El presenta trabajo consistió en la evaluación de los indicadores de comportamiento sísmico: sobre resistencia y ductilidad para edificios aporticados de concreto armado a través del método estático no lineal con un software estructural. Para esto se sometió a evaluación edificios de 3, 6, 9,12 ,15 y 18 pisos. Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron que a medida que el periodo fundamental de una estructura aumenta, la sobre resistencia aumenta también, más no se puede plantear una tendencia clara. En el caso de la ductilidad hay una tendencia polinómica clara para cada eje del edificio: a medida que el periodo fundamental aumenta la ductilidad disminuye. Por otro lado la capacidad real de la estructura es superior al cortante de diseño que se muestra en la norma E-030. The present work consisted of the evaluation of the indicators of seismic behavior: over strength and ductility for reinforced concrete buildings moments frames with the static non - linear method using a structural software. For this, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18-story buildings have been evaluated. The results of this research showed that as the fundamental period of a structure increases, over strength also increases, but a clear trend can not be given. In the case of ductility there is a clear polynomial tendency for each axis of the building: as the fundamental period increases the ductility decreases. On the other hand, the actual capacity of the structure is superior to the design shear shown in Standars of E-030.

Cette étude vise à développer des connaissances sur le comportement d’un réservoir d’hydrogène àhaute pression en composite bobiné (fibre de carbone et résine époxy) soumis à des chocs en service, c'est-àdireà étudier les endommagements générés ainsi que leur évolution et leurs conséquences en service. Dansun premier temps, une étude micrographique sur les réservoirs impactés à des niveaux d’énergiecaractéristiques des chocs habituels de manutention a été réalisée afin d’observer les configurationsd’endommagement induites. Par la suite, différentes techniques d’impact sont comparées pour sélectionnercelle permettant de reproduire ces endommagements représentatifs des chocs subis par les réservoirs sur deséprouvettes prélevées dans des cylindres bobinés. Ces échantillons sont testés en traction monotone afin dequantifier l’abattement des propriétés mécaniques induites par l’endommagement. Puis, une approche demodélisation de l’évolution des dommages d’impact a été développée. Dans un souci de ménager le caractèreopérationnel de l’approche, elle est construite à partir d’outils simples permettant de traduire l’effet de lafissuration matricielle, de la rupture des fibres et du délaminage. Pour décrire la ruine de la structure, uneapproche de type « analyse progressive de la rupture » a été utilisée. Une fois validé sur éprouvette, lemodèle est appliqué au comportement de réservoirs complets afin d’estimer la tolérance aux dommages et deprévoir la diminution de pression d’éclatement provoquée par les chocs. / This study aims to develop knowledge about the behavior of a wound composite high-pressurehydrogen tank subjected to impact in service, that is to say, to study the damage generated and their evolutionand their consequences in service. At first, a micrographic study of reservoirs impacted at energy levelscharacteristic of common in-service shocks is performed to observe damage induced configurations.Thereafter, various impact techniques are compared to select the one able to reproduce this representativedamage on specimens cut from wound composite cylinders. These samples are tested under monotonictension to quantify the reduction of the mechanical properties induced by damage. Then, a model for theevolution of impact damage is developed. In order to maintain the operational nature of the approach, it isbuilt from simple tools to capture the effect of matrix cracking, fiber breakage and delamination. To describethe collapse of the structure, a "progressive failure analysis" is used. Once validated on specimens, the modelis applied to the behavior of wound composite tanks to estimate damage tolerance and predict the burstpressure decrease caused by shocks.

This study investigates the impact of employing the Miller cycle on a high specific power downsized gasoline engine by means of Early Intake Valve Closing (EIVC) and Late Intake Valve Closing (LIVC). This investigation assesses the potential for the Miller cycle to improve fuel economy at part load points, as well as high load points with significantly elevated boost pressures (Deep Miller) of up to 4 bar abs. The impact of geometric Compression Ratio (CR) and Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) has also been investigated. The knock mitigating qualities of Deep Miller have been assessed, and its ability to increase maximum engine load explored. Low Speed Pre-ignition (LSPI) and autoignition tendencies with reduced coolant flow rates and with aged and new fuels have also been studied. This study comprises both experimental and analytical studies. A Ricardo Hydra single cylinder thermodynamic engine was developed and used for the experimental component of the study. This engine features a high specific power output (120kW/l) cylinder head from the Mahle 1.2l 3 cylinder aggressively downsized engine. The analytical component was carried out using a 1-dimensional GT-Power model based on the Ricardo Hydra experimental engine. A Design of Experiments (DoE) based test plan was adopted for this analytical study. The experimental study found that EIVC was the optimal strategy for improving fuel economy at both part-load and high-load conditions. LIVC yielded a fuel economy penalty at part-load operations and a fuel economy improvement at high-loads. The unexpected part-load LIVC result was attributed to the engine breathing dynamics of the experimental engine. The analytical study found moderate LIVC to be the optimal strategy at lower speeds, unless compensation for the increased degree of scavenging experienced with EIVC was compensated for, in which case EIVC was optimum. At higher speeds EIVC was found to be optimum regardless of whether or not compensation for scavenging was employed. It was generally found that less sensitivity to EBP was exhibited the more extreme the EIVC and LIVC. It was also found that a higher geometric CR could be tolerated with extreme EIVC and LIVC, and a fuel economy benefit could be obtained through the elevation of Geometric CR.

Class of 2011 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: Accidental ingestions of medications in children under five years old are an increasing problem faced by parents and caregivers. This study will determine which medications are most commonly ingested and which cause more harmful side effects. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study was performed by obtaining data from electronic patient charts from the Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (APDIC). Subjects were selected if they were younger than five years old and had ingested a medication during 2009. Age and gender were analyzed by calculating percentages and means and comparing them using an independent t-test. Adverse effects of medications were compared using a Chi Square test. RESULTS: A total of 4,373 cases met inclusion criteria for analysis, including 2,019 females and 2,354 males. The average age of patients was 2.2 years. Of 3,275 cases (74.4%) involving OTC medications, 119 patients (3.6%) developed minor effects and 20 patients (0.6%) developed moderate effects. Of 1,129 children (25.6%) ingesting prescription medications, 78 patients (6.9%) developed minor effects, 35 patients (3.1%) developed moderate effects and 1 patient (0.1%) developed a major effect (p=0.003). CONCLUSION: Males were more likely to have unintentional ingestions than females. The incidence of OTC ingestions was higher than prescription ingestions. Toddlers tended to have more ingestions than infants or older children. Unintentional prescription medication ingestions resulted in significantly more adverse effects than unintentional OTC ingestions.

This study analysed causes of the problem of over-fishing in the Jebel Aulia Reservoir (JAR) in Sudan and investigated reasons behind the failure of current management and policy regimes to promote sustainable management and exploitation of fishery in this reservoir. To achieve these objectives existing analytical frameworks and methodological approaches to study noncompliance with regulations have been adapted to allow two important extensions: (1) using frequency instead of intensity as a measure of violation rate and, (2) modifying the probability of detection to depend on time to account for frequency of violation. The adapted analytical models have then been empirically implemented to develop a typology of fishers according to violation rates and to analyse determinants of noncompliance and extent of violation with mesh size regulations among artisanal fishers in the JAR. This study represents the first research effort investigating causes and implications of illegal fishing and noncompliance with fishery regulations in Sudan in general and particularly in the JAR. The study extended the two times dynamic deterrence model (DDM) to use frequency instead of intensity of noncompliance as a measure of violation rate. The method of comparative statics was employed to derive analytical results on the sensitivity of optimal violation to a number of key factors of high relevance to compliance with regulations designed to protect against over-fishing. Analytical results obtained with this extended DDM confirmed the findings of earlier empirical studies employing alternative static and dynamic formulations and revealed interesting economic meanings of modelled relations. The study concludes that a number of factors related to market and institutional failures make frequency more suitable than intensity as a measure of violation in artisanal fisheries of developing countries. Applications of DDM have so far been limited to the case of constant probability of detection, which assumes independence of the length of time to detection. One objective of this study was therefore to modify the DDM to allow for more flexible and broader specification by introducing two important variables to the supply of offences function, namely, evasion activity and enforcement efforts .One of the major modifications made by this study is modelling the probability of detection as a Cox proportional hazard model instead of the survival hazard used in the literature. The new modelling of probability of detection also makes the previous specification only one of the three versions of the new model, since the new model accommodates the situations of constant and inconstant probability of detection. The results of comparative statics analysis revealed important potential ways of extending the standard DDM to allow for optimal choice among critical trade-offs between evasion efforts and violation rates. The study then applied the adapted DDM to empirically analyse and test specific hypotheses about artisanal fishers‘ compliance behaviour using data from a survey of artisanal fishers in the JAR area. Survey data was collected from a sample of 241 fishers from five landing sites at the study area. Factors that determine the probability of violation as well as the extent of violation were analysed employing an ordered Probit model and a count data model respectively, in two steps. The first step analysed the determinants of the choice to belong to one of the defined fishers‘ typologies. In the second step, a zero truncated negative binomial model was applied to analyse determinants of the extent and frequency of violation among violators only. Results of the empirical analyses suggest that fishers seem to care more about the size of the penalty than the presence of regulation enforcing agents as a deterrent, mainly due to corrupt options and effective evasion activities used by fishers. The study also suggests that better education of fishermen is necessary, as well as the provision of alternative income generating activities especially during the fish reproduction season, access to credit for ownership of legal nets, and finally, effective regulation of the importation of illegal nets will be necessary to enhance compliance with mesh size regulations in Sudan. It is also necessary to promote community level organisation and awareness campaigns among fishers about the dangers for future fish stocks of eroding small fish quantities through the use of illegal nets and consequently endangering the social welfare of all. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The proliferation of data hungry wireless devices, such as smart phones and intelligent sensing networks, is pushing modern wireless networks to their limits. A significant shortfall in the ability of networks to meet demand for data is imminent. This thesis addresses this problem through examining the design of distributed antenna systems (DAS) to support next generation high speed wireless services that require high densities of access points and must support multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) protocols. First, it is shown that fibre links in DAS can be replaced with low-cost, broadband free-space optical links, termed radio over free-space optics (RoFSO) links. RoFSO links enable the implementation of very high density DAS without the need for prohibitively expensive cabling infrastructure. A 16m RoFSO link requiring only manual alignment is experimentally demonstrated to provide a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of > 100dB/Hz^2/3 over a frequency range from 300MHz- 3.1GHz. The link is measured to have an 802.11g EVM dynamic range of 36dB. This is the first such demonstration of a low-cost broadband RoFSO system. Following this, the linearity performance of RoFSO links is examined. Because of the high loss nature of RoFSO links, the directly-modulated semiconductor lasers they use are susceptible to high-order nonlinear behaviour, which abruptly limits performance at high powers. Existing measures of dynamic range, such as SFDR, assume only third-order nonlinearity and so become inaccurate in the presence of dominant high-order effects. An alternative measure of dynamic range called dynamic-distortion-free dynamic range (DDFDR) is then proposed. For two different wireless services it is observed experimentally that on average the DDFDR upper limit predicts the EVM knee point to within 1dB, while the third-order SFDR predicts it to within 6dB. This is the first detailed analysis of high-order distortion effects in lossy analogue optical links and DDFDR is the first metric able to usefully quantify such behaviour. Next, the combination of emerging MIMO wireless protocols with existing DAS is examined. It is demonstrated for the first time that for small numbers of MIMO streams (up to ~4), the capacity benefits of MIMO can be attained in existing DAS installations simply by sending the different MIMO spatial streams to spatially separated remote antenna units (RAU). This is in contrast to the prevailing paradigm of replicating each MIMO spatial stream at each RAU. Experimental results for two representative DAS layouts show that replicating spatial streams provides an increase of only ~1% in the median channel capacity over merely distributing them. This compares to a 3-4% increase of both strategies over traditional non-DAS MIMO. This result is shown to hold in the multiple user case with 20 users accessing 3 base stations. It is concluded that existing DAS installations offer negligible capacity penalty for MIMO services for small numbers of spatial streams, including in multi-user MIMO scenarios. Finally, the design of DAS to support emerging wireless protocols, such as 802.11ac, that have large numbers of MIMO streams (4-8) is considered. In such cases, capacity is best enhanced by sending multiple MIMO streams to single remote locations. This is achieved using a novel holographic mode division multiplexing (MDM) system, which sends each separate MIMO stream via a different propagation mode in a multimode fibre. Combined channel measurements over 2km of mode-multiplexed MMF and a typical indoor radio environment show in principle a 2x2 MIMO link providing capacities of 10bit/s/Hz over a bandwidth of 6GHz. Using a second experimental set-up it is shown that the system could feasibly support at least up to a 4x4 MIMO system over 2km of MMF with a condition number >15dB over a bandwidth of 3GHz, indicating a high degree of separability of the channels. Finally, it is shown experimentally that when a fibre contains sharp bends (radius between 20mm and 7.2mm) the first 6 mode-groups used for multiplexing exhibit no additional power loss or cross-coupling compared with unbent fibre, although mode-groups 7, 8 and 9 are more severely affected. This indicates that at least 6x6 multiplexing is possible in standard installations with tight fibre bends.

The thesis "Czech football clubs income analysis" is devoted to the detailed analysis of an unflattering financial situation of Czech first league clubs. The goal is identification the causes of football companies losses and introduction of the possible solutions of this problem. The application part of thesis is divided into two main parts. A quantitative part is devoted to the financial analysis of clubs and to the detailed analysis of their incomes in a long term horizon, starting since the season of 2003/04. A qualitative part is looking for a solution of a negative club management, using an already-proven models in other European countries.

The topic of the thesis is to analyze the debt of Czech households from 1993 to 2012. The main goal is to map the development of indebtedness of Czech households in these years and to discuss the reasons of increasing Czech households debt mainly including drop in inflation and interest rates, the desire of the population for their own living and the tendency towards the consumer life despite the decrease in growth of indebtedness of households till 2009. The thesis tries to answer the question whether Czech households are over indebted and whether they are threatened by falling into a debt trap. Although the increments of debt were considerable in the recent years, in the international comparison the indebtedness of Czech households is very low and the fall to a debt trap is not actual because the majority of loans are used for purchase of real estate. The risk is represented by substantial growth of interest rates, prices of real estate and increase in the unemployment rate together with low economic performance. In conclusion, the thesis tries to formulate the disposal against over indebtedness. As one of the most effective implement is considered the increase in financial literacy of wider population and the change of social atmosphere in which the debt was perceived least risky.

This qualitative thesis examines levels of pessimism as they relate to modern and postmodern horror cinema. Beyond assumed differences in levels of pessimism between the two genres, the study also examines implicit and explicit moralization of these categories. Specifically, the study questions if postmodern horror cinema's characteristic increase in pessimism is simply a change in the genre's convention, yet a change that is irrespective of either genre's capabilities to moralize. First, the study singularly examines the conventions of each genre as it relates to levels of pessimism. Second, the study discusses works that bridge the two genres. And third, the study speculates on the future of pessimism in postmodern horror cinema, specifically examining the genre's increased reliance on a combination of narrative and documentary techniques. In addition, this study uses content analysis as its methodological framework, whereby representative works of horror cinema (the data) are subjected to in-depth personal reading and textual analysis given the levels of pessimism between the two genres (the coding) via text immersion. Nonetheless, this study should be viewed more as a guided and informed exploration of certain characteristics regarding the genres and less of a defense since the data will not be quantified.

This thesis deals with the transmission of information over the Ethernet network. In this work a suitable microcontroller and a communication module were selected. The Module provides data transfer from Ethernet to SPI bus. Furthermore an optimal digital temperature sensor DS1820 was chosen. Theoretically it describes the model TCP / IP and the Ethernet type network . In this thesis a block circuit diagram is created, further an electrical wiring diagram and a printed circuit board were constructed. In the programming environment BascomAVR a program is compiled, which is used to transfer information from the microcontroller via Ethernet to a website.