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English has been a central language in various sectors of South Korean (henceforth Korean) society for over a century, with historical events and contexts resulting in a glorification of the language as both an essentiality for success and an indicator of superiority and modernity (Park, 2009; Cho, 2017). With English becoming omnipresent in recent times due to an increasing focus on globalisation within Korean society, most families rigorously pursue English education to ensure optimal chances of employment. In turn, due to the necessity for additional English education outside of school, such as expensive private education, the divide between social classes in Korea has been continuously growing up to this day (Cho, 2017). Due to these existing inequalities and language ideologies, English is generally recognised as an indicator of social class in Korea. Despite the strong history of English in this country, however, Koreans’ perceptions of English, whether they see it as a key for vertical social mobility, and how they conceptualise English with respect to their self-images remain under-researched. Thus, by approaching this topic empirically, the present thesis explores the perspectives of English-speaking and non-English-speaking Korean native speakers regarding the role of English in Korea. To investigate this, the present study incorporates semi-structured interviews on the addressed topics and a subsequent content analysis through which themes are both established and interpreted. The participants were selected according to their age, English proficiency, and respective employment, with all interviewees being in their 20s and all working either in the real estate market or being involved in university undergraduate studies. The participants’ responses in the interviews showed similarities between the two groups, namely that both English-speaking and non-English-speaking participants of the present study position themselves similarly towards the role of English in Korea. First, it seems clear from the responses that English is perceived more as a marker of social class and less as a tool for vertical social mobility. This finding appears to indicate that English influences movement within the social hierarchy of Korea only to a certain extent, according to the interviewees’ perspectives, due to English being less important after recruitment by a company. Second, the participants conceptualise English as having general overt prestige. At the same time, the participants’ responses indicate that they connect English with the possibility of putting themselves in danger of face-threatening acts (FTAs). Thus English is conceptualised positively as being an indicator of intelligence, power, and wealth, while being negatively conceptualised as being a possible threat to the face of Koreans, resulting in their reluctance to speak English.

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This study examined whether metalinguistic frequency increases or utterance type changes with age in children with typical language. Overt metalinguistic productions of 32 children, 3;0-5;7, were collected during recast intervention. Overall, the data showed changes in frequency and proportion of types with age.

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the frequency of overt metalinguistic utterances increases and types change with age in children with typically developing language. Metalinguistic awareness refers to the conscious and deliberate ability to manipulate and reflect upon language properties. Development of metalinguistic awareness is an indicator of future reading skills, but little is known about its development in preschool children. Spontaneous, overt metalinguistic utterances are rare and tasks developed to assess metalinguistic sills are too complex for young children. This study is unique in the number of overt metalinguistic utterance it elicited in young children. It was hypothesized that the metalinguistic utterance rate would increase with age and that types would change. Methods. Thirty-two children ages 3:0-5:11 were exposed to irregular verb forms of nonsense words (e.g., dake- doke) through recast intervention, which involves quick corrections of children's grammar by adults during conversation. Language samples of the intervention sessions were digitally recorded and then coded for the presence and type of metalinguistic utterances, including: challenges, rehearsals, requests for clarification, self-corrections and self-statements. Twenty percent of the language samples were randomly selected and independently coded for reliability. Results. Thirty-one of the 32 children produced at least one metalinguistic utterance. The 5-year-olds produced a higher rate per minute of metalinguistic utterances than the 3-year-olds. The 5-year-olds produced a significantly higher rates of challenges than any other type of metalinguistic utterance than any other group, except the 3 and 4-year-olds' rates of self-correction. The increased rate with age and observed trends in the use of metalinguistic types generally supported a theoretical model of developmental emergence.

<p>The implied reader of a novel is the person that the author writes for. In the case of Åsa Larsson’s Swedish detective novel Solstorm, the implied reader is familiar with Swedish politics, history, and geography but also with biblical references and Swedish customs. When the novel is translated into English, The Savage Altar: Innocence will be Sacrificed, there is a new implied reader, the translator’s implied reader. When culture-specific material is either omitted or misunderstood, or a cultural filter changes the material to suit the new target audience, the context of the novel is also changed. The result is a loss of context.</p>

Les abeilles domestiques subissent des pertes de colonies sans précédents, ce qui pourrait à terme avoir un fort impact économique compte tenu de leur apport à l’agriculture en service de pollinisation. Ces pertes sont définies comme causées par des stress multifactoriels. Cependant, l’impact de ces stress est en général testé séparément sur les individus ou les colonies. Les colonies sont connues pour concentrer les pesticides provenant de l’environnement à travers le pollen et le nectar récoltés mais aussi les pathogènes. L’étude de la co-exposition entre le thiaméthoxam, un insecticide néonicotinoïde, et deux virus de l’abeille, le DWV et le CBPV, a mis en évidence l’existence d’interactions entre chacun de ces virus et le pesticide. Diverses méthodes de transmission des virus ont été testées afin de s’approcher au mieux des conditions naturelles et une méthode de transmission du CBPV par contact répétable a été développée. Une cinétique de métabolisation du thiamethoxam a été effectuée pour la première fois, renseignant sur la forte probabilité d’excrétion du métabolite en conditions naturelles. Lors d’expérimentations en cagettes la co-exposition entre le CBPV et le thiaméthoxam à fortes doses chroniques a causé des mortalités synergiques, ou une augmentation des charges virales atteignant le seuil en nombre de copies virales connu pour déclencher des infections apparentes chez les abeilles. Les différences de résultats entre des abeilles provenant de colonies dans diverse conditions a souligné un effet de tolérance aux stress encore non étudié chez l’abeille domestique. En parallèle, la co-exposition au sein de la colonie entre le thiaméthoxam à une dose sublétale aigüe et le DWV a causé des premières sorties de butinage extrêmement précoces chez les abeilles, ainsi que de fortes proportions de premiers vols sans retour, ce qui pourrait à terme avoir un effet dévastateur sur les colonies. L’étude de la transcription de gènes suggère que les effets obtenus sur les charges virales en CBPV seraient dus à un effet du thiaméthoxam sur dorsal-1a, un facteur de l’immunité, et les sorties précoces à une baisse significative de la transcription de la vittelogénine, entrant en jeu dans les mécanismes de vieillissement, due au DWV. Le développement de clones moléculaires du DWV a été amorcé, ce qui pourra à terme permettre des études de génétique inverse sur ce virus, qui pourront expliquer ses modes de transmission et d’infections encore inconnus à ce jour. / Domestic honeybees are suffering from unprecedented colony losses, which could at term have a strong economic impact, considering their part in crop pollination, notably. These losses are defined as caused by multifactorial stresses. However, the impact of these stresses is usually measured separately, on individuals or colonies. Colonies are known to concentrate pesticides from their environment through collection of pollen and nectar, but they also concentrate pathogens. The study of a co-exposure between thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, and two honeybee viruses, DWV and CBPV, has shed light on the existence of interactions between each of these viruses and the pesticide. Different virus transmission methods have been tested to be as close as natural conditions, and a repeatable CBPV transmission method through contact has been developed. Metabolisation kinetics of thiamethoxam have been obtained for the first time, underlining the strong probability for excretion of the metabolite in natural conditions. During caged experiments, the co-exposure experiments between thiamethoxam at high chronic doses and CBPV cause synergistic mortalities, or an increase in viral loads which reached the number of viral copies threshold associated with clinical signs in bees. The varying results between bees from colonies kept in different conditions underlined a stress tolerance effect yet to be studied in the honeybee. In parallel, co-exposure in colonies between sublethal doses of thiamethoxam and DWV caused extremely precocious first foraging trips in bees, as well as large proportions of bees never returning to the hive after their firs exit, which both could in the end have a devastating effect on the colonies. The study of gene transcripts suggests that the obtained effects on CBPV viral loads could be due to a negative effect of thiamethoxam on dorsal-1a, an immune factor, and the precocious trips to a significant down-regulation of vitellogenin, which takes part in honeybee aging, cause by DWV. The development of molecular clones of DWV and a DWV recombinant was initiated, which will in the future allow for reverse genetics studies on this virus, which will help explain their transmission and infection mechanisms that are still unknown to this day.

The implied reader of a novel is the person that the author writes for. In the case of Åsa Larsson’s Swedish detective novel Solstorm, the implied reader is familiar with Swedish politics, history, and geography but also with biblical references and Swedish customs. When the novel is translated into English, The Savage Altar: Innocence will be Sacrificed, there is a new implied reader, the translator’s implied reader. When culture-specific material is either omitted or misunderstood, or a cultural filter changes the material to suit the new target audience, the context of the novel is also changed. The result is a loss of context.

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