This paper will analyse code-switching, borrowing, slang, and covert or overt prestige in online and television media. The days of OOH (Out Of Home) advertising are becoming obsolete and moving toward a digital age. South African press aims to create advertising inclusive of all creeds, genders, cultures, and classes, in which all walks of life interact in an ideal society and with humour specific to the locality. Thus, the paper will analyse the advertisers using these linguistic terms, such as code-switching, etc., to create these realities in these advertisements and how they are presented tactically.  The source material is twenty video advertisements ranging from the last fifteen years, 2007-2022. All videos are deconstructed and then examined when and where code-switching, borrowing, slang, and other more seldomly used tactics are found. The advertisements range from banks to fast food companies, which should allow the formality of the ad to have differences in how they approach specific target audiences and the general message they attempt to convey. The results show that all the videos contained two or more code switches, borrowings and slang words or phrases. This proved that their inclusion in the advertisement was not by chance but rather calculated and intentional. They were strategically placed to either add comedy or South Africanise the advertisement to create inclusion. Many adverts used stereotypical language that proved that the adverts were explicitly South Africans as they would only have the exclusivity of understanding it.  This supports that this strategy could be the best way for advertisers to create better engagements for future advertising.

Background: Prior studies show that sickness induces anxiety as rated by subjective reports but have not linked this to overt behavior in humans. This study investigates the expression of distress during experimental sickness, its relation to self-reported anxiety, and the moderating role of gender in the association between overt distress and self-rated anxiety. Methods: 21 participants (18-34 yrs, 10 women) were semi-randomly chosen from a placebo-controlled, double-blind, within-subject experiment, in which participants were intravenously injected with a bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.8 ng/kg body weight) triggering a transient inflammatory reaction and an acute state of sickness. In the current study, we coded the participants’ expression of moans, sighs and deep breaths (overt distress) during sickness from the video recordings of the experiment and analyzed these parameters in relation to the state part of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1979) that was collected during the experiment. Results: The frequency of overt distress increased strongly during experimental sickness (1-3h post-injection of LPS) compared to baseline. The level of overt distress was not related to subjective feelings of anxiety. No clear difference was found between men and women in the frequency of expressed distress during sickness. Interestingly however, there was an inverted relation between anxiety and the expression of distress in women, so that women who reported higher anxiety expressed less distress overtly (ß = -0.52, p = 0.018). Conclusions: Experimental sickness strongly induces an increase of moans, sighs and deep breaths, but these are not directly associated with the level of state anxiety reported. The results also suggest that moans, sighs and deep breaths might have a different function in men and women.

Many would agree that learning occurs when new information is stored in memory. Therefore, most learning efforts typically focus on encoding processes, such as additional study or other forms of repetition. However, as I will outline in this thesis, there are other means by which to improve memory, such as retrieval practice in the form of tests. Testing memory has a reinforcing effect on memory, and it improves retention more than an equal amount of repeated study – referred to as the testing effect – and it has been assumed that retrieval processes drive this effect. Recently, however, this assumption has been called into question because of findings that suggest that articulation, that is, the act of providing an explicit response on a memory test, may play a role in determining the magnitude of the testing effect. Therefore, in three studies, I have examined the effects of retrieval and articulation on later retention, in an attempt to ascertain whether the testing effect is entirely driven by retrieval, or if there are additive effects of articulation. I have also explored possible boundary conditions that may determine when, and if, the effects of retrieval and articulation become selective with respect to memory performance. In all three studies, participants studied paired associates and were tested in a cued recall paradigm after a short (~5 min) and a long (1 week) retention interval, and retrieval was either covert (i.e., responses were retrieved but not articulated) or overt (i.e., responses were retrieved and articulated).  In Study I, I demonstrated that uninstructed covert retrieval practice (by means of delayed judgments of learning) produced a testing effect (i.e., improved memory relative to a study-only condition) similar to that of explicit testing, which supports the idea that the testing effect is mainly the result of retrieval processes. In study II, I compared memory performance for covert and overt testing, and found partial support for a relative efficacy in favor of overt retrieval, compared to covert retrieval, although the effect size was small. In Study III, I further explored the distinction between different response formats (i.e., covert retrieval vs. various forms of overt testing), specifically handwriting and keyboard typing. I also examined the relative efficacy of covert versus overt retrieval as a function of list order (i.e., whether covert and overt retrieval is practiced in blocks or random order) and its manipulation within or between subjects. The results of Study III were inconclusive insofar as a relative efficacy of covert versus overt retrieval, with respect to later retention, could not be demonstrated reliably. The list order manipulations did not appear to affect covert and overt retrieval selectively. More importantly, in cases where a relative efficacy was found, the effect size was again small. Taken together, the three studies that of thesis indicate that the benefit of testing memory appears to be almost entirely the result of retrieval processes, and that articulation alone adds very little – if anything – to the magnitude of the testing effect, at least in cued-recall paradigms. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications, as well as their importance for the development of optimal teaching and learning practices in educational settings. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

This thesis aims to present and explore a mathematical model of attitude change within society. Building on the foundations set up by Lave and March [2] and Eriksson and Strimling [1] we propose a model which includes the possibility of having an overt as well as covert opinion by any individual on a given issue. We lay out the verbal and mathematical specifications for our model, interpret them in the framework of discrete-time dynamical systems and simulate the behavior using Matlab programming. Finally, we propose three conjectures based on the results of our simulations and proceed to subject two of them to further analytical treatment.

<p>A close reading of a series of books by Eoin Colfer that enjoyed universal success showed a change in the language between the books especially with respect to minor linguistic features such as choice of location and abstract vs. concrete language. The books are about the boy Artemis Fowl, and were presumably conceived as children’s books.</p><p>My original thesis was that the writer could not be sure of the success of the first book, but would definitely be aware of a worldwide audience for at least his third book, due to, for example, questions raised by the translators. If the original audience was expected to be Irish, or British, with very much the same cultural background as the author’s, the imagined subsequent audiences would change with success. My hope was to be able to show this by comparing linguistic features. And indeed, even though some changes could be due to coincidence there was a specific pattern evolving in the series, in that the originally Irish cultural background became less exclusive and more universal. The writer also used more details concerning locations, with added words to specify a place. What could thus be expected in the translated versions would be omissions and additions in especially the first book, but less need for that in later books. This, however, could not be proven in the Swedish translations. I thus conclude that the books became easier to follow for a wider, in this case Swedish, audience mostly because of efforts by the author and less because of the translator.</p>

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta dissertaÃÃo, investigamos como nomes repetidos, pronomes plenos e pronomes nulos sÃo processados quando exercem a funÃÃo de expressÃes correferentes em portuguÃs brasileiro (PB). Gordon, Grosz & Gilliom (1993) comprovaram que os nomes repetidos sÃo mais difÃceis de serem processados quando comparados aos pronomes plenos que disputam a posiÃÃo de sujeito anafÃrico de uma entidade previamente introduzida no discurso, gerando um efeito por eles nomeado de âRepeated Name Penaltyâ (RNP). Por sua vez, Gerlomini-Lezama (2008) testou o mesmo tipo de correferÃncia expandindo a teoria para o uso do pronome nulo em espanhol, que à uma lÃngua pro-drop, diferentemente do inglÃs e, por sua vez, comprovou que, ao menos nesta lÃngua, os pronomes nulos sÃo mais facilmente processados do que nomes repetidos, gerando o efeito por ele nomeado de âOvert Pronoun Penaltyâ (OPP). Em PB, a RNP tem sido objeto de discussÃo entre muitos estudiosos e bastante reafirmada por LeitÃo (2005) e colaboradores (QUEIROZ & LEITÃO, 2008; LEITÃO & SIMÃES, 2011, inter alia). Tomados em conjunto, todos esses estudos tÃm corroborado a aceitaÃÃo do efeito da RNP em PB nÃo somente na posiÃÃo de sujeito, mas tambÃm na posiÃÃo de objeto, sem distanciar o antecedente de sua retomada anafÃrica. Entretanto, Maia e Cunha-Lima (2011, 2012) encontraram evidÃncias contrÃrias aos estudos prÃvios sobre a RNP em PB, indicando a ocorrÃncia da OPP em PB. Trabalhamos com a hipÃtese de que a distÃncia exerce papel significativo durante o processamento, atribuindo ao nome repetido o status de expressÃo referencial em detrimento dos pronomes pleno e/ou nulos, tanto para sujeito simples quanto para sujeitos. A anÃlise conjunta dos resultados do experimento sugere que (i) na regiÃo crÃtica, os pronomes nulos sÃo processados mais facilmente do que pronomes plenos e nomes repetidos, e (ii) que a distÃncia entre o antecedente e sua expressÃo referencial nÃo desempenha papel significativo durante o processamento correferencial. / In this dissertation we investigated how repeated names, overt pronouns and null pronouns are corefentially processed in Brazilian Portuguese (PB). Gordon, Grosz & Gilliom (1993) have shown that repeated names are more difficult to be processed compared to the overt pronouns vying for the subject anaphoric position of an entity previously introduced in discourse, creating an effect that it has appointed of "repeated name penalty "(RNP). In turn, Gerlimini-Lezama (2008) tested the same type coreference to expand the theory for the use of the null pronoun in Spanish, which is a pro-drop language, unlike English, and in turn, has shown that, at least this language, null pronouns are more easily processed than repeated names, creating the effect that he named "overt pronoun penalty" (OPP). In PB, RNP has been the subject of discussion among many scholars and quite reaffirmed by LeitÃo (2005) and colloboraters (Queiroz & LeitÃo, 2008; LeitÃo & SimÃes, 2011, inter alia). Taken together, these studies have corroborated acceptance of the effect of RNP in PB not only in the subject position, but also the object position. However, Maia & Cunha Lima (2011, 2012) presented evidence contradictory to previous studies on the RNP in PB, indicating the occorence of OPP in PB. We work with the hypotheses that the distance has a significant role during processing, giving the name repeated the status of reference expression at the expense of overt and/or null pronouns for both simple subject and composed subjects. The analysis of the experimental results suggest that (i) at the critical region the null pronouns are processed more easily than overt pronouns and repeated names, and (ii) the distance between the antecedent and its referring expression plays no significant role in the coreferential processing.

A close reading of a series of books by Eoin Colfer that enjoyed universal success showed a change in the language between the books especially with respect to minor linguistic features such as choice of location and abstract vs. concrete language. The books are about the boy Artemis Fowl, and were presumably conceived as children’s books. My original thesis was that the writer could not be sure of the success of the first book, but would definitely be aware of a worldwide audience for at least his third book, due to, for example, questions raised by the translators. If the original audience was expected to be Irish, or British, with very much the same cultural background as the author’s, the imagined subsequent audiences would change with success. My hope was to be able to show this by comparing linguistic features. And indeed, even though some changes could be due to coincidence there was a specific pattern evolving in the series, in that the originally Irish cultural background became less exclusive and more universal. The writer also used more details concerning locations, with added words to specify a place. What could thus be expected in the translated versions would be omissions and additions in especially the first book, but less need for that in later books. This, however, could not be proven in the Swedish translations. I thus conclude that the books became easier to follow for a wider, in this case Swedish, audience mostly because of efforts by the author and less because of the translator.

Exploring theoretical intersections of translation studies and linguistic landscape studies, this thesis both sums up existing research and presents new ideas, so as to show how the two disciplines can benefit from each other. The main focus of the first chapter is distinctive features of translations in linguistic landscape. The empirical part has several aims. The linguistic landscape of Prague's city centre is examined, above all the use of foreign languages and translations on signs, employing some of the theoretical concepts from the first chapter. The thesis also looks into translativity in linguistic landscape. A selection of translations from Czech to English is then assessed by language specialists who are native speakers of English, helping us identify flaws in the translations.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Overt hypothyroidism is characterized by decreased of thyroid hormones synthesis, with elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It s a common disorder in population with highest prevalence in women and with aging. Frequently is associated with lipid metabolism alterations, represented by lipid parameters elevation and consequently with atherosclerosis development. The association between hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress already well established, however oxidative stress presence in hypothyroidism is controversy. The oxidative stress is characterized by an increase in oxygen reactive species (ROS) generation or antioxidant system deficiency. In the present study were determined biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers in overt hypothyroidism patients. The biochemical markers, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol(C-LDL), cholesterol HDL (C-HDL) and trycerides (TG) were measured in serum samples in these patients. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels. Antioxidant system evaluation was performed by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) actvities and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels were evaluated by reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E (VIT E) levels.The results demonstrated an increase in biochemical markers (TC, C-LDL and TG) in hypothyroid group, when compared to control group. In relation to lipid peroxidation, was observed an increased in TBARS levels in patients with hypothyroidism when compared to control group. The same was observed for antioxidants defenses SOD and CAT. Nonenzymatic antioxidants, such vitamin E, were higher in hypothyroid group in relation to controls, while GSH levels remained unchanged with hypothyroidism. These results suggest the association between overt hypothyroidism and hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress. The high levels of cholesterol presented by hypothyroidism patients, has a stronger influence under oxygen reactive species (ROS) generation and in consequence under the oxidative stress. The increase in SOD and CAT activities, suggest antioxidant system induction as a mechanism to combat the ROS generation and high lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, overt hypothyroidism has association with hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress biomarkers increase. / O hipotireoidismo clínico é caracterizado pela diminuição na síntese dos hormônios tireoideanos, com elevação dos níveis do hormônio tireoestimulante (TSH). É uma desordem comum na população com maior incidência no sexo feminino e com a progressão da idade. Freqüentemente está associado a alterações no metabolismo lipídico, representadas pela elevação nos parâmetros lipídicos e consequentemente com o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose. A associação entre hipercolesterolemia e estresse oxidativo já é bem estabelecida, entretanto a presença de estresse oxidativo no hipotireoidismo é controversa. O estresse oxidativo é caracterizado por um aumento na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) ou deficiência do sistema antioxidante. Neste trabalho determinaram-se marcadores bioquímicos e de estresse oxidativo em pacientes com hipotireoidismo clínico. Os marcadores bioquímicos, colesterol total (CT), colesterol-LDL (LDL-C), colesterol HDL (HDL-C) e triglicerídeos (TG) foram medidos em soro dos pacientes. A peroxidação lipídica foi medida através dos níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). A avaliação do sistema antioxidante enzimático foi realizada através da medida da atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT) e os níveis de antioxidantes não-enzimáticos através dos níveis de tióis totais (SH) e vitamina E (VIT E). Os resultados demonstraram um aumento dos marcadores bioquímicos (CT, LDL-C e TG) no grupo hipotireóideo, com relação ao grupo controle. Em relação a peroxidação lipídica, observou-se um aumento dos níveis séricos de TBARS de pacientes com hipotireoidismo quando comparados com o grupo controle. Esse aumento também foi observado para as defesas antioxidantes enzimáticas, SOD e CAT. Com relação aos antioxidantes não-enzimáticos, ocorreu um aumento nos níveis séricos de VIT E no grupo hipotireóideo com relação ao grupo controle, enquanto que para SH não foi observada diferença entre os grupos estudados. Estes resultados sugerem a associação do hipotireoidismo clínico com hipercolesterolemia e estresse oxidativo. Os altos níveis de colesterol apresentados pelos pacientes com hipotireoidismo, exercem forte influência sobre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e por conseqüência sobre o estresse oxidativo. Os aumentos das enzimas SOD e CAT, sugerem a indução do sistema antioxidante enzimático, na tentativa de combater a formação de ERO e a elevada peroxidação lipídica. Concluí-se então, que o hipotireoidismo clínico, está associado à hipercolesterolemia e ao aumento dos biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo.

The knowledge and cognitive process dimensions of Technology teachers’ lesson objectives This study employs both quantitative and qualitative enquiry, which seeks to establish the nature and quality of the lesson objectives intended by Technology teachers. Technology teachers are frequently faced with the need to use technological knowledge and its methodological approaches in their development of lesson plans and in their teaching. The methodological aspect and technological knowledge of these teachers should be reflected in the framing of lesson plans containing explicit statements of lesson objectives or learning outcomes. The cognitive levels to which the objectives lead are important because of the demands placed on learners by the subject of technology. Technology inherently requires mastery of some scientific knowledge, and procedures of the technological process from needs establishment to design and fabrication of artefacts. This requires learners to achieve at the upper levels of Bloom‟s taxonomy. This is the important goal of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and cognitive process dimensions of the lesson objectives in lesson plans of Technology teachers. These dimensions of Technology teachers‟ lesson objectives were mapped using the Taxonomy Table adapted from the Revised Bloom‟s Taxonomy. This study used a primarily qualitative research approach, with some quantitative analysis of data. A survey research design with limited scope was used to obtain lesson plans from Technology teachers in order to establish the nature and qualities of their lesson objectives. Lesson plans were collected from 19 teachers in three districts of Mpumalanga. These lesson plans were analysed, interpreted and discussed with sampled teachers in a focus group. With regard to the knowledge and cognitive domains of the Technology teachers‟ lesson objectives, findings from this study suggest that teachers tend to focus more on factual knowledge and less towards metacognitive knowledge, and operate at low-order level in the cognitive domain. In other words, technology learners are being taught factual knowledge at the low-order level of thinking. Technology teachers tend to have lesson objectives that are known only to them. This might imply that teaching in technology occurs without proper specific objectives. Measures need to be put in place to intensify support to Technology teachers so that they realise the importance of the formulation of lesson objectives that cover all the levels in the knowledge and cognitive domains. Furthermore, Technology teachers should be encouraged to state their lesson objectives explicitly. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted