Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-124). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1998. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2005. / "July 2005." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-167). Also issued on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 30, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-73).

Detta examensarbete handlar om tillvägagångssättet för hur beredningsarbete utförs hos TROLK El & Tele AB. Beredningsarbetet innefattar landsbygdsnätet för tre områden, Hermanseröd, Fän samt Suttene i Munkedals kommun. Denna beredning ligger till grund för att kunna genomföra projektet från Fortum Distribution AB. Projektet har tillkommit då Fortum valt att investera för att säkerställa spänningskvalitén och vädersäkra nätet i ovan nämnda områden. Beredningen omfattar markägarkontakt, fältarbete, tillstånd och avtalsansökningar. Upprättande av en P2 kalkyl kommer att ske för att få en prisbild över projektets kostnader. Förläggning av kabel och placering av nätstationer skall även fastställas åt nätägaren. Den spänningsnivå nätet berörs av är upp till 12kV som kommer att transformeras ner till 0,4kV för abonnenter. Projektet omfattar tre nätstationer, ca 2,7 km msp-kabel, ca 0,5 km lsp-kabel, 1 st. kabelskåp samt ca 1,7 km rasering av friledning. Sammanfattningen av fältarbetet som genomförts är att projektörens förslag av kabelförläggning kommer att eftersträvas till största del, med undantag för vissa problematiska platser där kabelförläggningen kommer att ändras. / This thesis is about the approach how the preparation work is done at TROLK El & Tele AB. The preparation work includes three areas, Hermanseröd, Fän and Suttene in Munkedal municipality. This preparation is the basis for the implementation of the project from Fortum Distribution AB. The project has come when Fortum decided to invest to ensure power quality and weather secure the network in the areas that was earlier mentioned. The preparation includes landowner contact, field work, permits and contract applications. Laying of cables and placement of the substations will also be established for the network owner. The voltage level of the network that is affected is up to 12kV to be transformed down to 0.4kV for subscribers. The project includes three substations, about 2.7 kilometers medium voltage cable, approximately 0.5 kilometers low voltage cable, 1 pc, cable box and about 1.7 kilometers demolition of the overhead line. The summary of the field work carried out is that the planner proposals of cable will be pursued for the most part, except for certain problematic locations where the cable placement will be changed.

This thesis examines the 1981 hunger strike by republican prisoners in Northern Ireland against the removal of special category status from newly convicted paramilitary prisoners on 1 March 1976, the fast was part of a protest that began in 1976. The thesis opens with an examination of the origins of the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1969 and the emergence of a younger leadership in the late 1970's, and evaluates the significance of the prisons in Irish history. The development of the prisoners protests ranging from the refusal to put on a uniform and perform prison work to the rejection of sanitary or washing facilities, is analysed. The prisoners demands are examined in the context of British and international law. The campaign in support of the republican prisoners conducted outside the Maze Prison, including the formation of the Relatives Action Committee and the National H-Block/Armagh Committee is surveyed, and the female "dirty" protest at Armagh Prison is examined. The medical, ethical, and moral dilemmas presented by hunger striking are identified and the thesis examines the debate whether the men who died were suicides or martyrs. The 1980 and 1981 hunger strikes are examined with particular attention to the efforts to bring about a compromise with the British government and the factors leading to a new hunger strike in 1981 and to the intervention of the Catholic Church with the prisoners relatives which ended the fast. The hunger strike is analysed regarding its effect internationally in building up republican support, and in the Province where it acted as the base for the future success of Provisional Sinn Fein later in the decade.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-12T11:44:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 10511825 bytes, checksum: ff27fb15316ce502d8d27e94ab3c9b16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T11:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 10511825 bytes, checksum: ff27fb15316ce502d8d27e94ab3c9b16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997-03-25 / A produção de etanol a partir de soro de queijo suplementado com LB ou 0,5% de extrato de Ievedura por Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1, recombinante P2 (Kb.P2), em valores de pH controlado em 6,0; 6,5; 6,9; 7,0; e 7,3, apresentou baixo rendimento, o que indica ineficiência de estirpe Kb.P2 em utilizar a lactose do soro como substrato. A temperatura ótima para produção de enzima β-D-galactosidade foi 30°C. O pH e a temperatura de atividade ótima da enzima β-D-galactosidade foram 7,0 e 45°C, respectivamente. A enzima não apresentou estabilidade em temperatura superior a 35°C. Houve repressão catabólica de enzima, com a adição de glicose 10 minutos após a adição do indutor lPTG. A galactose adicionada em uma cultura paralela, no mesmo tempo, inibiu ligeiramente a produção de enzima. A β-D-galactosidase de Kb.P2 apresentou 37% de atividade em relação à E. coli K12, quando induzida com IPTG, indicando que Kb.P2 possui uma baixa expressão de enzima. As células rompidas com a prensa francesa ou as células permeabilizadas com tolueno apresentaram 1,3 vez mais atividade de β-D-galactosidase 30 minutos após a adição do indutor, comparado a células induzidas e não tratadas, o que indica baixa eficiência na entrada do substrato nas células. Os resultados permitem evidenciar que a fermentação de soro de queijo por Kb.P2 depende, ainda, do conhecimento e da manipulação do sistema da bactéria, visando utilizar lactose. / The fermentation of cheese whey, supplemented with LB or 0.5% yeast extract, by ethanologenic Klebsiella oxyfoca M5A1, recombinant P2 (Kb.P2), in media with the pH controlled at 6.0; 6.5; 6.9; 7.0. and 7.3, resulted in low ethanol yield. These results indicated that Kb.P2 was not expressing the Lac- operon efficiently. The optimum temperature for β-D-galactosidase production was 30°C. The best pH and temperature for β-D-galactosidase activity were 7.0 and 45°C, respectively. However, enzyme stability was reduced at temperatures higher than 35°C. The addition of glucose repressed β-D-galactosidase more than the addition of galactose. When compared to Escherichia coli K12. B-D-galactosidase induction with IPTG in Kb.P2 corresponded to only 37% of the activity observed for K12. This result showed that the expression of Lac-operon genes was weak. Cultures induced for 30 min with IPTG, and, then, treated in a French press or with toluene had 1.3 times more β-D-galactosidase activity than induced cells that were not ruptured, showing inefficient transport of the substrate into the cells. The possibility of Kb.P2 use for cheese whey fermentation depends on a better understanding of Lac-operon.

O Transtorno Bipolar é uma doença crônica e grave que apresenta curso episódico e alto impacto sobre a funcionalidade do paciente. Possui potencial para alto grau de severidade, recorrência e intensidade e estima-se que sua prevalência ao longo da vida seja de 2,4% da população mundial. A fisiopatologia deste transtorno ainda não é bem compreendida e ainda o fármaco de primeira escolha é o lítio, embora tampouco seja claro seu mecanismo de ação. O sistema purinérgico principalmente devido a suas ações sobre neuroproteção, inflamação e ativação microglial se destaca como uma via promissora de novos alvos terapêuticos, especialmente o receptor purinérgico P2X7 (P2X7R). Dessa maneira, o objetivo desta tese é caracterizar o envolvimento do sistema purinérgico na fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar. De maneira geral, avaliamos metabólitos do sistema purinérgico em soro de pacientes e controles, correlacionando com dados clínicos. Avaliamos a frequência do polimorfismo do P2RX7 1513A>C em pacientes e controles. Realizamos um modelo animal farmacológico de mania e investigamos o envolvimento do P2X7R neste modelo e por último buscamos melhor compreender a ação neuroprotetora do lítio verificando a participação purinérgica. Nossos resultados primeiramente nos mostraram uma diminuição nos níveis de adenosina em pacientes em comparação a controles e uma importante correlação inversa entre os níveis de adenosina e a piora dos sintomas. Demonstramos ainda que pacientes com transtorno bipolar apresentam diminuição na frequência do alelo 1513C e o potencial aumento na frequência do genótipo 1513AA e 1513AA/AC em relação aos controles configurando um pior prognóstico de aumento da forma mais ativa do receptor. Também mostramos que o P2X7R possui um papel importante no estabelecimento do modelo de mania, modulando principalmente a via dopaminérgica que é refletida na mudança comportamental observada pelo modelo e por último, o lítio foi capaz de prevenir a resposta de insulto nas células neuronais (linhagem PC-12) e não foi capaz de prevenir a ativação mediada pelo P2X7R em células microgliais (linhagem N9), indicando uma resposta celular diferenciada. Podemos concluir que de maneira translacional conseguimos demonstrar a participação do sistema purinérgico na fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar, sugerindo ainda um possível biomarcador tanto para diagnóstico como para progressão da doença, os níveis séricos de adenosina, e ainda um potencial biomarcador genético de predição e diagnóstico da doença, o polimorfismo do P2X7R 1513A>C, assim como contribuímos para o entendimento do mecanismo de ação do lítio e definimos um potencial novo alvo terapêutico para o transtorno, o receptor P2X7. / Bipolar Disorder is a severe and chronic psychiatric disorder that presents an episodic course and high impact on the patient's functionality. It has potential for a high degree of severity, recurrence and intensity. The prevalence throughout life of bipolar disorder is 2.4% of the world population. The pathophysiology of this disorder is still not well understood and the drug of first choice is lithium, although its mechanism of action is not clear. The purinergic system mainly due to its actions on neuroprotection, inflammation and microglial activation stands out as a promising pathway for new therapeutic targets, especially the purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R). Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to characterize the involvement of the purinergic system in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. In general, we evaluated purinergic system metabolites in serum from bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls, correlating with clinical data. We evaluated the frequency of P2RX7 1513A>C polymorphism in bipolar disorder patients and in healthy subjects. We performed a pharmacological animal model of mania and investigated the involvement of the P2X7 purinergic receptor in this model and finally we sought to better understand the neuroprotective action of lithium by verifying the purinergic participation. Our results primarily showed a decrease in adenosine levels in patients compared to controls and a significant inverse correlation between adenosine levels and worsening of symptoms. We also demonstrated that patients with bipolar disorder present a decrease in the frequency of the 1513C allele and the potential increase in the frequency of genotype 1513AA and 1513AA/AC in relation to controls, setting a worse prognosis of the most active form of the receptor. We also showed that P2X7R plays an important role in the establishment of the mania model, modulating mainly the dopaminergic pathway that is reflected in the behavioral change observed by the model. Finally, lithium was able to prevent the insult response in neuronal cells (PC-12 lineage) and was not capable of preventing P2X7R-mediated activation in microglial cells (N9 lineage), indicating a differentiated cellular response. We can conclude that in a translational way we could demonstrate the participation of the purinergic system in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. We also suggested a possible biomarker for both diagnosis and progression of the disorder, the serum adenosine levels, and a potential genetic marker for prediction and diagnosis, the polymorphism of P2X7R 1513A>C. Lastly we contributed to the understanding of lithium action mechanism and defined a potential new therapeutic target for the disorder, the P2X7 receptor.

The thesis argues, in lie main, for both a negative and positive agenda to Wittgenstein's rule-following remarks in both his Philosophical Investigations and Remarks on the foundations of Mathematics. The negative agenda is a sceptical agenda, different than as conceived by Kripke, that is destructive of a realist account of rules and contends that the correct application of a rule is not fully determined in an understanding of the rule. In addition to these consequences, this negative agenda opens Wittgenstein to Dummett's charge of radical conventionalism (a charge that also, but differently, applies to certain mid-period views and this is addressed in the first chapter). These negative consequences are left unresolved by Kripke's sceptical solution and, notably, are wrongly assessed by those that dissent from a sceptical reading (e.g., McDowell). The positive agenda builds on these negative considerations arguing that although there is no determination in the understanding of a rule of what will count as a correct application in so far unconsidered situations, we are still able to follow a rule correctly. This seems to involve an epistemic leap, from an underdetermined understanding to a determinate application, and, in respect of this appearance, involves what Wittgenstein calls following a rule "blindly" in an epistemic sense. Developing this view, of following a rule blindly, involves developing an account of an alternative rational response to rule instruction, one that need not involve a role for interpreting or inferring, but all the same allows for correctness in rule application in virtue of enabling agreement in rule application.