The study of race/ethnicity and leisure has been an area of great interest to researchers since at least the 1970s. Numerous studies have shown that differences exist in the ways people from different racial/ethnic groups participate in outdoor recreation. Most of these studies have found that racial and ethnic minorities (i.e. non-White groups) participate in many outdoor recreation activities at proportionally lower levels than do Whites. While these studies present numerous hypotheses to help explain this phenomenon, no study has been conclusive. In this dissertation, I present a theoretical framework and three empirical studies to investigate the nuances of this issue. The first study examines the theory of systemic racism (Feagin, 2006) and its utility to deepen our understanding of the factors that play into African Americans relationship with nature and outdoor recreation. The second study analyzes narrative and historical autobiographical accounts of African Americans from the three major racial eras in United States history in order to examine African Americans’ relationship with nature over time. The third study examines the racially related constraints of African Americans who are involved in serious leisure pursuits of activities generally considered outdoor recreation, as well as African Americans who are involved in nature related careers. The constraints I found with this group are reservations of family and friends regarding being in “the woods,” collective memory and fear, being the “only one, ” discrimination and “reverse curiosity,” assumption of novice status, and balancing identity between being Black, and “acting White.” In the fourth study I analyze this same study group, but explore their experiences of being involved in serious leisure and look at the negotiation schema that this group employed to sustain participation. These negotiation schema are childhood formative experiences, realizing deep connections to nature, transcendental experiences in nature, leaning on knowledge of nature, comfort with White people/places/groups, and positive experiences with White people in nature. The four studies in this collection represent a rethinking and deepening of our knowledge of African American participation in the outdoors.

Thesis (M.L.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes special study report entitled: Sewage treatment and its utilization in irrigation. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.U.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-84).

This thesis project reconsiders the purpose and effectiveness of public, free-to-use outdoor gyms, resulting in the Health Loop nine-station outdoor gym. The project identifies three key areas of failings in existing gyms: intimidation, lack of understanding, and lack of enjoyment.The design solution creates a gym which focuses firstly on providing a comfortable, appealing, approachable space and equipment. This is achieved through simplicity, a non-sporting atmosphere, and targeting the workout to relatively inactive people. The second key focus is on quick-to-understand, engaging, enjoyable workout routines for each station. This aspect is delivered through an interactive digital display and sensors to provide gamified routines and feedback.

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No description available.

This thesis explores the procedure utilized in the creation of a reliable and valid test instrument for determining the educational value of the Indianapolis Resident Outdoor Education Program during spring, 1972, and the actual administration of this instrument at the Bradford Woods Camp during spring, 1972.This is an unprecedented investigation of the Indianapolis Resident Outdoor Education Program. The literature review attempts to give the reader an understanding of the historical development of Resident Outdoor Education in the public school system. The aims and objectives established for various programs, and attitudes which have resulted from these programs are also discussed.The creation of the 99 question pilot instrument, and testing of this instrument are presented in detail. Then, the creation of a revised instrument of 50 questions is discussed. Next, the method of testing the revised evaluative instrument is presented.From the data gathered during the testing of both the pilot and revised instruments, conclusions are drawn concerning the educational value of the Indianapolis Resident Outdoor Education at the Bradford Woods Camp during spring, 1972. The thesis is concluded by recommendations for further research. The pilot and revised instruments created for this investigation are included in the appendices.

Viena iš plačiai paplitusių reklamos rūšių yra išorinė arba lauko reklama, kuri pasiekia plačią auditoriją. Lauko reklama veikia vartotoją per jo pažinimą, emocijas ir elgesį. Atsižvelgiant į šias dimensijas, reklamos taikomos įvairioms auditorijoms, jas veikiant įvairiais būdais. Problemos ištyrimo lygis. Nuolat kintančioje aplinkoje reklamos industrijos problematika yra aktuali, nes suteikia galimybę didinti įmonių pardavimus bei plėsti paslaugų spektrą. Tačiau labai sudėtinga išmatuoti poveikį, todėl šiame darbe bus vertinamas lauko reklamos poveikis vartotojui. Reklamos teorinius aspektus nagrinėjo L. Markauskas (2008), D.L. Wilcox (2007), L. Šliburytė (2007), T. Yeshin (2006), B. Čereška (2004), G. J. Tellis (2004), D. Jokubauskas (2003), S. Vaitiekus (2002), R. Mažeikaitė (2001) ir kt. Darbo objektas. Lauko reklamos poveikis vartotojui. Darbo tikslas. Teoriniais aspektais išanalizuoti reklamos poveikį bei įvertinti lauko reklamos poveikį Kauno miesto vartotojams. Darbo uždaviniai. 1. Atlikti reklamos poveikio teorinę analizę. 2. Atskleisti lauko reklamos specifiką. 3. Išanalizuoti Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių atliktus reklamos poveikio vertinimo tyrimus ir parengti tyrimo modelį. 4. Įvertinti lauko reklamos poveikį Kauno miesto vartotojams. Reklamos veikia vartotoją per jo pažinimą, emocijas ir elgesį. Atsižvelgiant į šias dimensijas, reklamos taikomos įvairioms auditorijoms, jas veikiant įvairiais poveikio būdais. Lauko reklama labiausiai veikia Kauno miesto vartotojus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Relevance. Outdoor advertising is one of the most common advert types. It’s influence reaches a wide audience. Outdoor advert affects consumer through his emotions, knowledge and behavior. Considering these dimensions, outdoor adverts created for diversity of consumer profiles, while using different appliances Object. Outdoor advertising and the way it affects consumer. Purpose. Analyze the effects of Advert and Outdoor advertising on Kaunas city consumers by using theoretical aspects. Tasks: • Perform a theoretical analysis on Advertising effects. • Discover outdoor advertising specifics • Analyze advertising impact researches made by local and foreign authors and create and prepare the research model • Evaluate the effect of outdoor advertising in Kaunas. Research methods: related science literary analysis, comparable analysis, questionnaire analysis. Research results: The first chapter discusses the advert impact on consumer and Outdoor advertising specifics. Second chapter analyzes advertising impact researches by local and foreign authors. Outdoor advertising impact on consumer research model is prepared also. Third chapter bases outdoor advertising impacts on Kaunas city consumers, research methodic. With appliance of questionnaire analysis method, the conclusion is made that Advertising is essential for consumer because it provides vital information about existence of various products and services. One of the key points that encourages consumer to buy occurs to be the... [to full text]

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Outdoor education offers a promising method for developing life skills, however this field is undermined by ad hoc theory and limited research. This thesis offers a critical synthesis of theoretical and empirical outdoor education literature, develops instrumentation to measure life effectiveness, and reports on a large, longitudinal study of outdoor education program life effectiveness outcomes. Outdoor education was reviewed as consisting of seven theoretically interactive domains (participant, environment, program, activity, group, instructor, and culture) within a dynamic, experiential milieu. A theoretical systems framework is proposed, drawing on Dewey’s theory of experience, to illustrate how participants’ experiences of outdoor education might be understood as arising within a “complex system”. A critical review of traditional and meta-analytic reviews of empirical outdoor education research indicated small-moderate positive impacts on typically measured outcomes (e.g. self-concept, locus of control, and social skills; ES ~ 0.35). However, this research has been limited by a lack of appropriate dependent measures, low statistical power, over-reliance on inferential statistics, a lack of control and comparison groups, a lack of longitudinal data, and a lack of investigation of independent variables. To address such issues, Study 1 developed new measurement instrumentation and Study 2 conducted a large, longitudinal study. “Life effectiveness” was proposed to refer to generic life skills which facilitate surviving and thriving across a variety of situations. Life effectiveness skills were further proposed to be enhanceable through intervention. Study 1 investigated the psychometrics of the 11-factor, 64-item Life Effectiveness Questionnaire version G (LEQ-G) through congeneric and confirmatory factor analyses (N = 1,164). Three problematic factors and several weaker items were removed, leading to an 8-factor, 24-item model (LEQ-H) with an excellent fit (TLI = .984; N = 1,892). A global second-order model also provided an excellent fit (TLI = .980), with evidence for factorial invariance of the second-order factor across gender and age, and promising evidence for factorial invariance of the first-order model. Further development of the LEQ was recommended to consider construct validity, other life effectiveness factors, and ongoing item development (e.g. to reduce skewness). / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)