Orientador: Stélio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Resumo: A parvovirose canina destaca-se como um dos principais agentes etiológicos nas gastroenterites infecciosas em cães jovens, apresentando alta virulência e mortalidade em decorrência da gravidade do estado clínico geral dos pacientes. Seu tratamento clínico é sintomático, principalmente através da reposição eletrolítica e do controle do vômito e diarreia. Este fato aliado ao aumento crescente do índice de óbitos, estimulou o estudo de novas abordagens terapêuticas para o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos. A Ozonioterapia se destaca neste cenário em decorrência de suas múltiplas propriedades farmacológicas, atuando como antiviral, imunoestimulatório, anti-inflamatório, analgésico, dentre outros. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a Ozonioterapia como tratamento complementar em cães que apresentaram PCR positivo de fezes para parvovirose. Para isso, 25 animais aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos por meio de sorteio foram avaliados, sendo 7 animais do grupo controle (GC=7) e 18 animais do grupo ozônio (GO=18). Os animais tinham até dois anos de idade, vacinados e não vacinados contra parvovirose, machos ou fêmeas, sem distinção de raça ou porte. Durante o período de tratamento, os animais tiveram o hemograma, consistência das fezes, presença ou ausência de sangue nas fezes, presença ou ausência de êmese e o desfecho, com a alta ou óbito, como parâmetros. O desfecho pode ser considerado a variável de maior relevância clínica, demonstrando diferença significativa entre os grupos,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Canine parvovirosis stands out as one of the main etiological agents in infectious gastroenteritis in young dogs, presenting high virulence and mortality due to the severity of the patient’s general clinical condition. Its clinical treatment is symptomatic, mainly through electrolyte replacement and control of vomiting and diarrhea. This fact, combined with the increasing death rate, has stimulated the study of new therapeutic approaches for the development of new protocols. Ozone therapy stands out in this scenario due to its multiple pharmacological properties, acting as an antiviral, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic agent, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate ozone therapy as a complementary treatment in dogs with positive stool PCR for parvovirus. For this, 25 animals randomly divided into 2 groups by lot were evaluated, being 7 animals from the control group (CG = 7) and 18 animals from the ozone group (GO = 18). The animals were up to two years old, vaccinated and unvaccinated against parvovirus, male or female, regardless of breed or size. During the treatment period, the animals had blood count, stool consistency, presence or absence of blood in the stool, presence or absence of emesis and the outcome, with discharge or death, as parameters. The outcome can be considered the most clinically relevant variable, demonstrating a significant difference between the groups, where the animals in the control group were 20 times (95% CI 2.2 - 180.9... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The diploma thesis deals with the EPDM addition influence on ozone resistance of NR/SBR mixtures. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge about rubber processing, additivation and effects of ozone on vulcanized rubber. The experimental part aims on preparation of rubber blends and measurement of its mechanical, physical and rheological properties in dependance on their composition.

Proceeding from the aim to reduce global pollution emissions from the continuous burning of hydrocarbons stimulated by increasing energy demand, more efficient and ultra-low emissions’ combustion concepts such as the homogenous charge compression ignition engines (HCCI) have been developed. These new engines rely on the low temperature chemistry (LTC) combustion concept. A detailed investigation of the properties of cool flames, governed by LTC, is essential for the design of these new engines. The primary goal of this work was to build a fundamental counterflow experiment for cool flames studies in a diffusive system, to better understand combustion in LTC engines. The project was intended to provide a basic understanding of the low-temperature reactivity and cool flames properties of butane isomers under atmospheric pressure conditions. This was achieved by establishing self-sustaining cool flames through a novel technique of ozone addition to an oxygen stream in a non-premixed counterflow model. The ignition and extinction limits of butane isomers’ cool flames have been investigated under a variety of strain rates. Results revealed that establishment of cool flames are favored at lower strain rates. Iso-butane was less reactive than n-butane by showing higher ignition and extinction limits. Ozone addition showed a significant influence on cool flame ignition and sustenance; it was found that increasing ozone concentration in the oxidizer stream dramatically increased the reactivity of both fuels. Results showed increased fuel reactivity as the temperature of the fuel stream outlet increased. 4 A numerical analysis was performed to simulate ignition and extinction of the cool flame in diffusive systems. The results revealed that ignition and extinction limits of cool flames are predominantly governed by LTC. The model qualitatively captured experimental trends for both fuels; however, it overpredicted both ignition and extinction limits under all strain rates and ozone concentrations. The discrepancies were within a factor of eight for the ignition limit and a factor of two for the extinction limit. Finally, sensitivity analyses were conducted to understand the reactions responsible for cool flames ignition. It was found that majority of the sensitive reactions are those that occur at low temperatures.

La Maurienne est soumise à un trafic routier et autoroutier intense qui traverse les Alpes par le tunnel du Fréjus. La pollution atmosphérique associée a été étudiée, au niveau local, à l’aide d’un maillage reposant sur deux approches complémentaires, biologique et chimique. Les propriétés de rétention des particules des aiguilles de Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra et Picea abies ont été utilisées pour réaliser un suivi spatio-temporel des émissions. Les dépôts ont été analysés par microscopie électronique à balayage couplée à la spectrométrie de rayons X. L’analyse a porté sur le Phosphore et les traceurs de pollution routière (Al, Ti, Fe). Il a pu être montré que les distances de dispersion particulaires dépassaient 300 m pour les axes routiers et plusieurs kilomètres pour le Phosphore. La pollution primaire azotée émise par les véhicules en circulation a été étudiée avec Molinia caerulea, poacée bioaccumulateur nitrophile. Sa capacité de croissance et d’accumulation de l’azote est liée aux émissions et à la densité du trafic. De plus, la composition isotopique de la Molinie (d15N) dépendant des oxydes d’azote véhiculaires permet d’envisager son utilisation comme bioindicateur. Ces données permettent de mieux comprendre l’impact potentiel du trafic sur les écosystèmes à proximité des grands axes de circulation. L’étude des niveaux et de la répartition de l’ozone troposphérique en vallée de Maurienne a été étudiée en 2004 et 2005 selon des méthodes biologiques et chimiques. Les résultats confirment l’efficacité du matériel biologique (tabac Bel-W3) et des capteurs chimiques dans la détermination des niveaux d'ozone aux basses altitudes. En revanche, une perte de sensibilité a été identifiée dans les conditions spécifiques de montagne qui limitent son utilisation au-dessus de 1000m. Ce travail, à travers différentes approches de la biosurveillance et un maillage dense de stations d’avoir une image réaliste de la pollution atmosphérique dans une vallée de montagne et de ses impacts potentiels sur les écosystèmes forestiers. / The Maurienne is subjected to a heavy traffic of lories and cars crossing the Alps through the Frejus tunnel. Atmospheric pollution depending on traffic has been studied using a dense net of biological and chemical sensors. The adhesive properties of plant cuticles of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Picea abies were used for spatio-temporal analyses of emitted particles. Elementary composition of deposits was determined using SEM and Xray spectrometry. Analyses were focused on P and traffic tracers (Al, Ti, Fe). Results show that traffic particles can be transported as far as 300 m from the roads and highways while Phosphorus was detected at some kilometers from the factory. The poaceae Molinia caerulea was used for nitrogen pollution study. Leaf growth and nitrogen content were related to NOx levels and traffic density. Moreover, nitrogen isotopic composition (d15N) of leaves depend on exposure to traffic related nitrogen oxides. Taken altogether, results show that Molinia can be used as a nitrogen bioindicator and give information on the potential impact on mountain ecosystems in the vicinity of main roads and motorways. Both biological (tobacco Bel-W3) and chemical methods were used for determination of levels and distribution of tropospheric ozone in the Maurienne valley in 2004 and 2005. Results confirm the usefulness of both biological and chemical approachs for ozone levels determination at low altitudes. However, a sensitivity loss of ozone sensitive tobacco plants in hard mountainous conditions was characterized, limiting its use under 1000 m. This approach by the simultaneous use of several techniques and a dense network of stations give a realistic picture of the atmospheric pollution in a mountain valley and its potential impacts on forest ecosystems.

Photochemically produced ozone represents a worldwide enviromental hazard. Controlling ozone formation in polluted air requires control of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides precursors. The degree of control can be established with the chemical model of the reacting species. A hydrocarbon-specific photochemical ozone model is developed, based upon a minimum set of chemical equations. This model eliminates the need for the traditional "brute force" approach to integrate systems of tens or even hundreds of simultaneous differential equations. We have sought to develop the full kinetic potential for simplification which this chemical system may have. Key features of the model are reaction of parent hydrocarbon with hydroxyl radical (OH) to produce products, which themselves react with OH or are photodissociated. These basic steps are summarized by three rate parameters which describe NO photooxidation and ultimate accumulation of ozone. Since the mechanism may be solved in a closed form, it is a simple matter to evaluate the rate parameters for any hydrocarbon from smog chamber data. This evaluation can be carried out by analysis of data in NO photooxidation regime, before ozone begins to accumulate. The simple model for NO photooxidation is transformed to give an equation which describes the number of NO conversions per hydrocarbon decay, independent of time or of hydroxyl radical concentration. Comparison of the rate parameters determined from existing smog chamber data for n-butane and propene shows a very good agreement with explicit mechanisms for these extensively studied hydrocarbons. Rate parameters have been determined for a number of less studied hydrocarbons as well.

Thesis. 1975. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Bibliography: leaves 73-75. / by Walter Joseph Slade, Jr. / M.S.

Mycobacterium avium, an opportunistic human pathogen, infects between 25 and 50% of advanced-stage acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in the United States. M. avium has been isolated from many environmental sources including: natural waters, soils, and aerosols. M. avium has also been recovered from within municipal and hospital drinking water systems. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) infected with the simian HIV analog, SIV, have been shown to acquire M. avium infections from potable water. Reduced-aggregate fractions (cell suspensions free of large aggregates) of Mycobacterium avium were exposed to chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone and kinetics of disinfection measured. Chlorine disinfection kinetics was also measured in M. avium cultures grown in biofilms. M. avium exhibited a high resistance to chlorine compared to E. coli. M. avium CT99.9% (disinfectant concentration x time to 3 logs cell inactivation) values were between 571- and 2318 -times those of E. coli. Clinical isolates of M. avium showed 0.24 and 2.5-fold increase in resistance to chlorine compared to their pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis- (PFGE) matched environmental isolates. M. avium strains exhibited a mixed response to exposure to monochloramine. The CT99.9% values of three strains (2 clinical, 1 environmental) were between 6.3- and 23.5- times that of E. coli. Two strains (1 clinical, 1 environmental) exhibited CT99.9% values approximately the same as E. coli, a difference from all the other disinfectants which were much less effective on M. avium than on E. coli. M. avium strains exhibited a high resistance to chlorine dioxide when compared to E.coli. M. avium CT99.9% values of between 133- and 706- times higher that that of E. coli. In the paired isolates tested, the clinical isolate was 5.3 times more resistant than the matched environmental isolate. M. avium exhibited a high resistance to ozone when compared to E. coli. M. avium strains exhibited a CT99.9% value of between 52 and 90 times higher that that of E. coli. In the paired isolates tested, the clinical isolate was nearly identical as judged by CT99.9% values. M. avium strain 5002 exhibited an unusual disinfection kinetics curve. Disinfection rate increased by a non-logarithmic factor, indicating that inactivation efficiency was increasing over time. M. avium strain 1060 showed between a 17% decrease to a 265% increase in CT99.9% value when grown as biofilms as opposed to suspension. Due to the large variance in biofilm density and and CT99.9% values, any conclusions based on these experiments should be considered tentative at best. M. avium's resistance to chlorine and chlorine dioxide approaches that of the protozoan cysts of Giardia muris and Entamoeba hystolytica. M. avium is much less resistant, relatively, to monochloramine possessing values similar to E. coli. Ozone resistance of M. avium is two orders of magnitude greater than E. coli and one order of magnitude of less than G. muris cysts. A critical concentration threshold level for chlorine dioxide was found. That is, there was no linear relationship between concentration of chlorine dioxide and cell inactivation. Initial experiments using a range of concentrations from 0.1 ppm to 0.5 ppm chlorine dioxide showed a biphasic curve with the inflection point (indicating the critical concentration) between 0.3 and 0.4 ppm chlorine dioxide. / Master of Science

Abstract Not Provided / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No description available.

This research explores the role that radical-molecule complexes play in the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere. The formation of such complexes can have direct and pronounced effects on the reaction and product outcome of atmospheric chemical reactions. Some attention is also given to the formation of radial-radical pre-reactive complexes in the HO + ClO system. Peroxy radicals (RO2) can form stable complexes with polar compounds such as H2O, NH3, and CH3OH. For the simplest RO2 radical, HO2, complex formation (e.g., HO2-H2O, HO2-NH3, and HO2-722;CH3OH) gives rise to a significant increase in the HO2 self-reaction rate constant. Although this phenomenon has been observed since the mid-1970s, no satisfactory explanation has been put forward to explain this effect. Herein a rationale for the enhancement of the HO2 self-reaction is given based on extensive geometric, mechanistic and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. The apparent lack of a rate enhancement for the methyl peroxy (CH3O2) self-reaction is also presented. The combined insights gained from these two systems are then extended to predict if a water enhancement is expected for the 2-hydroxyethyl peroxy (HOCH2CH2O2) self-reaction kinetics. The computational results of this study are then compared to experimental work and conclusions are drawn towards a general procedure to predict the presence/absence of water initiated rate enhancements in RO2 systems as a whole. Original work regarding the formation of a series of organic RO2-H2O complexes is presented. This work established the effects of different functional groups on the stability of organic peroxy radicals and makes estimates of the associated atmospheric lifetimes and equilibrium constants. This work is further extended to the family of peroxy radicals that form from the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene (the most abundant non-methane biologically emitted hydrocarbon). For the first time, complexes of isoprene peroxy radicals with water are presented along with atmospheric lifetime estimates. Conclusions are made as to the effect of water on the product branching ratio of the isoprene peroxy radical + NO2. The oxidation of hexanal to form hexanal peroxy radicals is discussed within the context of the formation of hexanal peroxy water complexes.Aerosol formation is also perturbed as a result of complexation. Aerosol formation under atmospheric conditions is hypothesized to be initiated by radical-molecule complex formation. For example, in the absence of ammonia, the nucleation of H2SO4 in water vapor to form sulfuric acid aerosols is slow. However, as the concentration of NH3 rises, a marked increase in the rate of sulfuric acid aerosol formation is observed. This work explores the effects of the photolysis products of NH3 (NH2 and NH) on the rate of aerosol formation in systems involving H2SO4, HNO3, HC(O)OH, and CH3C(O)OH. With the exception of H2SO4-NH3 and HNO3-NH3 (geometries already published in the literature), minimum energy structures are presented here for the first time for each of the acid-NHx complexes. Thermochemical data and lifetime estimates are provided for each complex. Conclusions about the relevance of acid-NH2 and acid-NH in the formation of atmospheric aerosols are set forth. Finally, mechanistic insights into the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and Cl2O are obtained via analysis of the two potential energy surfaces that both involve the formation of HO-Cl2O pre-reactive complexes.