the relationship between strategies and structures, as well as between strategies and marketing structures. At last, the study contributed with the idea of hierarchizing the multiple levels and its interpretation in the marketing structures. The field work was carried out through exploratory and qualitative research and used the embedded, instrumental and theoretical replication methods of case study. The investigation of the field work took place in the units of analysis of the companies Conexel and Schneider Electric Brazil, both belonging to the electrical material installation segment. The analyses of this field study were carried out in two phases: the first one, with the individual description and analysis of each selected case; the second one, with the consolidation and joint discussion of the analyses obtained individually. The theoretical replication of the cases reflected the concepts considered and supported in the theoretical review of the thesis and reinforced the ideas presented in the conclusion of this work. The results of this thesis indicate that the marketing structures are subordinated to the company´ strategies. The marketing function is not isolated in the organization and the decisions of the marketing areas interact with all the other functional areas, irrespective of the departments involved. In the thesis, it was verified, in a theoretical way, that the marketing structures are altered as the marketing stops being only a functional area. The marketing structures tend to migrate to more innovative forms when they start to be understood as part of the decisions of the company´ strategies. While the strategies are formulated under more and more competitive environmental conditions, the marketing structures migrate to higher hierarchical levels within a system of multiple levels. The questions arising from the insights generated by this study may contribute to the generation of specific parameters on the subject, such as the formulation of metrics, categories and hypotheses that are necessary to conducting new conclusive studies that generalize the ideas exploited within this thesis.

As mudanças presentes nos mercados e nas economias mundiais direcionam as empresas para novas formas de atuação, seja em suas estratégias, seja em suas estruturas. Em especial, as atividades e estruturas de marketing ganham atenção nesse processo de adaptação, visto que se constituem em facilitadores da interação entre a empresa e seu ambiente. Nesse contexto, a presente tese teve por objetivo analisar os impactos recíprocos entre estratégias da empresa e estruturas de marketing. Para atingir o objetivo proposto pela tese, realizaram-se uma revisão teórica e um trabalho de campo exploratório. A bibliografia pesquisada foi delimitada dentro de um escopo contingencial e sistêmico. Na revisão da bibliografia, abordaram-se os conceitos relacionados às estratégias e aos níveis estratégicos da empresa: estratégias corporativas, competitivas, funcionais e de marketing. Também foram pesquisados os assuntos ligados às estruturas organizacionais e às estruturas de marketing. Além de empreender essa busca conceitual, a presente tese discutiu os resultados encontrados em estudos anteriores sobre o relacionamento entre estratégias e estruturas, assim como entre estratégias e estruturas de marketing. Por último, a revisão contribuiu com a ideia de hierarquização de múltiplos níveis e sua interpretação nas estruturas de marketing. O trabalho de campo foi realizado por meio de pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa e utilizou o método de estudo de caso encaixado, instrumental e de replicação teórica. A investigação do trabalho de campo ocorreu junto às unidades de análises contidas nas empresas Conexel e Schneider Electric Brasil, ambas pertencentes ao setor de materiais elétricos de instalação. As análises desse estudo de campo foram realizadas em duas etapas: a primeira, com a descrição e a análise individual de cada caso selecionado; a segunda, com a consolidação e a discussão conjunta das análises obtidas individualmente. A replicação teórica dos casos refletiu os conceitos vistos e defendidos na revisão teórica da tese e reforçou as ideias presentes na conclusão do trabalho. Os resultados da tese indicam que as estruturas de marketing são subordinadas às estratégias da empresa. A função marketing não está isolada na organização, e as decisões das áreas de marketing interagem com todas as outras áreas funcionais independentemente dos departamentos envolvidos. Na tese, verificou-se de modo teórico que as estruturas de marketing se alteram conforme o marketing deixa de ser apenas uma área funcional. As estruturas de marketing tentem a migrar para formas mais inovativas quando passam a ser compreendidas como parte das decisões das estratégias da empresa. À medida que as estratégias são formuladas em condições ambientais cada vez mais competitivas, as estruturas de marketing migram para níveis hierárquicos superiores dentro de um sistema de múltiplos níveis. As questões advindas dos insights gerados por este estudo podem contribuir para a geração de parâmetros específicos sobre o tema, como formulação de métricas, categorias e hipóteses necessárias para a condução de novos estudos conclusivos que generalizem as ideias exploradas nesta tese. / The changes in the worldwide markets and economies direct the companies to new forms of actuation, either in their strategies, or in their structures. Particularly, the marketing activities and structures gain attention in this process of adaptation, since they constitute themselves as facilitators of the interaction between the company and its environment. Within this context, the present thesis aimed to analyze the reciprocal impacts between the company´ strategies and the marketing structures. In order to reach objective proposed by the thesis, a theoretical review and an exploratory field work were carried out. The bibliography researched was delimited within a contingential and systemic scope. Upon reviewing the bibliography, the concepts related to the strategies and the strategic levels of the company were discussed: corporate, competitive, functional and marketing strategies. Also, subjects related to organizational and marketing structures were researched. In addition to undertaking this conceptual search, the present thesis discussed the results found in previous studies on the relationship between strategies and structures, as well as between strategies and marketing structures. At last, the study contributed with the idea of hierarchizing the multiple levels and its interpretation in the marketing structures. The field work was carried out through exploratory and qualitative research and used the embedded, instrumental and theoretical replication methods of case study. The investigation of the field work took place in the units of analysis of the companies Conexel and Schneider Electric Brazil, both belonging to the electrical material installation segment. The analyses of this field study were carried out in two phases: the first one, with the individual description and analysis of each selected case; the second one, with the consolidation and joint discussion of the analyses obtained individually. The theoretical replication of the cases reflected the concepts considered and supported in the theoretical review of the thesis and reinforced the ideas presented in the conclusion of this work. The results of this thesis indicate that the marketing structures are subordinated to the company´ strategies. The marketing function is not isolated in the organization and the decisions of the marketing areas interact with all the other functional areas, irrespective of the departments involved. In the thesis, it was verified, in a theoretical way, that the marketing structures are altered as the marketing stops being only a functional area. The marketing structures tend to migrate to more innovative forms when they start to be understood as part of the decisions of the company´ strategies. While the strategies are formulated under more and more competitive environmental conditions, the marketing structures migrate to higher hierarchical levels within a system of multiple levels. The questions arising from the insights generated by this study may contribute to the generation of specific parameters on the subject, such as the formulation of metrics, categories and hypotheses that are necessary to conducting new conclusive studies that generalize the ideas exploited within this thesis.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study set out to investigate the conditions under which urban issues triggered grassroots mobilization in Metropolitan Cape Town, South Africa between 1976 and 1986. It sought to understand the form taken by such collective behavior and tried to discover the relations of power that inform urban social movements, locally, regionally and nationally. I did not only observe neighborhood social life, but neighborhood-based protests. Through a close observation of social practices in different neighborhoods I have managed to document the influence of urban social movements on the dominant relations of power in Cape Town. In this regard, I have demonstrated that through the organizational strategies and mobilizational tactics of neighborhood associations, political institutions in Black townships have been turned upside down; social relationships in some neighborhoods have been dramatically challenged and reviewed, and perhaps most significantly the legacy of constructed cultural silence amongst the oppressed and exploited has been significantly eroded from unconscious acquiescence to the status quo to a conscious disobedience to the dominant relations of power politically, economically and ideologically. It is in the mobilizational moments of resistance and organizational strategies of city-wide neighborhood networks in the form of urban social movements that there emerge, through conscious struggle, the organic potential and conjunctural possibilities for the construction and propagation of counterhegemonic social relations in the arena of conflict and contestation where the State, since 1976 is finding it increasingly difficult to elicit the consent of the governed. Thus, it is in this historically-informed context that urban social movements are first and foremost an expression of an organized attempt by the people at the grassroots level to transform the dominant Apartheid practices at all levels of society.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar como os processos virtuais estão sendo integrados nas estratégias organizacionais das empresas químicas. O processo virtual engloba todas atividades organizacionais, desde marketing, vendas, distribuição, serviços ao cliente e suporte pós venda. Utilizou-se dois modelos teóricos para avaliação dos aspectos organizacionais. Resultados da pesquisa mostraram que não houve uma definição clara para o uso de processos virtuais e sua adoção não faz parte das estratégias organizacionais. / This work has as objective to study as the virtual processes are being integrated in the organizacionais strategies of the chemical companies. The virtual process engloba all organizacionais activities, since marketing, vendas, distribution, services to the customer and support after venda. One used two theoretical models for evaluation of the organizacionais aspects. Results of the research had shown that it did not have a clear definition for the use of virtual processes and its adoption is not part of the organizacionais strategies.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar como os processos virtuais estão sendo integrados nas estratégias organizacionais das empresas químicas. O processo virtual engloba todas atividades organizacionais, desde marketing, vendas, distribuição, serviços ao cliente e suporte pós venda. Utilizou-se dois modelos teóricos para avaliação dos aspectos organizacionais. Resultados da pesquisa mostraram que não houve uma definição clara para o uso de processos virtuais e sua adoção não faz parte das estratégias organizacionais. / This work has as objective to study as the virtual processes are being integrated in the organizacionais strategies of the chemical companies. The virtual process engloba all organizacionais activities, since marketing, vendas, distribution, services to the customer and support after venda. One used two theoretical models for evaluation of the organizacionais aspects. Results of the research had shown that it did not have a clear definition for the use of virtual processes and its adoption is not part of the organizacionais strategies.

Cette thèse étudie les typologies des stratégies inter-organisationnelles que peuvent entretenir les firmes pour développer des innovations produits. Elle se donne pour objet de mesurer les implications de ces choix stratégiques sur l'innovation produit et sur la performance marché de ces innovations. D'un point de vue théorique, cette recherche se base à la fois (1) sur le cadre d'analyse des stratégies inter-organisationnelles, en mobilisant notamment les concepts de stratégie individuelle, de coopération avec des non-rivaux et de coopétition ainsi que (2) sur l'innovation produit, au regard des concepts d'innovation radicale et incrémentale. Le terrain de cette recherche est le secteur de l'édition de jeux vidéo. La méthodologie est mixte. Une étude exploratoire qualitative basée sur l'analyse de trente entretiens réalisés avec les principaux acteurs de l'industrie des jeux vidéo permet d'identifier les stratégies inter-organisationnelles déployées pour développer des innovations produits radicales et incrémentales, et d'en dresser une typologie. Une étude quantitative teste les liens entre les stratégies inter-organisationnelles identifiées et l'innovation produit (régressions logistiques binaires), et le lien entre ces stratégies et la performance marché de l'innovation produit (régressions linéaires multivariées et comparaison des moyennes estimées). Cette thèse met en évidence trois résultats principaux, (1) le premier résultat montre que la coopétition est la stratégie la plus viable pour l'innovation produit et la performance marché de l'innovation radicale et incrémentale ; (2) le second résultat montre que la coopétition horizontale est la stratégie la plus viable pour la performance marché de l'innovation produit radicale et incrémentale, en comparaison avec la coopétition verticale (3) tandis que la stratégie de coopétition simultanément horizontale et verticale va être la plus viable pour la performance marché de l'innovation produit radicale et incrémentale en comparaison avec la coopétition horizontale. Ainsi, cette thèse démontre que la performance marché de l'innovation produit varie en fonction de la stratégie adoptée, du partenaire privilégié et en fonction du type d'innovation produit (radicale ou incrémentale). La thèse met en lumière également que, bien que la coopétition soit considérée comme une stratégie à haut risque, ce risque est associé à un niveau de performance élevé. / This thesis examines the typologies of inter-organizational strategies that firms can adopt to develop product innovation. It also highlights the implications of these strategies on the product innovation and on the market performance of these innovations. From a theoretical point of view, this research is based on (1) the analysis framework for the inter-organizational strategies, emphasizing the concepts of individual strategy, cooperation with non-competitors and co-opetition, as well as on (2) the product innovation, in the view of radical and incremental innovation concepts. The field of this research is the video game sector. The methodology is mixed. A qualitative exploratory study, based on the analysis of thirty interviews conducted with key actors in the video game industry, allowed the identification of the inter-organizational strategies, used to develop radical and incremental products innovations and to develop a typology. A quantitative study tests the relationship between the inter-organizational strategies identified and product innovation (binary logistic regression), and the link between these strategies and the market performance of product innovation (multivariate linear regression and estimated means comparison).This thesis highlights three key findings : (1) the first result shows that coopetition is the most viable strategy for product innovation and for the market performance of radical and incremental product innovation; (2) the second result shows that the horizontal coopetition is the most viable strategy for the market performance of radical and incremental product innovation, compared with the vertical coopetition, (3) while the strategy of simultaneously horizontal and vertical coopetition will be the most viable for the market performance of radical and incremental product innovation, in comparison with the horizontal coopetition. Thus, this thesis shows that the market performance of product innovation varies with the strategy, the partner and the type of product innovation (radical or incremental). In addition, the thesis highlights that, although coopetition is considered a high-risk strategy, risk is associated with a high level of performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:11:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ELIANY MARIA DE SOUZA GOMES.pdf: 1545708 bytes, checksum: 90f640fdf04a59ee14282371dda4c050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of organizational strategies to meet the objectives of an organization is an ancient practice, which has military origin leaded by Sun Tzu and Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz and widespread in the business environment to maintain business competitiveness. Although there are many strategies at various levels, which could be addressed with much greater detail, the author chose to present some of them that might attract more interest and/or be more useful to managers, presenting some definitions of strategic management, where some relations are discussed with the concept of business strategy and its application for a federal public institution. The goal is to demonstrate its applicability in the implementation of public policies on regional development, based on the use of regional potentialities that can promote sustainable development of agribusiness from the Amazonian biodiversity. The Açaí, an Amazonian regional potentiality, is the case study presented in this study, which project was implemented by the Superintendency of the Manaus Free Zone - SUFRAMA, based on cooperative model, using organizational strategies. / A utilização de estratégias organizacionais para cumprir os objetivos de uma organização é uma prática antiga, de origem militar enunciada por Sun Tzu e o General prussiano Carl Von Clausewitz e disseminada no meio empresarial para manter a competitividade dos negócios. Embora existam muitas estratégias, de diferentes níveis, que poderiam ser abordadas com detalhamento bem maior, o autor optou por apresentar algumas delas que são mais próximas do interesse e/ou utilização dos gestores, apresentando alguns conceitos de gestão estratégica, onde são abordadas algumas relações com o conceito de estratégia empresarial e sua aplicação por uma Instituição Pública Federal. O objetivo é demonstrar sua aplicabilidade na implementação de políticas públicas de Desenvolvimento Regional, com base no aproveitamento das potencialidades regionais que promovam o desenvolvimento sustentável de agronegócios, decorrente da biodiversidade amazônica. O Açai, uma potencialidade regional da Amazônia é o estudo de caso, apresentado no presente estudo, cujo projeto foi implementado pela Superintendência da Zona Franca de Manaus SUFRAMA, com base no cooperativismo, utilizando-se de estratégias organizacionais.

O agronegócio no Brasil passa por grandes mudanças, determinadas, em parte, pelos avanços na área de tecnologia e pelas novas técnicas utilizadas. A tecnologia evoluiu ao assessorar o empresário rural a trabalhar com margem de ganho real sobre a produção. Os Sistemas de Informação estão cada vez mais integrados, facilitando o acesso do produtor, ao buscar importantes informações a respeito da tomada de decisão sobre o seu negócio. O presente trabalho busca abordar a importância do uso da Tecnologia da Informação (TI), bem como dos Sistemas de Informação (SI), como ferramenta gerencial para o processo de tomada de decisão na gestão do agronegócio, e em qualquer elo da cadeia produtiva, seja nas empresas pequenas e familiares, nas médias e até mesmo nas de grande porte, fornecendo dados e informações atualizadas de produções aos gestores, relacionadas à logística necessária para distribuição de seus produtos, bem como da mão de obra necessária para a perfeita consolidação de toda sua atividade. Este estudo teve por finalidade realizar uma Pesquisa Exploratória como base para o desenvolvimento dos levantamentos e das práticas existentes em empresas do agronegócio, utilizando como metodologia a revisão bibliográfica e o estudo de caso, com o intuito de buscar informações e dados específicos e consistentes para atingir os objetivos propostos. A pesquisa relacionou-se com a busca de casos de sucesso, através de 10 (dez) estudos de casos, que tinham como base para a pesquisa o uso de TI no processo de tomada de decisões no Agronegócio, e como essas empresas lidam com a informação no desenvolvimento de suas atividades. Baseado nos estudos, mesmo com algumas dificuldades de adequação a novas tecnologias no meio rural, identificou-se um ambiente animador em relação à importância da utilização da TI e SI na gestão da cadeia produtiva do agronegócio, demonstrando-a como vantagem competitiva em relação aos concorrentes. Dessa forma, o estudo colabora para melhorar a compreensão sobre o uso de tecnologias no processo de tomada de decisão no agronegócio. / Agribusiness in Brazil passes by great changes, determined, in part, by advances in the area of technology and new techniques used. Technology has evolved by advising the rural entrepreneur to work with real profit margin on production. Information Systems are increasingly integrated, facilitating the access of the producer, when seeking important information about the decision-making about their business. The present work seeks to approach the importance of the use of Information Technology (IT) as well as Information Systems (SI), as a management tool for the decision making process in agribusiness management, and in any link in the productive chain, whether in small and family businesses, medium and even large ones, providing up-to-date production data and information to managers, related to the logistics required for the distribution of their products, as well as the labor required for the perfect consolidation of all its activity. The purpose of this study was to conduct an Exploratory Survey as a basis for the development of surveys and practices in agribusiness companies, using as methodology the bibliographic review and the case study, in order to seek specific and consistent information and data to achieve the proposed objectives. The research was related to the search for success stories, through ten (10) case studies, which had as basis for the research the use of IT in the decision-making process in Agribusiness, and how these companies deal with Information in the development of their activities. Based on the studies, even with some difficulties in adapting to new technologies in rural areas, an encouraging environment was identified in relation to the importance of the use of IT and IS in the management of the agribusiness productive chain, demonstrating it as a competitive advantage in relation to Competitors. Thus, the study collaborates to improve the understanding of the use of technologies in the decision-making process in agribusiness.

Millions of Americans were terminated from their employment in massive layoffs in 2013, which not only created outrage among employees. but also opened the door for retaliatory lawsuits. However, profitable companies are still engaged in restructuring and layoffs, which have a negative effect on employees, managers, and survivors. Such actions create mistrust in management and continue to plague the workforce and the economy. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the impacts that layoffs and downsizing have on employees' trust, work performance, behavior, and health. Informed by Sarker's theory on management and employee trust, the research questions explored participants' work attitudes and performances after layoffs had taken place. Twenty participants, both managers and workers who were laid off or who had survived layoffs, took part in semistructured interviews. The data were coded and analyzed using comparative analysis. The results showed (a) most employees do not trust management, (b) stress and low morale were the most common effects from layoffs, and (c) employee productivity was limited during and after the downsizing process. The study can contribute to positive social change by identifying ways for company leaders to manage impacts of layoffs and implement effective organizational communication strategies that may result in reduced stress for laid off employees and a more productive work environment for surviving employees and managers.