Astrocyte-derived ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) promotes adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenesis. We found that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and JNK, but not ERK or P38, repress CNTF in vitro. Here, we defined the FAK–JNK pathway and its regulation of CNTF in mice, and the related leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which promote stem cell renewal at the expense of neurogenesis. Intrastriatal injection of FAK inhibitor, FAK14, in adult male C57BL/6 mice reduced pJNK and increased CNTF expression in the SVZ-containing periventricular region. Injection of a JNK inhibitor increased CNTF without affecting LIF and IL-6, and increased SVZ proliferation and neuroblast formation. The JNK inhibitor had no effect in CNTF−/− mice, suggesting that JNK inhibits SVZ neurogenesis by repressing CNTF. Inducible deletion of FAK in astrocytes increased SVZ CNTF and neurogenesis, but not LIF and IL-6. Intrastriatal injection of inhibitors suggested that P38 reduces LIF and IL-6 expression, whereas ERK induces CNTF and LIF. Intrastriatal FAK inhibition increased LIF, possibly through ERK, and IL-6 through another pathway that does not involve P38. Systemic injection of FAK14 also inhibited JNK while increasing CNTF, but did not affect P38 and ERK activation, or LIF and IL-6 expression. Importantly, systemic FAK14 increased SVZ neurogenesis in wild-type C57BL/6 and CNTF+/+ mice, but not in CNTF−/− littermates, indicating that it acts by upregulating CNTF. These data show a surprising differential regulation of related cytokines and identify the FAK–JNK–CNTF pathway as a specific target in astrocytes to promote neurogenesis and possibly neuroprotection in neurological disorders.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13206号 / 論医博第2160号 / 新制||医||1031(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 剛, 教授 岩田 想, 教授 秋山 芳展 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The macrophage receptors that mediate phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete, are unknown despite this cell type's importance in promoting pathogen clearance and inflammation-mediated tissue damage. We now demonstrate that the β2 integrin, Complement Receptor 3 (CR3), mediates the phagocytosis of opsonized and non-opsonized spirochetes by murine macrophages and human monocytes. Although, expression of the surface proteins, CspA and OspE, protects B. burgdorferi from complement-mediated phagocytosis, the versatility of CR3 counteracts the ability of B. burgdorferi to interfere with complement activation and complement-derived opsonins, thus minimizing the bacteria's anti-complement strategy. Interaction of the spirochete with the integrin is not sufficient to internalize B. burgdorferi; however, phagocytosis occurs when the GPI-anchored protein, CD14, is coexpressed in CHO-CR3 cells. CR3-mediated phagocytosis occurs independently of MyD88-induced or inside-out signals but requires the translocation of the integrin to cholesterol rich membrane microdomains. Interestingly, the absence of CR3 leads to marked increases in production of TNF in vitro and in vivo, in spite of reduced spirochetal uptake. Overall, our data establish CR3 as a MyD88-independent phagocytic receptor for B. burgdorferi that also participates in the modulation of the proinflammatory output of macrophages. Macrophages are critical cellular components of the immune response to infectious agents. During infection with B. burgdorferi, macrophages infiltrate the cardiac tissue and induce the activation of invariant NKT cells, leading to the production of the protective cytokine IFNγ. The interaction of macrophages with infectious agents leads to the activation of several signaling cascades, including mitogen activated protein kinases, such as p38 MAP kinase. We now demonstrate that p38 MAP kinase-mediated responses are critical components to the immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi. The inhibition of p38 MAP kinase does not alter the ability of macrophages to phagocytose B. burgdorferi; however, inhibition of p38 during infection with B. burgdorferi results in increased carditis. Through the generation of transgenic mice that express a dominant negative form of p38 MAP kinase specifically in macrophages, we demonstrate that this kinase regulates the production of the iNKT attracting chemokine, MCP-1 and the infiltration of these cells to the cardiac tissue during infection. Overall, the inhibition of p38 MAP kinase during infection with B. burgdorferi specifically in macrophages results in the deficient infiltration of iNKT cells and their diminished production of IFNγ, leading to increased bacterial burdens and inflammation. These results show that p38 MAP kinase provides critical checkpoints for the protective immune response to the spirochete during infection of the heart.

No description available.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25169号 / 医博第5055号 / 新制||医||1071(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 尾野 亘, 教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 後藤 慎平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No / Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and its bioactive alkaloid, cryptolepine have shown anti-inflammatory activity. However, the underlying mechanism of anti-inflammatory action in neuronal cells has not been investigated. In the present study we evaluated an extract of C. sanguinolenta (CSE) and cryptolepine (CAS) on neuroinflammation induced with IL-1β in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. We then attempted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of CAS in SK-N-SH cells. Cells were stimulated with 10 U/ml of IL-1β in the presence or absence of different concentrations of CSE (25–200 μg/ml) and CAS (2.5–20 μM). After 24 h incubation, culture media were collected to measure the production of PGE2 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-6). Protein and gene expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) were studied by immunoblotting and qPCR, respectively. CSE produced significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of TNFα, IL-6 and PGE2 production in SK-N-SH cells. Studies on CAS showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of TNFα, IL-6 and PGE2 production in IL-1β-stimulated cells without affecting viability. Pre-treatment with CAS (10 and 20 μM) was also found to inhibit IL-1β-induced protein and gene expressions of COX-2 and mPGES-1. Further studies to determine the mechanism of action of CAS showed inhibition of NF-κBp65 nuclear translocation, but not IκB phosphorylation. At 10 and 20 μM, CAS inhibited IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Studies on the downstream substrate of p38, MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2) showed that CAS produced significant (p < 0.05) and dose dependent inhibition of MAPKAPK2 phosphorylation in IL-1β-stimulated SK-N-SH cells. This study clearly shows that cryptolepine (CAS) inhibits neuroinflammation through mechanisms involving inhibition of COX-2 and mPGES-1. It is suggested that these actions are probably mediated through NF-κB and p38 signalling.

O monóxido de carbono (CO) tem um importante papel na fisiologia animal incluindo plasticidade sináptica, processos de memória e aprendizagem, inflamação e liberação de neuropeptídios hipotalâmicos. Recentemente tem sido demonstrado que a liberação de vasopressina (AVP) e ocitocina (OT) em resposta a alterações no balanço hidromineral pode ser modulada por esse neuromodulador gasoso, contudo, os mecanismos pelos quais essa modulação ocorre ainda não foram elucidados. Nesse sentido, nós mapeamos possíveis alvos intracelulares do CO pelos quais esse gás poderia afetar as respostas neuroendócrinas tais como as propriedades passivas de membrana de neurônios magnocelulares do núcleo supraóptico (SON), via de sinalização da p38 MAPK, sistema óxido nítrico (NO)/óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), participação de astrócitos hipotalâmicos e a resposta antioxidante à diferentes condições de hidratação: euhidratação, 24 e 48 horas de privação hídrica. Nós observamos que a inibição da formação central de CO reduziu o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de AVP e OT induzido pela privação hídrica, bem como inibiu a atividade NOS nos grupos hidratado e desidratado por 48 horas (PH 48); enquanto a razãoe p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio foi aumentada pela doação central de CO em todas as condições de hidratação analisadas. Além do mais, nós demonstramos a expressão de HO-1, p38 MAPK e p-p38 MAPK em astrócitos hipotalâmicos. Em relação à resposta antioxidade, observamos que camundongos silenciados para Nrf2 no SON tem a resposta à desidratação prejudicada. Esses dados indicam o papel do CO como uma molécula neuromodulatória nas respostas neuroendócrinas à desidratação onde pode exercer sua função via resposta antioxidante em tempo mais curto de restrição hídrica e via sistema do NO em tempo mais prolongado / Carbon monoxide plays important roles in animal physiology including synaptic plasticity, learning and memory processes, inflammation and hypothalamic neuropeptide release. Recently it has been demonstrated that the AVP and OT release in response to changes in hydromineral balance can be modulated by this gaseous neuromodulator; however, the mechanisms by which this modulation occurs need to be elucidated. In order to answer this questioning, we evaluated the CO effect on neuroendocrine responses, SON magnocellular neurons passive membrane properties, p38 MAPK signaling, NO/NOS system and astrocytes participation in rats during control or 24/48 WD conditions. We observed that CO formation inhibition reduced the water deprivation-induced increase in plasma AVP and OT concentration and NOS activity in basal and 48 WD groups; while p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio was increased by central CO donation in both euhydrated and dehydrated conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated HO-1, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK expression in MBH astrocytes. These data indicate the CO role as neuromodulatory molecule in neuroendocrine responses to dehydration where it might play its biological functions through p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NOS activity in a water restriction longer period

O monóxido de carbono (CO) tem um importante papel na fisiologia animal incluindo plasticidade sináptica, processos de memória e aprendizagem, inflamação e liberação de neuropeptídios hipotalâmicos. Recentemente tem sido demonstrado que a liberação de vasopressina (AVP) e ocitocina (OT) em resposta a alterações no balanço hidromineral pode ser modulada por esse neuromodulador gasoso, contudo, os mecanismos pelos quais essa modulação ocorre ainda não foram elucidados. Nesse sentido, nós mapeamos possíveis alvos intracelulares do CO pelos quais esse gás poderia afetar as respostas neuroendócrinas tais como as propriedades passivas de membrana de neurônios magnocelulares do núcleo supraóptico (SON), via de sinalização da p38 MAPK, sistema óxido nítrico (NO)/óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), participação de astrócitos hipotalâmicos e a resposta antioxidante à diferentes condições de hidratação: euhidratação, 24 e 48 horas de privação hídrica. Nós observamos que a inibição da formação central de CO reduziu o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de AVP e OT induzido pela privação hídrica, bem como inibiu a atividade NOS nos grupos hidratado e desidratado por 48 horas (PH 48); enquanto a razãoe p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio foi aumentada pela doação central de CO em todas as condições de hidratação analisadas. Além do mais, nós demonstramos a expressão de HO-1, p38 MAPK e p-p38 MAPK em astrócitos hipotalâmicos. Em relação à resposta antioxidade, observamos que camundongos silenciados para Nrf2 no SON tem a resposta à desidratação prejudicada. Esses dados indicam o papel do CO como uma molécula neuromodulatória nas respostas neuroendócrinas à desidratação onde pode exercer sua função via resposta antioxidante em tempo mais curto de restrição hídrica e via sistema do NO em tempo mais prolongado / Carbon monoxide plays important roles in animal physiology including synaptic plasticity, learning and memory processes, inflammation and hypothalamic neuropeptide release. Recently it has been demonstrated that the AVP and OT release in response to changes in hydromineral balance can be modulated by this gaseous neuromodulator; however, the mechanisms by which this modulation occurs need to be elucidated. In order to answer this questioning, we evaluated the CO effect on neuroendocrine responses, SON magnocellular neurons passive membrane properties, p38 MAPK signaling, NO/NOS system and astrocytes participation in rats during control or 24/48 WD conditions. We observed that CO formation inhibition reduced the water deprivation-induced increase in plasma AVP and OT concentration and NOS activity in basal and 48 WD groups; while p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK ratio was increased by central CO donation in both euhydrated and dehydrated conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated HO-1, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK expression in MBH astrocytes. These data indicate the CO role as neuromodulatory molecule in neuroendocrine responses to dehydration where it might play its biological functions through p38 MAPK phosphorylation and NOS activity in a water restriction longer period

Les GTPases Ral, RalA et RalB, sont des effecteurs proximaux de l’oncogène Ras.Malgré leur forte homologie, leurs activateurs communs (les RalGEFs) et des effecteurs communs (le complexe exocyste), ils apportent des contributions distinctes et parfois collaborent à diverses fonctions cellulaires.RalA est impliqué en prolifération en absence de substrat et l'exocytose polarisée.RalB est impliqué dans la migration cellulaire, l'autophagie et l'apoptose des cellules cancéreuses. Comment les GTPases Ral régulent ces différents fonctions n’est toujours pas connu.Une partie de ma thèse était consacrée à l'étude de la spécificité des fonctions de RalA et RalB, ainsi que la spécificité des RalGEFs et des éléments de l'interactome deRal, dans trois processus biologiques: la cytocinèse, la migration cellulaire et l'activation de la voie MAPK.Nous avons démontré que RalA et RalB ont des fonctions distinctes pendant la cytocinèse. RalA est nécessaire pour la correcte progression de la cytocinèse alors RalB est nécessaire pour l’abscission du pont intracellulaire. Nous avons montré également que RalA, mais pas RalB, régule l’activation de p38 et de Jnk à travers le complexe exocyste en réponse au stress osmotique. L'implication de RalB, mais pas RalA, dans la migration cellulaire a été établie antérieurement. Dans ces trois fonctions, nous avons montré que les GTPases Ral sont été régulées par des RalGEFs spécifiques.Nous avons effectué un crible par siARN de 91 gènes codant des protéines du réseau d’interactions protéine‐protéine autour de Ral (l'interactome de Ral), nous avons identifié 14 protéines impliquées dans la voie de RalA et 8 protéines impliquées dans la voie de RalB, en cytocinèse. Dans la migration cellulaire, nous avons identifié 22 protéines impliquées dans la voie de RalB. Nous avons identifié cinq protéines communes aux deux fonctions cellulaires.Parmi ces protéines, j'ai étudié la relation fonctionnelle entre RalA et Stk38, une kinase qui appartient à la voie Hippo, qui a un rôle suppresseur de tumeur. J'ai montré que RalA active Stk38 par une voie RalA/exocyste/Map4k4 en réponse au stress osmotique. J’ai démontré que cette voie est impliquée dans l’activation de la voie p38 et Jnk en réponse au stress osmotique. J'ai aussi montré que la régulation deStk38 par RalA est nécessaire pour l'apoptose induite par le TNFα.L'identification de nouveaux composants de la voie RalA ouvre de nouvelles perspectives dans la compréhension de la fonction des GTPases Ral dans les processus normaux et tumoraux. En outre, ce travail est le premier présentant RalA comme une protéine pro‐apoptotique, ce qui suggère que RalA pourrait posséder une fonction suppresseur de tumeurs. / The Ras‐like GTPases RalA and RalB are proximal effectors of oncogenic Ras.Despite their high homology, their common activators (the RalGEFs) and effectors(the exocyst complex), they make distinct and sometimes collaborative contributions to diverse cellular functions. RalA supports anchorage independent growth and regulates polarized exocytosis. RalB regulates cell migration and autophagy and inhibits apoptosis of cancer cells. How Ral GTPases achieve their differing functions is still elusive.One part of my thesis was dedicated to study the specificity of RalA and RalB functions, as well as the specificity of RalGEFs functions and of the components of the Ral interactome, in three biological processes: cytokinesis, cell migration and MAPK activation.We demonstrated that RalA and RalB have distinct functions during cytokinesis.RalA is necessary for correct progression of cytokinesis whereas RalB is necessary for abscission of the intracellular bridge. We showed also that RalA, but not RalB,regulates p38 and Jnk activation upon osmotic stress through the exocyst complex.The importance of RalB, but not RalA, in cell migration was established previously. In these three functions, we showed that the functions of Ral GTPases were triggered by specific RalGEFs.We carried out a siRNA screen of 91 genes encoding proteins participating to a protein‐protein interaction map rooted in Ral (the Ral interactome), we determined14 proteins as components of RalA pathway and 8 proteins as components of RalBpathway, required for cytokinesis completion. In cell migration, we determined 22 proteins as components of RalB pathway. We identified 5 proteins in common involved in both cellular functions.Among these proteins I have been studying the functional relationship betweenRalA and Stk38, a kinase that belongs to the tumour suppressor Hippo pathway. I showed that upon osmotic stress, RalA activates Stk38 by phosphorylation through aRalA/exocyst/Map4k4 pathway. I demonstrate that this pathway has the function to trigger p38 and Jnk activation upon osmotic stress. I showed that the regulation ofStk38 by RalA is required for apoptosis induced by TNFα.The identification of new components of Ral pathway opened new perspectives in understanding the Ral GTPases function in normal and tumour processes. Moreover,this is the first work presenting RalA as a pro‐apoptotic protein, suggesting that RalAmight have tumour‐suppressor like functions.