This master’s thesis verifies physical principle of ultrasound in fluids by numerical model. At first, ultrasound study is ment. In second theoretic part, diferent kind of motor oils are described. Next, equations for numerical simulation are presented. In practical part, numerical model of level sensor is examined in well-knowed fluids (water, air). Results of laboratory measurement on topic of ultrasound velocity in oil dependent on temperature are aplicated on numerical model of sensor and optimalized.

<div>Studying the motion of cells and investigating their migration patterns in inertial microchannels have been of great interest among researchers because of their numerous biological applications such as sorting, separating, and filtering them. A great drawback in conventional microfluidics is the inability to focus extremely small biological particles and pathogens in the order of sub-micron and nanometers due to the requirement of designing an impractically elongated microchannel, which could be in the order of a few meters in extreme cases. This restriction is because of the inverse correlation between the cube of the particle size and the theoretically required channel length. Exploiting an oscillatory flow is one solution to this issue where the total distance that the particle needs to travel to focus is virtually extended beyond the physical length of the device. Due to the present symmetry in such flow, the directions of the lift forces acting on the particle remain the same, making the particle focusing feasible. </div><div><br></div><div>Here, we present results of simulation of such oscillatory flows of a single capsule in a rectangular microchannel containing a Newtonian fluid. A 3D front-tracking method has been implemented to numerically study the dynamics of the capsule in the channel of interest. Several cases have been simulated to quantify the influence of the parameters involved in this problem such as the channel flow rate, capsule deformability, frequency of oscillation, and the type of applied mechanism for inducing flow oscillations. In all cases, the capsule blockage ratio and the initial location are the same, and it is tracked until it reaches its equilibrium position. The capability to focus the capsule in a short microchannel with oscillatory flow has been observed for capsule deformabilities and mechanisms to induce the oscillations used in our study. Nevertheless, there is a limit to the channel flow rate beyond which, there is no single focal point for the capsule. Another advantage of having an oscillatory microchannel flow is the ability to control the capsule focal point by changing the oscillation frequency according to the cases presented in the current study. The capsule focusing point also depends on its deformability, flow rate, and the form of the imposed periodic pressure gradient; more deformable capsules with lower maximum velocity focus closer to the channel center. Also, the difference between the capsule equilibrium point in steady and oscillatory flows is affected by the capsule stiffness and the device flow rate. Furthermore, increasing the oscillation frequency, capsule rigidity, and system flow rate shorten the essential device length. </div><div><br></div><div>Although the oscillation frequency can provide us with new particle equilibrium positions, especially ones between the channel center and wall that can be very beneficial for separation purposes, it has the shortcoming of having a zero net throughput. To address this restriction, a steady component has been added to the formerly defined oscillatory flow to make it pulsating. Furthermore, this type of flow adds more new equilibrium points because it behaves similarly to a pure oscillatory flow with an equivalent frequency in that regard. They also enable the presence of droplets at high Ca or Re that could break up in the steady or a very low-frequency regime. Therefore, we perform new numerical simulations of a deformable droplet suspended in steady, oscillatory, and pulsating microchannel flows. We have observed fluctuations in the trajectory of the drop and have shown that the amplitude of these oscillations, the average of the oscillatory deformation, and the average migration velocity decrease by increasing the frequency. The dependence of the drop focal point on the shape of the velocity profile has been investigated as well. It has been explored that this equilibrium position moves towards the wall in a plug-like profile, which is the case at very high frequencies. Moreover, due to the expensive cost of these simulations, a recursive version of the Multi Fidelity Gaussian processes (MFGP) has been used to replace the numerous high-fidelity (or fine-grid) simulations that cannot be afforded numerically. The MFGP algorithm is used to predict the equilibrium distance of the drop from the channel center for a wide range of the input parameters, namely Ca and frequency, at a constant Re. It performs exceptionally well by having an average R^2 score of 0.986 on 500 random test sets.</div><div><br></div><div>The presence of lift forces is the main factor that defines the dynamics of the drop in the microchannel. The last part of this work will be dedicated to extracting the active lift force profiles and identify their relationships with the parameters involved to shed light on the underlying physics. This will be based on a novel methodology that solely depends on the drop trajectory. Assuming a constant Re, we then compare steady lift forces at different Ca numbers and oscillatory ones at the same constant Ca. We will then define analytical equations for the obtained lift profiles using non-linear regression and predict their key coefficients over a continuous range of inputs using MFGP.</div>

La synthèse d'ouverture est une technique interférométrique similaire à la synthèse par rotation de la terre utilisée en radioastronomie où les signaux reçus par une paire de petites antennes sont traités de telle manière à synthétiser une seule grande antenne. Le concept de synthèse d'ouverture a été réadapté pour l'observation de la terre dans le cas de la télédétection de sources étendues de température. L'utilisation de cette technique pour l'observation de la terre a permis de contourner les limitations sur la taille d'antenne en télédétection passive. La fonction de corrélation, ou de visibilité, obtenue en inter-corrélant les signaux reçus par les an- tennes d'un système interférométrique employant une synthèse d'ouverture est définie comme étant la transformée de Fourier de la carte des températures de bril lance de la scène observée. Cette relation est connue sous le nom du théorème de Van Cittert-Zernike pour des observateurs en repos par rapport aux sources de température. La forme classique de ce théorème a été dérivée en inter-corrélant les échantillons temporels instantanés du champ électrique mesurés par différentes antennes. Un nouveau concept basé une interférométrie spatio-temporelle passive a été proposé comme étant la nouvelle génération qui succédera à la mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) opérant dans l'espace depuis Novembre 2009. Celui-ci a pour objectif principal l'amélioration de la résolution spatiale à des ordres pouvant répondre aux applications hydrologiques à l'échelle locale où des résolutions kilométriques sont exigées. Ce concept interférométrique se base sur l'idée d'intégrer le déplacement de l'observateur (l'antenne) et ainsi la variable temps dans le calcul de la fonction de corrélation. Ceci engendre la création de nouvelles lignes de base virtuelles entre les positions des antennes à des instants différents, en plus des lignes de base physiques formées entres les positions des antennes instantanées. L'étude de ce concept de corrélation a malheureusement démontré la suppression exacte de l'information additionnelle due aux lignes de base virtuelles par le décalage Doppler induit par le déplacement. Une seconde étude du concept d'interférométrie spatio-temporelle combinée à une nouvelle procé- dure d'imagerie par corrélation dans l'espace fréquentiel, accomplie en inter-corrélant les spectres fréquentiels des champs électriques mesurés par une paire d'antennes séparées d'une distance Δr à bord d'un satellite à une hauteur h, a démontré l'obtention d'une information en 2D en températures de brillance de la scène observée. En plus, le développement théorique de la fonction de corrélation a mis en évidence une relation liant les visibilités aux températures de brillance par l'intermédiaire d'un noyau hautement oscillatoire. L'élément nouveau apporté par la corrélation dans l'espace fréquentiel consiste à exploiter l'informati- on de corrélation acquise par les antennes du satellite pour des fréquences présentant de petites dif- férences et pas seulement l'auto-corrélation. Cette propriété permet une reconstruction en 2D des températures de brillance avec seulement deux antennes / Aperture synthesis is an interferometric technique similar to Earth rotation synthesis employed in radio astronomy in which the signals received by a pair of small antennas are processed in a way to synthesize a single large antenna. The aperture synthetic concept used in radioastronomy was readapted to Earth remote sensing for large thermal sources. Thanks to this technique, limitations on antenna size in passive microwave remote sensing have been overcome. The correlation, or visibility, function obtained by cross-correlating the signals received by the antennas of an interferometric system using aperture synthesis is linked to the brightness temperature map of the observed scene by means of a Fourier-transform law. This is know as the standard form of the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem for fixed observers with respect to sources of temperature. This stan- dard formulation is derived by cross-correlating the instantaneous temporal components of the measured electric fields by different antennas. A new concept based on a passive spatio-temporal interferometry was proposed as the new generation to follow the well-known SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission successfully operating since November 2, 2009. The aim of the proposed concept is a jump in the current achieved geometric resolution to orders capable of meeting the stringent users' needs for the study of hydrological applications in the local scale where sub-kilometric resolutions are required. This interferometric concept is based on the idea of integrating the displacement of the observer (satellite's antenna), and hence the time variable, in the calculation of the correlation function, which yields the creation of virtual baselines between the positions of antennas at different instants, in addition to the physical ones formed between the instantaneous antennas' spatial positions. Sadly, the additional information due to the virtual baseline was shown to be exactly canceled by the induced Doppler shift due to the observer's motion. We show furthermore that when using the aforementioned spatio-temporal interferometric system combined with a revolutionary Fourier Correlation Imaging (FouCoIm) procedure, consisting in cross-correlating, at slightly different frequencies, the Fourier components of the fluctuations of the re- ceived electric fields by a pair of antennas separated by a distance Δr on board of a satellite flying at height h, the 2D position-dependent brightness temperature can be reconstructed. Besides, the analytical derivation of the correlation function gives rise to a relationship linking the measured cor- relations to the position-dependent brightness temperatures by means of a Highly Oscillatory Integral (HOI) kernel. Interestingly, the analytical study of the HOI kernel showed the remarkable property that a corre- lation between both antenna-signals remains within a small frequency interval (different frequencies) outside the simple auto-correlation (same frequency). As a matter of fact, while existing systems had, until now, only considered the simple 1D information contained in the auto-correlation, it appears that the resulting correlation function from this concept bears a 2D information for the measurement of the position-dependent brightness temperature. Based on this, one is capable of reconstructing 2D bright- ness temperatures starting from a simple 1D geometry (two antennas arranged perpendicularly to the flight direction)

No description available.

<p>Every engineered system behaves slightly differently because of manufacturing and operational uncertainties. The ability to build system-specific predictive models that adapt to manufactured systems, also known as digital twins, opens up many possibilities for reducing operating and maintenance costs. Nonlinear dynamical systems with unknown governing equations and states characterize many engineered systems. As a result, learning their dynamics from data has become both the current research area and one of the biggest challenges. In this thesis, we do an investigation of different data driven approaches for modeling various engineered systems. Firstly, we develop a model to predict the transient and steady-state behavior of a turbocharger turbine using the Koopman operator which can be helpful for modelling, analysis and control design. Our approach is as follows. We use experimental data from a Cummins heavy-duty diesel engine to develop a turbine model using Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (EDMD), which approximates the action of the Koopman operator on a finite-dimensional subspace of the space of observables. The results demonstrate comparable performance with a tuned nonlinear autoregressive network with an exogenous input (NARX) model widely used in the literature. The performance of these two models is analyzed based on their ability to predict turbine transient and steady-state behavior. Furthermore, we assess the ability of liquid time-constant (LTC) networks to learn the dynamics of various oscillatory systems using noisy data. In this study, we analyze and compare the performance of the LTC network with various commonly used recurrent neural network (RNN) architectures like long short-term memory (LSTM) network, and gated recurrent units (GRU). Our approach is as follows. We first systematically generate synthetic data by exciting the system of interest with a band-limited white noise and simulating it using a forward Euler discretization scheme. After the output has been simulated, we then corrupt it with different levels of noise to replicate a practically measured signal and train the RNN architectures with that corrupted output. The model is then tested on various types of forcing excitations to analyze the robustness of these networks in capturing different behaviors exhibited by the system. We also analyze the ability of these networks to capture the resonance effect for various parameter settings. Case studies discussing standard benchmark oscillatory systems (i.e., spring-mass-damper (S-M-D) system, single degree of freedom (DOF) Bouc-Wen oscillator, and forced Van der pol oscillator) are used to test the performance of these methodologies. The results reveal that the LTC network showed better performance in modeling the S-M-D system and 1-DOF Bouc-Wen oscillator as compared to an LSTM network but was outperformed by the GRU network. None of the networks were able to model the forced Van der pol oscillator with a reasonable accuracy. Since the GRU network outperformed other networks in terms of the computational time and the model accuracy for most of the scenarios, we applied it to a real world experimental dataset (i.e. turbocharger turbine dynamics) to compare it against the EDMD and NARX model. The results showed better performance of the GRU network in modeling the transient behaviours of the turbine. However, it failed to predict the turbine outlet temperature with a reasonable accuracy in most of the regions for the steady state dataset. As future work, we plan to consider training the GRU network with a data sampling frequency of 100 Hz for a fair comparison with the NARX and the Koopman approach.</p>

No description available.

Dyslexic and control first-grade school children were compared in a Symbol-to-Sound matching test based on a non-linguistic audiovisual training which is known to have a remediating effect on dyslexia. Visual symbol patterns had to be matched with predicted sound patterns. Sounds incongruent with the corresponding visual symbol (thus not matching the prediction) elicited the N2b and P3a event-related potential (ERP) components relative to congruent sounds in control children. Their ERPs resembled the ERP effects previously reported for healthy adults with this paradigm. In dyslexic children, N2b onset latency was delayed and its amplitude significantly reduced over left hemisphere whereas P3a was absent. Moreover, N2b amplitudes significantly correlated with the reading skills. ERPs to sound changes in a control condition were unaffected. In addition, correctly predicted sounds, that is, sounds that are congruent with the visual symbol, elicited an early induced auditory gamma band response (GBR) reflecting synchronization of brain activity in normal-reading children as previously observed in healthy adults. However, dyslexic children showed no GBR. This indicates that visual symbolic and auditory sensory information are not integrated into a unitary audiovisual object representation in them. Finally, incongruent sounds were followed by a later desynchronization of brain activity in the gamma band in both groups. This desynchronization was significantly larger in dyslexic children. Although both groups accomplished the task successfully remarkable group differences in brain responses suggest that normal-reading children and dyslexic children recruit (partly) different brain mechanisms when solving the task. We propose that abnormal ERPs and GBRs in dyslexic readers indicate a deficit resulting in a widespread impairment in processing and integrating auditory and visual information and contributing to the reading impairment in dyslexia.

Feynman path integrals introduced heuristically in the 1940s are a powerful tool used in many areas of physics, but also an intriguing mathematical challenge. In this work we used techniques of infinite dimensional integration (i.e. the infinite dimensional oscillatory integrals) in two different, but strictly connected, directions. On the one hand we construct a functional integral representation for solutions of a general high-order heat-type equations exploiting a recent generalization of infinite dimensional Fresnel integrals; in this framework we prove a a Girsanov-type formula, which is related, in the case of Schrödinger equation, to the Feynman path integral representation for the solution in presence of a magnetic field; eventually a new phase space path integral solution for higher-order heat-type equations is also presented. On the other hand for the three dimensional Schrödinger equation with magnetic field we provide a rigorous mathematical Feynman path integral formula still in the context of infinite dimensional oscillatory integrals; moreover, the requirement of independence of the integral on the approximation procedure forces the introduction of a counterterm, which has to be added to the classical action functional (this is done by the example of a linear vector potential). Thanks to that, it is possible to give a natural explanation for the appearance of the Stratonovich integral in the path integral formula for both the Schrödinger and the heat equation with magnetic field.

O trabalho ressalta a importância do tema Qualidade da Energia (QE) e apresenta alguns dos diversos distúrbios responsáveis pelo seu comprometimento. Tais distúrbios, quando presentes em um dado sistema elétrico, podem causar sérios danos tanto aos equipamentos de medição e controle pertencentes ao fornecedor de energia, como também aos equipamentos mais sensíveis pertencentes aos usuários deste sistema. Os fenômenos mais freqüentes no estudo da QE foram destacados, bem como suas definições. Conhecidos estes fenômenos, implementou-se um algoritmo computacional, utilizando como ferramenta a transformada rápida de Fourier janelada (Windowed Fast Fourier Transform - WFFT) - TRFJ, para identificar e classificar estas perturbações em um dado sistema elétrico de distribuição. Para que o resultado fosse o mais próximo possível de uma situação real, utilizou-se para análise, um sistema elétrico real de distribuição da CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz). Sobre o referido sistema elétrico foram simulados casos de afundamentos, elevações e oscilações de tensão, criando assim, um banco de dados para, posteriormente, podermos testar e validar o algoritmo computacional implementado, na identificação destes fenômenos. Este algoritmo permite variarmos tanto o tamanho da janela, quanto a freqüência amostral do sinal. Neste estudo em particular, utilizamos tamanhos de janelas de 1 ciclo e 1/2 ciclo, e freqüência amostral do sinal, de 7,68 kHz (inicialmente utilizada para obtenção do banco de dados), e 0,769 kHz, aproximadamente. Como resultados, obtivemos que o tamanho da janela de dados para esta implementação, não apresentou diferenças significativas na análise, quando comparados com os dados iniciais. Entretanto, observa-se um comportamento contrário com a variação da taxa amostral, ou seja, quanto menor a freqüência amostral empregada, maior a perda de informações importantes em relação ao sinal inicial. / The present work at lines the importance of Power Quality (PQ) and it presents some of the many disturbances related to it and its implications. Such disturbances, as presented in an electrical system, can cause serious damages in the measurements, in the control of power utility equipments, as well as in sensitive equipments. The most frequent phenomena in the study of PQ had been emphasized, as well as its definitions. Once these phenomena are known, a computational algorithm was implemented, using the Windowed Fast Fourier Transform - WFFT as a tool to identify and classify these disturbances, considering electrical distribution system. In order to have the best situation for the test, a real electrical distribution system from CPFL (Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz) utility was simulated. Some cases of voltage sag, voltage swell and oscillatory transient were simulated, creating a data base to test and validate the computational algorithm implemented. This algorithm allows changing the window length as the sample rate. For the proposed study, 1 cycle and 1/2 cycle as window length was analyzed with sample rate of 7,68 kHz (initially used for obtaining the data base), and 0,769 kHz. It was observed that the window length studied did not influence significantly the proposed analysis concerning PQ. However, concerning the sample rate, it was observed a deterioration of the analysis with the 0,769 kHz rate.

Les roulements soumis à des mouvements oscillatoires et des charges élevées sont nécessaires pour le fonctionnement de nombreux mécanismes industriels (actionneurs, commandes d’avions, machines pour l’usinage, robots, chaînes d’assemblages, …). Ces roulements sont soumis à des pressions de contact locales extrêmement élevées avec des vitesses de roulement faibles qui ne permettent pas une lubrification adéquate des interfaces des premiers corps avec de l’huile. Les essais d’endurance sur les roulements ont permis la reconstitution des courbes de dégradation pendant la vie du roulement. Des analyses des surfaces, effectués à chaque phase de la vie du roulement ont permis aussi bien de suivre l’évolution de la topographie à l’interface entre les pistes et les éléments roulants. D’autre parte, des analyses numériques par éléments finis ont permis d’obtenir des informations sur les distributions des contraintes et des déformations. Le croisement des résultats expérimentaux et numériques a donc permis la reconstruction des mécanismes locaux d’accommodation. Dans le cas d’un roulement oscillant non graissé, les déplacements relatifs et les contraintes sont principalement accommodés aux interfaces des premiers corps en contact, ce qui accélère l’endommagement final du roulement. Dans le cas d’un roulement oscillant graissé, une partie des déplacements relatifs et contraintes est accommodée dans une sous couche qui se forme dans la peau des éléments roulants. Cette accommodation se manifeste par l’accumulation de déformations plastiques qui s’avèrent être aussi à l’origine de l’endommagement final du roulement. L’analyse des surfaces de contact des roulements oscillants graissés montre qu’il se forme, en présence de la graisse et très tôt dans la vie du roulement, une couche (troisième corps graisse/particule et TTS en surface de la piste) qui protège les surfaces en contact. D’autre part, une expertise de roulement ayant fonctionné sur un avion de de type A340 révèle une forte similarité entre ses faciès d’usure et ceux obtenus lors des essais d’endurance, et valide ainsi les mécanismes d’accommodation reconstitués. Enfin, des questions portant sur les effets de la quantité de graisse, du glissement des éléments roulants, et des pauses sur un essai donné sont aussi traitées. / Bearings subjected to oscillatory motions and high loads are necessary for the operation of several industrial mechanisms (actuators, aircraft controls, machining, robots, assembly lines, ...). These bearings are subjected to extremely high local contact pressures with low running speeds, which do not permit adequate lubrication of the interfaces of the first bodies with oil. Endurance tests perfomed on commercial bearings allowed at reconstructing the evolution of the degradation curves during the bearing life. Surface analyses carried out at each phase of the bearing life also allowed at following the evolution of the topography at the interface between the bearing raceways and the rolling elements. On the other hand, numerical analyses, by finite element method, have led to obtain information on the distributions of stresses and deformations. The dialogue between experimental and numerical results allowed the reconstruction of the local accomodation mechanisms. In the case of ungreased oscillating bearings, the relative displacements are mainly accommodated at the surfaces of the first bodies in contact, which accelerates the damage of the bearing. In the case of greased oscillating bearings, part of the relative displacements and stresses are accommodated at the subsurface of the rolling elements. This accommodation mechanism is manifested by the accumulation of plastic deformations which are at the origin of the final degradation of the bearing. The analysis of the contact surfaces of the raceways of the greased oscillating bearings shows as well that, in the presence of grease, a layer (third body mixture of grease and particles, and TTS on the track surface) protects the surfaces of the raceway and thus accommodates the other part of the displacements and stresses. On the other hand, the analysis of an airelon bearing, dismounted from an A340 type aircraft, revealed a strong similarity between its topographies and those obtained during the performed endurance tests, validateing the reconstructed accommodation mechanisms. Finally, questions about the effects of the amount of grease, sliding of the rolling elements, and pauses on a given test heve been discussed too.