Nous avons synthétisé des composés d'étain avec des acides undécylénique, ricinoléique et caprylique. Ils ont une activité importante contre certaines souches de microrganismes, puisque ils agissent pour certains d’entre eux à des concentrations nanomolaires. Staphylococcus aureus semble être 4000 fois plus sensible à leur toxicité que les cellules de mammifères. Nous avons obtenu des composés du ruthénium qui présentent cytotoxicité contre des cellules cancéreuses suivant un mécanisme d'action différent de ceux observés pour le Cisplatine ou d'autres composés de Ru, grâce à leur grande stabilité dans les réactions de substitution. Enfin, pendant la vectorisation des composés dérivés du Ru avec une Affitine nous avons pu acquérir des connaissances importantes sur un éventuel mécanisme d'action de ce type de molécules dont le potentiel redox très abaissé par rapport aux composés correspondants pourrait être responsable de la polymérisation de protéines cibles par transfert d’électron. / Related to antimicrobial research, we synthesized tin compounds derived from undecylenic, ricinoleic and caprylic acids and we found that they show very high activity against some strains of bacteria and yeast, even in nM range, being up to four thousand times more potent against Staphylococcus aureus than against mammalian cells. For ruthenium compounds, in turn, we have confirmed that the mode of action of some compounds that were synthesized recently is undoubtedly different from Cisplatin or other ruthenium compounds, because of their high stability toward substitution reactions. Finally, during the vectorization of compounds derived from Ru with Affitin we have gained important knowledge about a possible mechanism of action of this type of molecule: it could indeed be possible that these compounds which have a very reduced redox potential compared to corresponding compounds can cause polymerization of proteins by electron transfer.

The concept of noncovalent bonding has evolved over the last number of years to include a very interesting class of interactions that is analogous to hydrogen bonding, called σ-hole interactions. These result from the depletion of electrostatic charge on the opposite end of a covalent bond between an electron-withdrawing substituent and a bond donor atom, which resides in groups 14-17 of the periodic table. One of these interactions is the tetrel bond (TB), whereby the bond donor is a group 14 element (T=C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). This thesis's primary goal is to explore the solid-state NMR parameters arising from the formation of tetrel bonds. To this end, combined density functional theory (DFT) and experimental multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopic investigations are carried out on complexes featuring carbon, Pb(II) and tin tetrel bonds. Firstly, solid-state NMR and computational approaches are used to examine a series of cocrystals formed from either caffeine or theophylline and several other small organic acceptor molecules. It is shown that the NMR response due to tetrel bond formation is detectible, but it can be hidden by other effects, including those of crystal packing. Careful analysis of NMR data alongside DFT calculations can reveal that the weak tetrel bond in these sorts of complexes increases the ¹³C chemical shift by 3-5 ppm. Next, a study of five Pb(II) centres hemidirectionally coordinated by isonicotinoyl hydrazone ligands demonstrates that the ²⁰⁷Pb NMR response is highly sensitive to the Pb(II) coordination environment. The NMR data indicate that a tetrel bond can induce an NMR response corresponding to a coordination environment between hemidirectional and holodirectional character. Finally, a series of organotin chloride donor molecules complexed with N-oxides and carboxylates, which feature short and linear tetrel bonds, are subjected to magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments. The recorded data gives rise to a correlation between the tetrel bond length and both the experimental chemical shift and the ¹J(¹¹⁹Sn-³⁵Cl) coupling. Throughout this thesis, it is demonstrated that the isotropic chemical shift, the principal components of the chemical shift tensor, and indirect spin-spin coupling can be used to probe and gain insights into the electronic environment at the tetrel bond. More importantly, this work is fundamental to rationalize NMR data while refining crystal structure data in NMR crystallographic approaches for compounds featuring tetrel bonds.

Les organoétains sont parmi les polluants les plus dangereux connus à ce jour à avoir été introduits dans les écosystèmes aquatiques par l'homme. Les lixiviats de décharge sont des sources importantes de ces substances toxiques. Afin de minimiser leur rejet dans l'environnement, il est important de comprendre les transformations que les organoétains subissent dans ces lixiviats et d'appliquer des procédures d'assainissement appropriées. Cette thèse a eu pour objectifs principaux i) de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des processus de transformation des organoétains dans les lixiviats de décharge et ii) d'évaluer le potentiel d’élimination des organoétains par des nanaoparticules de fer (FeNPs). Dans la première partie, les synthèses de TBT enrichi en 117Sn, DBT enrichi en 119Sn, SnCl2 et SnCl4 enrichi en 117Sn, ont été effectuées à partir d’étain métallique enrichi en Sn. La dégradation et la biométhylation des organoétains dans des lixiviats ont été ensuite suivies pendant six mois, en utilisant des traceurs isotopiques enrichis en Sn. Pour discriminer entre les transformations biotiques et abiotiques des organoétains et de l'étain inorganique, des lixiviats stérilisés et non stérilisés ont été considérés et les concentrations en organoétains, mesurées dans chaque lixiviat, ont été comparées. Par la suite, les procédés pouvant conduire à l'élimination du TBT et du TMeT présents dans les lixiviats de décharge, par traitement du lixiviat par différents type de FeNPs ont été étudiés. Le TBT est plus efficacement éliminé (96%) lorsque un traitement séquentiel des lixiviats avec nZVI (dispersé par agitation) est appliqué, d'abord par mise en contact à pH 8, puis par traitement de la phase aqueuse avec nZVI acidifiée à pH 3 avec de l'acide citrique. Enfin, afin de prendre en compte les effets induits par les procédés de traitement par les nanoparticules de fer, leur comportement a été étudié après leur introduction dans des eaux environnementales (eau de source et lixiviat de décharge) différant par leur force ionique et leur contenu de matière organique. L'efficacité de l'élimination des métaux sélectionnés par les FeNPs a également été évaluée. Les nanoparticules ayant des éléments adsorbés à leur surface peuvent contribuer à une contamination du milieu dans lequel elles ont été introduites. / OTCs are among the most hazardous pollutants known so far to have ever been introduced into aquatic ecosystems by man. Landfill leachates are an important pool of these toxic substances. In order to minimise their release to the nearby environment it is important to understand the transformations that OTCs undergo in landfill leachates and to apply appropriate remediation procedures. This thesis has as main objectives i) to contribute to a better knowledge on transformation processes of OTCs in landfill leachates and ii) to evaluate the potential of OTCs removal by iron nanoparticles (FeNPs). In the first part, ‘‘In house’’ synthesis of individual 117Sn-enriched TBT, 119Sn-enriched DBT, 117Sn-enriched SnCl2 and 117Sn-enriched SnCl4 was performed, starting from Sn-enriched metallic tin. Next, the degradation and biomethylation of OTCs in landfill leachates were investigated over a time span of six months, using Sn-enriched isotopic tracers. To discriminate between biotic and abiotic transformations of OTCs and inorganic tin species, sterilized and non-sterilized leachate samples were investigated and the concentrations of OTCs in each sample were compared. Thereafter, the processes for the removal of TBT and TMeT from landfill leachates by different FeNPs were studied. It was proven that TBT could be the best removed by a sequential treatment procedure by first adding nZVI (dispersed by mixing) at pH 8, and then by treating with nZVI the aqueous phase, which is acidified to pH 3 with citric acid. Last, to take in account the effects that are induced by treatment procedures with FeNPs, their behaviour was studied after their introduction to environmental waters (forest spring water and landfill leachate), which differ in their ionic strength and the content of organic matter. The efficiency of the removal of selected metals by FeNPs was also evaluated. It was observed that elements which are adsorbed on the surface of FeNPs can contribute to the contamination of the environment in which they are introduced.

[pt] O presente trabalho visou estudar a geocronologia da contaminação na Baía de Guanabara por compostos orgânicos de estanho e alguns metais de relevância ambiental. Foram coletados testemunhos sedimentares em cinco pontos da Baía de Guanabara em regiões não afetadas diretamente por fontes de contaminação conhecidas. Os trinta primeiros centímetros de cada testemunho foram seccionados em segmentos finos nas estações onde haviam dados de taxas de sedimentação. Para duas estações, onde as taxas de sedimentação não eram conhecidas, os testemunhos coletados foram seccionados em camadas de três centímetros e, em seguida, datados pelo método de Pb-210. As concentrações dos metais foram determinadas por ICP-MS após decomposição das amostras a quente com HNO3 e H2O2. A especiação dos compostos orgânicos de estanho foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa com detecção por fotometria de chama pulsante após extração por solvente, derivação, eliminação de enxofre e limpeza dos extratos. As maiores concentrações (em ng g-1 sedimento, como Sn) para os diferentes compostos organoestânicos encontrados foram: TBT (82), DBT (28) e MBT (126). As distribuições espacial e temporal das espécies orgânicas de estanho nos sedimentos apresentaram-se muito irregulares e há pouca evidência de degradação após a sedimentação. Foram feitas tentativas de estimar a constante de degradação do TBT e os fluxos foram calculados utilizando-se as taxas de sedimentação e as concentrações. As concentrações de organoestânicos são baixas em comparação com as reportadas para a Marina da Glória por Fernandez (2001) e confirmam a tendência à rápida deposição dos compostos orgânicos de estanho próximo às fontes dos mesmos. As concentrações dos metais-traço investigados (em ug g-1 sedimento), As (1,31-11,5), Ca (2,08x103-8,72x103), Cd (< L. D.-7,94x10-1), Cu(0,222x101-5,58x101), Fe (0,564x104-3,33x104), Hg (0,046-2,35), Mg (0,128x104-1,31x104), Mn (0,496x102-11,8x102), Ni (0,288x101-3,17x101), Pb (0,505x101-8,18x101), Sn (0,130x101122), Zn (0,162x10²-2,30x10²) quando normalizados em relação à concentração de alumínio, mostraram, em geral, um acréscimo ao longo do tempo, demonstrando que, desde a última avaliação geocronológica, realizada na década de 80 do século XX, não há redução visível no aporte de contaminantes. Não foram encontrados dados pretéritos de arsênio em sedimentos da Baía de Guanabara. Em algumas estações, os valores encontrados para este elemento são comparáveis às concentrações em estuários sob influência de atividades de mineração. Foram feitas correlações de Spearman entre as propriedades medidas, incluindo carbono total e orgânico, nitrogênio total, enxofre total, pH, potencial redox, umidade e porosidade, revelando dependências de fontes e de propriedades físico-químicas. / [en] The present work aimed at studying the geochronology of contamination in Guanabara Bay as related to organotin compounds and a number of metals of environmental relevance. For this, sediment cores were taken from five different stations in the bay selected as to represent average conditions not immediately affected by known sources. The cores were sliced in thin segments up to 30 cm below the top layer. For two stations where sedimentation rates were not known cores were collected and sliced in 3 cm segments and thereafter dated by using Pb-210. Metal concentrations were determined by ICP-MS after digestion of freeze dried sediments in HNO3 and H2O2 under heat. Organotin speciation was carried out in a GC-PFPD instrument after solvent extraction, derivatization, sulfur elimination and clean-up. The higher organotin concentrations (ng g-1 as tin) found were: TBT (82), DBT (28) and MBT (126). Space-time distribution of organotin species in the sediments were very irregular and there is little evidence that extensive degradation occurs after sedimentation. Attempts are presented to derive an estimate for TBT degradation constant. Fluxes were calculated using the sedimentation rates and concentrations. Organotin concentrations are low in comparison to those reported for Marina da Glória by Fernandez (2001), and they confirm the tendency of organotins to settle down rapidly in the vicinities of the sources. The concentrations (ug g-1) of the investigated metals (As (1.31-11.5), Ca (2.08x103-8.72x103), Cd (<dl-7.94x10-1), Cu (0.222x101-5.58x101), Fe (0.564x104-3.33x104), Hg (0.046-2.35), Mg (0.128x104- 1.31x104), Mn (0.496x102-11.8x102), Ni (0.288x101-3.17x101), Pb (0.505x101-8.18x101), Sn (0.130x101-1.66x101), Zn (0.162x102-2.30x102)) when normalized to the Al concentration show, in general, an increase over time, demonstrating that since the last geochronological work conducted in the early 1980s there was no visible reduction in the contaminants input. No data for arsenic was found prior to this date for Guanabara Bay sediments. In some stations arsenic concentrations are comparable to those found in estuaries under influence of mining activities. Spearman correlations among the several measured properties, that include also total and organic carbon, total nitrogen, total sulfur, pH, redox potential water content and porosity, were calculated revealing source and physico-chemical dependencies.

The main goal of the work presented in this thesis is to improve the reliability of existing methods for speciation analysis of organotin compounds Species-specific isotope dilution (SSID) calibration in combination with gas chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to investigate the transformation of phenyltin species during sample preparation. Isotope-enriched phenyltin species were synthesized from corresponding isotope-enriched tin metals. SSID with a mixture of phenyltin species (PhTs) from one isotope was used to evaluate different extraction procedures for the determination of PhTs in fresh water sediment. Preparative liquid chromatography was used to produce single isotope-enriched phenyltin species making a multi-isotope spike (MI) SSID calibration possible. Different extraction procedures for the analysis of phenyltin species in biological samples were evaluated by applying MI-SSID. Degradation of TPhT and DPhT during sample extraction was observed and quantified. Accurate results were therefore obtained. A sample preparation procedure using mild extraction conditions with reasonable recoveries is described. The stability of organotin standards was investigated under different storage conditions. Mono- and diphenyltin were found to be redistributed and degraded during storage in methanol but were stabilized in sodium acetate/ acetic acid. A fast redistribution between monobutyl- and diphenyl tin has been observed and therefore it is therefore recommended that standards be derivatized as soon as possible after butyl- and phenyltin standards are mixed. Included in the thesis is also an investigation of the analytical potential of using instrumentation based on atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for speciation analysis of organotin compounds. The method was based on gas chromatographic separation, atomization in a quartz tube and detection by line source (LS) AAS and for comparison, by state of the art continuum source (CS) AAS. Analytical performances of CSAAS system were found to be better compared to LSAAS.

Des matériaux hybrides de classe II ont été préparés à partir de précurseurs bis(tripropynylstannylés). Deux familles de précurseurs sol-gel incluant des espaceurs hydrocarbonés et thiophénique ont été obtenues et conduisent à des matériaux hybrides auto-organisés où les plans d’oxyde sont séparés par les espaceurs organiques. Ainsi l’espaceur rigide a donné lieu à une structure pseudo-lamellaire montrant une bande d’émission monomère avec un assez faible décalage vers le rouge par rapport à l'émission des précurseurs en solution. En revanche, alors que les xérogels thiényle plus désordonnés conduisent à une large émission caractéristique de la formation d’excimères ou de dimères. Par ailleurs, des films minces contenant les espaceurs alkylène et arylalkylène ont été préparés et ont montré une morphologie "pseudoparticulaire" poreuse et un ordre à courte distance contenant des réseaux SnOx. De façon inattendue, ces films minces hybrides détectent le dihydrogène dès une température de 50 °C dans la gamme 200-10000 ppm. A partir de ces films hybrides minces, le dioxyde d'étain cristallin (SnO2) a été préparé par un post-traitement thermique. Comme prévu, ces films SnO2 cassitérite détectent le dihydrogène et, dans une moindre mesure le monoxyde de carbone avec une température optimale de fonctionnement comprise entre 300 et 350 °C. / Class II hybrid materials were prepared from ditin hexaalkynides. Two families of precursors, including either hydrocarbon or oligothiophene-based spacers, were obtained and led by the sol-gel process to self-assembled organotin-based hybrid materials made of planes of oxide separated by organic bridges. Thus, the rigid thienyl spacer gave rise to a “pseudo-lamellar” structure that showed a monomer emission band with a rather small red-shift compared with to the emission of the precursor in solution. However more disordered thienyl xerogels led to broad emission features assigned to excimer or dimer formation. Moreover, thin films containing alkylene- and arylalkylene bridged have been prepared and showed a “pseudoparticulate” porous morphology and a short-range hierarchical order in the organic-inorganic SnOx pseudoparticles. Unexpectedly these hybrid thin films detect hydrogen gas at a temperature as low as 50 °C at the 200-10000 ppm level. From these hybrid thin films, crystalline tin dioxide (SnO2) were prepared by a thermal post-treatment. As expected, cassiterite SnO2 films detected H2 and to a less extent CO with a best operating temperature comprised between 300 and 350 °C.