The Paris Agreement is one of the most important international agreements concerning environmental issues of the world. It aims to keep global warming within a safe range, primarily by reducing national greenhouse gas emissions. The Paris Agreement was adopted at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris in December 2015, and it came into force less than a year later. The agreement has received media attention in various countries, including France. Moreover, French politicians saw the Paris Agreement as a success of French diplomacy. The thesis is based on framing theory and uses the method of qualitative content analysis to find and name frames found in articles in the French regional daily Ouest-France and the national daily Le Monde, and then to compare them. The work focuses on the period of one year since the adoption of the agreement, specifically covering the period between 13 December 2015 and 13 December 2016 inclusive. The two selected newspapers contain the same seven frames (the important but insufficient agreement frame, the doom frame, the responsibility of all countries frame, the responsibility of France frame, the economic consequences frame, the intra-state conflict frame, and the inter-state conflict frame, with Ouest-France additionally containing the...

La concurrence est en voie d’extinction dans l’industrie de la Presse Quotidienne Régionale en France et des grands journaux « metropolitan » des Etats-Unis. La concurrence est un débat économique et sociétal récurrent dès qu’il s’agit de médias. La pluralité des voix est considérée à tort ou à raison comme un des piliers de la démocratie représentative. Elle est protégée par des lois en France et aux Etats-Unis visant à réguler la concentration. Force est de constater que ces textes restent sans efficacité sur le terrain. Les économistes sont partagés quant à l’effet de la concentration sur les affaires. Certains soulignent une baisse du lectorat//audience dans les départements en situation de monopole. La corrélation dominante cause/effet n’a jamais été prouvée, dans la mesure où le déclin de la presse a d’autres raisons. Les partisans de la concentration avancent les avantages financiers de cette situation, principalement des économies d’échelle et la possibilité de fixer les prix hors de la réalité d’un marché concurrentiel. Mais cette époque est révolue. Notre sujet est pourtant pionnier au sens où la concurrence redevient la règle sur le marché de le publicité numérique et également des «informations ». Des starts-up se multiplient aux Etats-Unis défiant les groupes historiques dans une compétition certes encore très asymétrique, La France semble toujours en retard quant à cette émergence d’entrepreneurs régionaux. A travers des études de cas, nous tenterons de prouver que la concurrence marketing et éditoriale a encore un effet dopant sur les ventes « papier » (compétition Ouest-France et Télégramme ou sur Chicago à moindre échelle). / Due to concentration, in the United States and France, competition is about to be eradicated in the local and metropolitan newspaper industry. Some scholars regret the lack of pluralism which is historically the function of the press in a representative democracy. Pluralism is highly regulated by the states, but laws could not prevent concentration. Economists are divided about the impact of concentration regarding business. Some point out that circulation has dropped in newly monopolistic areas. But they do not provide the undoubtedly proof of a correlation between those two facts. Economies of scale and financial benefits (price-fixing) of a monopolistic position may justify concentration on an economic level. Some companies have enjoyed double-digit profit while in a monopolistic position. But this time is over. The emergence of the Internet has generated a highly competitive market regarding advertising and news business. Our topic is thus not lamenting the good old days of competition, but it is pioneering. In the United States, many start-ups, mostly non-profit, challenge the legacy regional and metropolitan newsgroups the same way that already big groups do nationwide, such as Buzzfeed or Quartz or Vox. Entrepreneurs, in a Schumpeterian meaning, strive to replace stagecoach owners and build the railways of the future. The trend is much less clear in the French case.Our research wants to assert that marketing and full editorial competition still boosts circulation and business (Brittany in France) and is an unavoidable rendezvous for the legacy groups in the digital news era because they are forced to abandon the corporate culture of the past.

Trois cloîtres attribués aux couvents de "Trie-sur-Baïse", "Bonnefont-en-Comminges" (aux Cloisters, New York) et "Montréjeau" (Paradise Island, Bahamas) furent remontés outre-Atlantique au cours du XXe siècle. L'installation moderne de tels monuments en Amérique nous incitent à nous intéresser à ce goût, exprimé dés le début du XXe siècle, pour l’architecture médiévale. Selon les premières attributions, les pierres proviendraient d'abbayes des Pyrénées centrales, dont les vestiges furent dispersés au cours de l'Histoire. Les troubles des guerres de Religion, l’abandon progressif des établissements par les communautés religieuses, l’aliénation de leur temporel pendant la Révolution portèrent un coup sévère à l’intégrité des bâtiments monastiques ; mais, de la période post-révolutionnaire jusqu’au début du XXe siècle, ce sont bien les discrètes transactions entre particuliers et antiquaires, qui firent disparaître de la mémoire collective l’origine même des pierres, particulièrement celles des cloîtres en marbre, convoitées pour leur décor. Identifier leur provenance fut l'enjeu majeur de cette étude. Ces marbres sculptés présentent un programme iconographique riche et varié : les ensembles de "Bonnefont-en-Comminges" et de "Montréjeau" proposent un décor de feuillage stylisé tandis que celui de "Trie-sur-Baïse" expose des scènes figurées originales. Mener une analyse de ces sculptures a permis de les restituer dans leur contexte architectural originel. / Three cloisters attributed to the monasteries of "Trie-sur-Baise", " Bonnefont-en-Comminges" (the Cloisters, New York) and "Montréjeau" (Paradise Island, Bahamas) were purchased by American collectors and rebuilt, during the XXth century, in North America. The modern assembly of such monuments generates interest on the taste of these American amateurs, from the beginning of XXth century, for medieval European architecture. While respectively attributed to the monasteries of "Trie-sur-Baise", "Bonnefont-en-Comminges" (the Cloisters, New York) and "Montréjeau" (Paradise Island, Bahamas), the initial attribution states that the stones were from central Pyrenees monasteries, whose ruins were scattered throughout ancient times : the Hundred-year war as well as the wars of religion, the gradual desertion of religious institutions by their communities during the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries and, at last, the alienation of their properties during the Revolution seriously damaged the integrity of monastic buildings. However, during the post-revolutionary period until the early XXth century, many discrete transactions between individuals and antique dealers further took away the stones real origin from the collective memory, especially cloisters sculptures coveted for their ornament. Identifying the cloisters provenance was the main subject of this study. The three carved marbles present various iconography ; while the "Bonnefont-en-Comminges" and "Montréjeau" ensembles both show stylized foliage ornaments, the "Trie-sur-Baise" cloister depicts original figurative scenes. Carrying out an in-depth study of these sculptures made it possible to accurately associate the cloisters to their original architectural set and production context.