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Foi feita a caracterização eletroquímica do aço inoxidável austenítico UNS S31254 em meio de NaCl 0,11 mol L-1 na ausência e presença de soro albumina bovina (BSA) visando seu emprego em implantes ortopédicos. Foram empregadas como técnicas: medidas de potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarização, cronoamperometria, EIE, XPS, MEV, EDS e EEO. O comportamento eletroquímico do aço 254 foi comparado com o de outros aços empregados em implantes ortopédicos (ISO 5832-9, ASTM F138, e AISI 316L) na ausência e presença de BSA. O aço 254 se mostrou semelhante ao ISO 5832-9: encontra-se passivado desde o potencial de corrosão até o de transpassivação; a presença de inclusões de óxidos de cálcio e alumínio no aço 254 foi considerada a responsável por um potencial de transpassivação 100 mV menos positivo do que o observado com o aço ISO 5832-9. Foi detectada. além de óxido de Cr(III), a presença de Mo na forma Mo(VI) no filme passivo do aço 254. A ação da BSA, ora passivante ora catalisadora, depende de sua concentração, da natureza do substrato metálico, e do potencial na interfase metal-solução. A BSA modifica o mecanismo de oxidação do aço 254 e inibe seletivamente a dissolução dos seus elementos constituintes, em particular, níquel e cromo. / The electrochemical characterization of UNS S31254 has been made in 0.11 mol L-1 NaCl medium in the absence and presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in order to propose its application in orthopaedic implants. The techniques employed were: open circuit potential measurements, polarization curves, chronoamperometry, EIS, XPS, SEM, EDS and EEO. The electrochemical behavior of 254 SS was compared to that observed for ISO 5832-9, ASTM F138 and AISI 316L stainless steels, used in orthopedic implants, in the absence and presence of BSA. 254 SS is similar to ISO 5832-9 SS: it is passivated on the potential range between the corrosion and the transpassivation potentials; the presence of calcium and aluminum oxides can be responsible for the shift of about 100 mV to less positive potentials on the transpassivation potential when compared to ISO 5832-9 SS. The presence of Mo(VI) was detected beside Cr(III) as passivating film for 254 SS. BSA action depends on its concentration, the nature of the metallic substract and on the potential in the metal-solution interphase. BSA changes the oxidation mechanism of 254 SS and promotes the selective dissolution of the elements particularly nickel and chromium.

Pour la plupart des entreprises, l’innovation est devenue un élément indispensable, garant de la pérennité de l’entreprise.Cependant, durant les phases de développement des produits, le concepteur est confronté lors des principaux jalons du processus à faire des choix de conception. Ces prises de décisions ont par la suite un fort impact sur l’acceptabilité ou non des produits par le marché. Le monde de la conception des implants orthopédiques n’y échappe pas.Le but de ce travail de thèse est de montrer qu’il est possible d’intégrer dans les phases amonts du processus de développement d’implants orthopédiques, un outil d’aide à la décision pour le choix de concepts intégrant des critères techniques, médicaux, chirurgicaux et économiques permettant de réduire les risques pour le patient mais aussi les risques d’un possible échec commercial.La première partie de ce document s’intéresse à l’analyse du contexte de cette étude et en particulier aux dispositifs médicaux. Ensuite, l’état de l’art étudie les différents processus d’innovation et plus spécifiquement les processus de conception dans le secteur médical des implants orthopédiques. Ces travaux nous ont amené à nous questionner et à analyser les méthodes d’évaluation du potentiel d’innovation disponibles au sein de la littérature scientifique, et de leur intégration au sein du secteur des implants.De cette analyse a émergé une question se situant au cœur de nos travaux de recherche : comment concevoir des implants innovants avec un niveau de risques faibles (risque clinique, risque de défaillance, risque d’utilisation) ?La réponse à cette question s’est traduite par la proposition d’un nouvel outil d’aide à la décision (hypothèse1) intégré aux phases amont d’un processus de conception adapté (hypothèse2) au développement d’implants. Celles-ci ont ensuite été vérifiées et validées lors de 3 expérimentations qui ont aboutis à la réalisation d’implants orthopédiques posés sur des patients. / For a majority of companies, innovation has become an essential element of corporate sustainability.However, during the product development phase the designer is forced to make decisions on design. These decisions subsequently have a strong impact on the acceptability of the products by the market. Orthopaedics implants design is no exception.The aim of this thesis is to show that it is possible to integrate, in the early phases of the orthopaedic implant development process, a tool for decision-making; in choosing concepts that incorporate technical, medical, surgical and economic criteria. The goal is to reduce the risk for the patient but also reduce the risk of commercial failure.The first part of this document focuses on analysing the context of this study, particularly for medical devices. Following this, the state of the art studies the various innovation processes and more specifically, the design process of medical orthopaedic implants. This work forced us to question and analyse evaluation methods for potential innovations available in the scientific literature, and integrate them into the implant sector.From this analysis, a question emerged lying at the heart of our research: how to design innovative implants with a low level of risk (clinical risk, default risk, risk of use)?The answer to this question has resulted in the proposal of a new tool for decision-making (Hypothesis 1) integrated within upstream phases of a suitable decision process (Hypothesis 2) for developing implants. These were then checked and validated in three experiments that resulted in the development of orthopaedic implants that were successfully inserted into patients.

Foi feita a caracterização eletroquímica do aço inoxidável austenítico UNS S31254 em meio de NaCl 0,11 mol L-1 na ausência e presença de soro albumina bovina (BSA) visando seu emprego em implantes ortopédicos. Foram empregadas como técnicas: medidas de potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarização, cronoamperometria, EIE, XPS, MEV, EDS e EEO. O comportamento eletroquímico do aço 254 foi comparado com o de outros aços empregados em implantes ortopédicos (ISO 5832-9, ASTM F138, e AISI 316L) na ausência e presença de BSA. O aço 254 se mostrou semelhante ao ISO 5832-9: encontra-se passivado desde o potencial de corrosão até o de transpassivação; a presença de inclusões de óxidos de cálcio e alumínio no aço 254 foi considerada a responsável por um potencial de transpassivação 100 mV menos positivo do que o observado com o aço ISO 5832-9. Foi detectada. além de óxido de Cr(III), a presença de Mo na forma Mo(VI) no filme passivo do aço 254. A ação da BSA, ora passivante ora catalisadora, depende de sua concentração, da natureza do substrato metálico, e do potencial na interfase metal-solução. A BSA modifica o mecanismo de oxidação do aço 254 e inibe seletivamente a dissolução dos seus elementos constituintes, em particular, níquel e cromo. / The electrochemical characterization of UNS S31254 has been made in 0.11 mol L-1 NaCl medium in the absence and presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in order to propose its application in orthopaedic implants. The techniques employed were: open circuit potential measurements, polarization curves, chronoamperometry, EIS, XPS, SEM, EDS and EEO. The electrochemical behavior of 254 SS was compared to that observed for ISO 5832-9, ASTM F138 and AISI 316L stainless steels, used in orthopedic implants, in the absence and presence of BSA. 254 SS is similar to ISO 5832-9 SS: it is passivated on the potential range between the corrosion and the transpassivation potentials; the presence of calcium and aluminum oxides can be responsible for the shift of about 100 mV to less positive potentials on the transpassivation potential when compared to ISO 5832-9 SS. The presence of Mo(VI) was detected beside Cr(III) as passivating film for 254 SS. BSA action depends on its concentration, the nature of the metallic substract and on the potential in the metal-solution interphase. BSA changes the oxidation mechanism of 254 SS and promotes the selective dissolution of the elements particularly nickel and chromium.

Wear particles and ions from cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo)-based implants have been shown to cause adverse immune responses, including periprosthetic osteolysis leading to aseptic loosening, the main cause of implant failure. Previous studies have shown that these wear and corrosion products can lead to the release of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), suggesting the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the mechanisms leading to IL-1β release have not been fully elucidated. The primary objectives of this thesis were to determine if, in murine macrophages, IL-1β release induced by micrometre-size CoCrMo particles and nanometre-size chromium oxide (Cr2O3) particles is: 1. Caspase-1-dependent; 2. Reduction-oxidation (redox)-dependent; and 3. NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent. Additionally, the effects of metal ions (Co2+, Cr3+, and Ni2+) on NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition on IL-1β release induced by CoCrMo particles were analyzed. Results showed that IL-1β release induced by CoCrMo particles was partly caspase-1-, redox-, and MMP-dependent, but NLRP3 inflammasome-independent. On the other hand, IL-1β release induced by Cr2O3 particles appeared to be NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent. Finally, IL-1β release induced by Cr3+, but not Co2+, appeared to be NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent, while Ni2+-induced IL-1β release appeared to be only partially NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent, suggesting that other pathways may also be involved. These findings, which provide additional insights into the mechanisms leading to IL-1β release induced by wear particles and ions from CoCrMo-based implants, may help the future development of therapeutic treatments to modulate wear product-induced inflammation and increase implant longevity.

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) is an orthopaedic procedure that is performed to reduce pain and restore the functionality of hip joints that are affected by degenerative diseases. The outcomes of THA are generally good. However, the stress shielding of the periprosthetic femur is a factor that can contribute towards the premature loosening of the femoral stem. In order to improve the stress shielding characteristics of metallic femoral stems, stiffness configurations that offer more flexibility should be considered. This research has investigated the potential of more flexible and lightweight cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo) femoral stems that can be manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Square pore cellular structures with compressive properties that are similar to human bone have been presented and incorporated into femoral stems by utilising fully porous and functionally graded designs. A three dimensional finite element model has been developed to investigate and compare the load transfer to the periprosthetic femur when implanted with femoral stems offering different stiffness configurations. It was shown that the load transfer was improved when the properties of the square pore cellular structures were incorporated into the femoral stem designs. Factors affecting the manufacturability and production of laser melted femoral stems have been investigated. A femoral stem design has been proposed for cemented or cementless fixation. Physical testing has shown that a functionally graded stem can be repeatedly manufactured using SLM, which was 48% lighter and 60% more flexible than a traditional CoCrMo prosthesis. The research presented in this thesis has provided an early indication of utilising SLM to manufacture lightweight CoCrMo femoral stems with levels of flexibility that have the potential to reduce stress shielding in the periprosthetic femur.

The number of patients who have undergone some kind of internal fixation or joint replacement is increasing thanks to the development of technology and orthopaedics. All these patients carry metal implants. Magnetic resonance imaging has an advantage over other imaging methods, due to its superior soft tissue contrast and to its sensitivity in detecting the inflammation which is present at infections and malignancies. However metal implants usually deteriorate the image quality and as a result affect the accuracy of the diagnostic procedure. This is the case when the region of interest is in the proximal vicinity of the implant, or the implant is large enough. A number of MRI sequences have been proposed in order to overcome the artifact that comes from metal implants, more formally known as susceptibility artifact. However the most effective of them, are not widely available. The need for optimization of MR imaging at the presence of metal implants presupposes the development of methods capable of quantifying the artifact under various imaging sequences and conditions. Most artifact quantification techniques proposed until now, are usually based on the visual observation (experienced radiologists) or at image segmentation methods. These segmentation methods, segment the image based on arbitrary selected gray values (thresholds). A more objective and precise quantification method relies on the subtraction of images of a zero artifact replica (test object) from those of the real metal implant. The copy is constructed from material with similar values of magnetic susceptibility with its environment (usually water). The images deriving from the copy if we take in consideration the noise differences, have no susceptibility artifact. In this method artifact is quantified as energy differences between the two images [Kolind S et al, 2004]. Since the acquisition conditions are identical except the presence of susceptibility artifact in the image depicting the real metal object, the energy difference is used to quantify the artifact. While the method quantifies the artifact, giving precise values, it does not inform us for its position in space At this thesis we proposed a new, to our knowledge, method of artifact quantification. It is based in the physical cause of the artifact, which are the gradients of the magnetic field, which derive from the presence of the metal implant. The gradients of the magnetic field create corresponding gradients at the gray scale values of the image. These gradients may be detected if we apply suitable filter which detects the amplitude of the gradient. In this way we detect both regions with signal void (low signal intensity) and signal pill ups (high signal intensity). That means that we do not have to apply two different operators to segment two regions of the artifact with so different signal intensity values. Then the image is thresholded using a fully automated algorithm, proposed by [Li & Lee 1993]. This algorithm is available in image analysis environment ImageJ. At the first part of this thesis there are presented the basic principles of nuclear magnetic imaging image formation. The interaction of the most common materials with the magnetic field is also presented. All these are considered necessary to explain the generation of magnetic susceptibility artifact at the image acquired. The theory beyond the magnetic susceptibility artifact generation is then explained in detail. At the experimental part of this thesis, the proposed algorithm is applied to the imaging of two implants (made of titanium and antimagnetic stainless steel) at the sequences which are most commonly used to musculoskeletal MRI. The proposed algorithm is compared with a variation of the method of the image energy differences proposed by [Kolind Sh, 2004]. This method quantifies the artifact as energy difference of image of the real implant from the image of a replica with zero susceptibility artifact (reference image). In the present thesis the image of lower susceptibility artifact (obtained at higher bandwidth) is considered as reference image. In our case it is assumed that the energy difference among different bandwidth acquisitions is negligible in relation to the susceptibility artifact amplitude. This assumption allows as to use instead of energy differences, the differences in the gray scale values of the image instead. Statistical analysis showed moderate to strong positive correlation between the two methods. Possible reasons of not obtaining strong correlation at all measurements is due to the regions of the image that the proposed algorithm quantifies. By segmenting regions of high gradient, we focus mainly at regions where there is high variation at the gray scale values. However, in many cases nearly homogeneous regions of an image, with little or no alteration in gray scale values, may also be considered as artifact. These areas are not segmented as artifact when the proposed algorithm is applied. More over the assumption of considering negligible the noise contribution between the different acquisitions may be an oversimplification. Nevertheless, the proposed algorithm, is an objective repeatable and observer independent method. Moreover it is capable of determining the boundaries of the artifact in image space. It is not intended to be used as a method of absolute quantification of the susceptibility artifact. It should be used as means of comparison of acquisitions concerning the same sequence. Its combination with an additional algorithmic step, such as one which detects image features may result in a powerful tool of image artifact quantification. This more sophisticated version of this proposed algorithm should be adequate enough to quantify the artifact not only at phantom models but even at the everyday clinical practice. / H εξέλιξη της ιατρικής και ειδικότερα της ορθοπαιδικής έχει κάνει ολοένα και περισσότερο συχνή την ύπαρξη ασθενών που φέρουν μεταλλικά εμφυτεύματα. Η απεικόνιση με μαγνητικό συντονισμό πλεονεκτεί σε σχέση με άλλες απεικονιστικές μεθόδους εξαιτίας της καλύτερης αντίθεσης που προσφέρει στους μαλακούς ιστούς και στην ευαισθησία στην ανάδειξη της φλεγμονής που συνοδεύει τις μολύνσεις και τις κακοήθειες. Η ύπαρξη μεταλλικών εμφυτευμάτων συνήθως υποβαθμίζει την ποιότητα της εικόνας και την καθιστά πολλές φορές μη διαγνωστική, ειδικά αν η περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος είναι κοντά στο μεταλλικό εμφύτευμα ή στην περίπτωση που αυτό είναι αρκετά μεγάλο. Μια σειρά από μεθόδους ή ακόμη και ειδικές ακολουθίες έχει προταθεί κατά καιρούς για να αντιμετωπιστεί η ύπαρξη των τεχνημάτων επιδεκτικότητας, όπως ονομάζονται τα artifact που έχουν σαν αιτία τους τις τοπικές στρεβλώσεις στο μαγνητικό πεδίο εξαιτίας μεταλλικών προθέσεων. Οι πιο αποτελεσματικές από αυτές παραμένουν μη διαθέσιμες για το ευρύ κοινό. Η ανάγκη για βελτιστοποίηση των συνθηκών απεικόνισης κάνει επιτακτική την ανάγκη για ποσοτικοποίηση του artifact στις διαφορετικές συνθήκες λήψεις. Οι τεχνικές ποσοτικοποίησης του artifact που έχουν προταθεί μέχρι σήμερα βασίζονται στην ποιοτική ακτινολογική εκτίμηση (οπτική παρατήρηση) είτε σε μεθόδους τμηματοποίησης της περιοχής εικόνας του artifact που συνήθως στηρίζονται στην επιλογή αυθαίρετων τιμών κατωφλίου τόνων του γκρι. Μια πιο αντικειμενική και ακριβής μέθοδος αφορά στην αφαίρεση εικόνων γεωμετρικού αναλόγου (αντικείμενο ελέγχου- ομοίωμα) του εμφυτεύματος από την εικόνα που απεικονίζει το ίδιο το εμφύτευμα. Το ανάλογο είναι κατασκευασμένο από υλικό με παρόμοια μαγνητική επιδεκτικότητα προς το περιβάλλον του εμφυτεύματος. Η απεικόνιση ενός τέτοιου ομοιώματος, λαμβανομένης υπόψη και της συνεισφοράς του θορύβου, παρουσιάζει μηδενικό artifact επιδεκτικότητας σε σχέση με το πραγματικό εμφύτευμα. Το artifact στην περίπτωση αυτή ποσοτικοποιείται ως διαφορά ενέργειας εικόνας στην περιοχή του περιβάλλοντος υλικού [Kolind S et al,2004]. Η τελευταία αυτή μέθοδος ενώ ποσοτικοποιεί με ακρίβεια το artifact δεν παρέχει πληροφορίες για τη θέση του στο χώρο. Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία, προτείνεται μία νέα, με βάση τα όσα γνωρίζουμε, μέθοδος ποσοτικοποίησης του artifact. Η μέθοδος αυτή βασίζεται στη γενεσιουργό αιτία του artifact, που είναι οι στρεβλώσεις του μαγνητικού πεδίου από την παρουσία του μεταλλικού αντικειμένου. Οι στρεβλώσεις αυτές εκφράζονται ως βαθμιδώσεις του μαγνητικού πεδίου. Οι βαθμιδώσεις του Μ.Π προκαλούν αντίστοιχες βαθμιδώσεις στην ένταση των τόνων του γκρι στην εικόνα. Αυτές οι βαθμιδώσεις μπορούν να αναδειχθούν αν εφαρμόσουμε κατάλληλο φίλτρο στην εικόνα που ανιχνεύει το μέγεθος/ πλάτος της βαθμίδωσης. Με αυτό τον τρόπο θα ανιχνευτούν τόσο περιοχές με υψηλό όσο και περιοχές με χαμηλό σήμα, απλοποιώντας έτσι τη διαδικασία, αφού δε χρειάζεται να ανιχνευτούν με ξεχωριστό αλγόριθμο περιοχές του artifact με πολύ διαφορετικές τιμές τόνων του γκρι. Στη συνέχεια η εικόνα που προκύπτει κατωφλιώνεται με αυτόματή μέθοδο που έχει προταθεί [Li & Lee 1993] και είναι διαθέσιμη στο περιβάλλον ανάλυσης εικόνας Image J. Στο πρώτο τμήμα της παρούσας εργασίας αναπτύσσονται, συνοπτικά βασικές αρχές του πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού και του τρόπου με τον οποίο δημιουργείται η δισδιάστατη εικόνα στο MRI. Ακολουθεί επίσης μια σύντομη περιγραφή του τρόπου με τον οποίο συμπεριφέρονται τα πιο κοινά υλικά όταν βρεθούν εντός του μαγνητικού πεδίου. Όλα αυτά είναι αναγκαία για γίνει κατανοητός ο τρόπος που δημιουργείται το artifact μαγνητικής επιδεκτικότητας στην εικόνα που λαμβάνουμε. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται με λεπτομέρεια ο μηχανισμός και η φυσική που εμπλέκεται στη δημιουργία των artifact μαγνητικής επιδεκτικότητας. Στο πειραματικό μέρος, εφαρμόζεται ο προτεινόμενος αλγόριθμος σε απεικονίσεις δύο εμφυτευμάτων (τιτανίου και αντιμαγνητικού χάλυβα) στις πιο κοινά χρησιμοποιούμενες ακολουθίες του μυοσκελετικού. Ο προτεινόμενος αλγόριθμος ελέγχεται ως προς την ικανότητα του να ποσοτικοποιεί το artifact με μία παραλλαγή της μεθόδου διαφοράς ενεργειών εικόνων [Kolind Sh,2004]. H μέθοδος αυτή ποσοτικοποιεί το artifact ως διαφορά ενέργειας της εικόνας του πραγματικού εμφυτεύματος από εικόνα γεωμετρικού αναλόγου με μηδενικό artifact (εικόνα αναφοράς). Στην περίπτωση μας χρησιμοποιήσαμε ως εικόνα αναφοράς την εικόνα με το ελάχιστο artifact (η οποία βάσει θεωρίας αντιστοιχεί στη λήψη με το υψηλότερο bandwindth). Επίσης θεωρήσαμε τη διαφορά θορύβου των διαφορετικών λήψεων αμελητέα ως προς τις τιμές έντασης (τόνοι του γκρι) του artifact, ώστε να μπορούμε να αξιοποιήσουμε το πεδίο των τιμών των τόνων του γκρι και όχι αυτό της ενέργειας της εικόνας. Η στατιστική επεξεργασία αναδεικνύει μέτρια ως ισχυρή θετική συσχέτιση των 2 αλγορίθμων. Πιθανοί λόγοι που δεν έχουμε σε όλες τις μετρήσεις ισχυρή ή πολύ ισχυρή συσχέτιση αποδίδονται πρωτίστως στην περιοχή της εικόνας που ποσοτικοποιεί η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος. Τμηματοποιώντας τις βαθμιδώσεις της εικόνας εστιάζουμε σε περιοχές που υπάρχει έντονη μεταβολή των τιμών του γκρι. Παρόλα αυτά το artifact μπορεί κατά περιπτώσεις να περιλαμβάνει και ομοιογενείς περιοχές εικόνας με παραπλήσιες τιμές του γκρι. Αυτές είναι περιοχές που δεν τμηματοποιεί (ανιχνεύει) η προτεινόμενη προσέγγιση. Μια ακόμη αιτία θα μπορούσε να είναι η μη αξιολογήση της συνεισφοράς του θορύβου στις διαφορετικές λήψεις (bandwidths). Η απώλεια τέτοιων περιοχών δεν μειώνει την αξία του αλγορίθμου, αφού αποτελεί μια αντικειμενική μέθοδο, ανεξάρτητη από τον παρατηρητή, επαναλήψιμη και ικανή να οριοθετήσει το artifact στο χώρο. Δεν της επιτρέπει παρόλα αυτά να χρησιμοποιηθεί σαν μέθοδος απόλυτης ποσοτικοποίησης του artifact. Μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την πραγματοποίηση συγκρίσεων ιδανικά σε συνθήκες λήψεις που αφορούν την ίδια ακολουθία. Ο συνδυασμός της με ένα επιπλέον αλγοριθμικό βήμα, όπως ένα βήμα που θα ανιχνεύονται χαρακτηριστικά της εικόνας σε συνδυασμό με την οριοθέτηση του artifact που έχει προηγηθεί, μπορεί να δώσει ένα ισχυρό εργαλείο τμηματοποίησης της εικόνας με εφαρμογές που θα μπορούν να επεκταθούν από τη χρήση σε ομοιωμάτων ως εργαλείων για την ποσοτικοποίηση του artifact και στην καθημερινή κλινική πρακτική.

Orientador: Maria Clara Filippini Ierardi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larosa_MariaAparecida_D.pdf: 10660809 bytes, checksum: a977970425db7202c5a36a0e2a30a789 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: No presente trabalho, o aço inoxidável austenítico ASTM F 138, empregado na fabricação de implantes ortopédicos temporários e permanentes, foi submetido a tratamento de superfície por laser, com o intuito de analisar as modificações microestruturais resultantes deste tratamento e seus efeitos na resistência à corrosão e ao desgaste microabrasivo. A caracterização microestrutural foi feita por microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microdureza Vickers e difração de raios-X. Para analisar o comportamento em corrosão do aço, antes e após o tratamento, foram realizados três tipos diferentes de ensaios eletroquímicos usando solução de Ringer como eletrólito. O comportamento em desgaste foi avaliado a partir de ensaios por microabrasão do tipo esfera-sobre-placa, utilizando como abrasivos uma suspensão de partículas de carboneto de silício (SiC) em água destilada e uma suspensão de SiC em solução de Ringer. Após o tratamento por laser, o aço apresentou uma microestrutura refinada constituída por dendritas de austenita, com um aumento de aproximadamente 23% na dureza e com melhoria frente à corrosão e ao desgaste. / Abstract: In this work, ASTM F 138 austenitic stainless steel, used in temporary and permanent orthopaedic implants manufacture, was subjected to laser surface treatment. The purpose is analyze the microstructural changes resulting from this treatment and their effects on the microabrasive wear and corrosion resistance. The microstructural characterization was performed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Vickers microhardness and X-ray diffraction. In order to analyze the corrosion behavior, three different types of electrochemical tests were carried out before and after treatment, using Ringer's solution as electrolyte. The wear behavior was evaluated using ball-cratering microabrasive wear tests, using slurry of silicon carbide particles (SiC) in distilled water and slurry of SiC in Ringer's solution. After laser treatment, the steel presented a refined microstructure consisted of austenite dendrites, with a 23% hardness increase and improved corrosion and wear resistance. / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

The thesis analyses the company Beznoska s.r.o. on the domestic and foreign markets. It describes the activities and strategy of the company, which is engaged in the production of orthopaedic implants and implants in the field of orthopaedics. The second part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of the domestic market, i.e. the Czech Republic. It analyses particularly Ukraine from the foreign markets. Subsequently, by using comparison and analysis among the selected countries, it is searching for potential market for company expansion.