No description available.

No description available.

The use of loosely packed items in rigid or semi-rigid containers is widespread. These packages are very often handled by high speed equipment and put in different environmental conditions which includes the possibility of mechanical damage, due to shock, impact and compression. So care must be taken that damage does not occur to both package and contents. The development of analytical and simulation techniques for investigating the dynamic behaviour of a package subject to handling and distribution hazards is becoming more possible by the use of a wide range of available software. The modelling of the dynamic behaviour of packaging systems during handling and transport is achieved by mathematical analysis where possible and supported by computer simulation. The analysis was carried out for a range of body properties in order to test the results against experimental data. Investigations into the applied package force/motion and subsequent package impact and deformation were carried out with a view to gaining an understanding of the forces involved. The dynamic analysis was undertaken using commercially available software but it is necessary to develop special techniques to enable it to be applied to this type of problem. Corrugated fibreboard containers subjected to internal and external loading will be subjected to stress, strain, deflection, and buckling to side panels. A Finite Element method of analysis of the panel was developed. The reaction of the panel to loading can be observed by means of this method. The failure of the container due to the loading can be predicted and the variability of the material and the panel can be changed arbitrarily to test and analyze different packaging designs. Corrugated fibreboard and container elements were treated as engineering structures so the engineering concepts of stress, stain, equilibrium and compatibility could be applied. A Finite Element method using the ANSYS code made it possible to analyze the structure behaviour and helps to partly solve the design optimization process for a corrugated container. The project includes four main aspects: Finite Element analysis of the corrugated fibreboard and container elements subjected to internal and external load. 2 Corrugated fibreboard material tests. 3 Modelling of a package-contents system 4 Simulation of the products-cushion-package system The main area of research that is described in this thesis is concerned with developing the analytical and experimental methods to model and analyze the behaviour of packaging. This enables the size of the cushioning structure to be minimized and the cushioning and package material to be selected appropriately. The final stage of this project was to develop the techniques for the prediction of the susceptibility to damage to packaging systems particularly during the design stage, and to develop a comprehensive technique for the design and justification of the package system.

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1951 B43 / Master of Science

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1996. Degree awarded with distinction on 4 December 1996. / We present a new three-dimensional container-packing algorithm. The algorithm is truly three-dimensional, thus, overcoming the limitations of layering algorithms, especially when a large number of parcel types is used. The algorithm sequentially places parcels into the container using localised heuristic information, and makes use of a balanced tree to store potential packing positions. The result is an algorithm with time complexity O(knlogn) where k is the number of parcel types, and n the maximum number of parcels that can be placed. Test results, including a comparative test, are very favourable, and show that the algorithms performance actually increases as the number of parcel types is increased.This is a direct result of the three-dimenslonal algorithm facilitating the utilisation of all useful packing positions using the variety of parcel sizes available. / GR 2016

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University

La recherche en comportement du consommateur a examiné de façon extensive les réponses des consommateurs aux stimuli écologiques du produit. Cette recherche doctorale vise à analyser l’influence du design écologique d’un attribut extrinsèque du produit, le packaging, sur les réponses attitudinales et comportementales des consommateurs envers des offres de grande consommation. La première partie de la thèse expose la littérature existante sur les comportements de consommation écologique d’une part, et sur les réponses des consommateurs aux stimuli du packaging d’autre part. Ensuite, une étude exploratoire a été réalisée, elle consiste en une étude qualitative composée d’entretiens semi-directifs et d’entretiens suivant une adaptation de la méthode ZMET. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de réaliser une taxinomie des signaux écologiques du packaging, de définir le concept de design écologique du packaging et de déterminer les réponses des consommateurs à ses signaux. La partie quantitative de la thèse est composée de trois études expérimentales testant l’influence du design écologique du packaging dans différents contextes. La première étude teste les influences combinées de signaux écologiques visuels et verbaux sur l’évaluation esthétique du packaging, la valeur émotionnelle, l’attitude envers le produit et l’intention d’achat, en fonction de la préoccupation pour l’environnement (PPE) des individus. Les résultats révèlent notamment que la la PPE modère les relations entre l’interaction de la condition visuelle et de la condition verbale et les variables dépendantes. La deuxième étude teste les influences combinées de signaux écologiques structurels, graphiques et informationnels du packaging sur la perception de l’éthique de la marque, la perception de bénéfices individuels et pro-sociaux et l’intention d’achat. Les résultats suggèrent entre autres, que chacun des signaux influence la perception de l’éthique de la marque, mais que seule la condition structurelle exerce un effet d’ordre zéro sur les autres variables dépendantes. La troisième étude compare l’influence d’un signal écologique relatif à un attribut intrinsèque du produit versus un signal écologique relatif à un attribut extrinsèque du produit- le packaging - sur la perception écologique de l’offre, la perception de l’éthique de la marque, de bénéfices individuels et pro-sociaux et l’intention d’achat. Les résultats suggèrent notamment que les signaux écologiques relatifs à un attribut écologique intrinsèque et à un attribut écologique extrinsèque influencent tous deux la perception écologique de l’offre et la perception de l’éthique de la marque. La condition intrinsèque influence les bénéfices individuels et pro-sociaux, tandis que la condition extrinsèque n’influence que partiellement la perception de bénéfices individuels, elle influence néanmoins positivement la perception de bénéfices pro-sociaux. Finalement, l’ensemble des résultats est discuté, les apports théoriques, méthodologiques et managériaux sont soulevés et les limites et perspectives de recherches futures sont proposées. / Research in consumer behavior has extensively examined consumers’ responses to product ecological stimuli. This dissertation focuses on the influence of an eco-designed extrinsic attribute of the product – packaging - on attitudinal and behavioral responses. The first part of this dissertation draws on literature on ecological consumption behaviors on the one hand, and consumers’ responses to packaging on the other hand. Next, an exploratory study has been undertook ; it consists of a qualitative study composed of semi-structured and ZMET interviews. Results enabled us to build a taxonomy of packaging ecological cues, to define the concept of eco-designed packaging and to ascertain consumers’ range of responses to these cues. The quantitative part of the dissertation is composed of three experimental studies which test the influence of eco-designed packaging in different contexts. The first study tests the combined influences of packaging visual and verbal ecological signals on consumer’s aesthetic evaluation, emotional value, attitude towards the product and purchase intention as a function of environmental concern (EC). Results reveal that EC moderates the relationships between the interaction of the visual and the verbal conditions and the dependant variables. The second study tests the combined influences of packaging structural, graphical and informational ecological cues on perception of brand ethicality, perception of individual and prosocial benefits, and purchase intention. Results suggest that, amongst other things, the three signals influence the perceived ethicality of the brand but that only the structural signal exerts a zero-order effect on the other dependent variables. The third study compares the influences of an ecological signal related to an intrinsic attribute of the product versus an extrinsic attribute (packaging) on eco-friendliness perception of the offer, and the variables used in the previous study. Results suggest that both product and packaging ecological design positively influence the perception of global eco-friendliness and perceived ethicality. While the “product ecodesign” condition influences both the individual and the prosocial benefits, the “packaging ecodesign” condition influences only partially the individual benefits. However, it also exerts a positive effect on prosocial benefits. Eventually, results are discussed; theoretical, managerial and methodological implications are highlighted and limitations and directions for future research are proposed.

<p>The research carried out and the results of the Master Thesis “Comparison of packaging collection systems in Latvia” give an overview about level of the development of packaging collection systems, as well as possible ways to improve their performance. </p><p>In Latvia, there are two packaging collection systems implemented for management of recyclable waste in different towns. In this study, sorted packaging collection system is described (advantages, disadvantages, costs of performance, the amount and quality of the collected material), followed by the corresponding description of the mixed packaging collection system. The systems are compared and ways to upgrade both systems are offered. </p><p>During the course of the thesis the author collected necessary information about the packaging recycling systems in Europe and Latvia, obtained the necessary details and information from the staff of the Ministry of Environment of Latvia and waste handling organizations and held a social enquiry. The information obtained during the research reveals data on the flow of the waste packaging and its components, as well as the activity of the residents in the recycling process. Data analysis made it possible to analyze the costs of integrating and maintaining the systems, as well as to propose the measures which can help to improve them in order to make their performance more effective and socially acceptable. The figures and information obtained during the research can be used for upgrading of the Waste management plans in the regions of Latvia or for a successful introduction of a new collection system in a town or region.</p><p>The results show that at the moment it is not possible to clearly state which one of the two systems is better for Latvia because performance of each system depends on a list of factors, such as social, e.g. residents’ involvement in the process, and economical factors. A conducted survey revealed that residents are more likely to participate in a recycling process if they do not have to sort packaging by types. Data analysis showed that there is a substantial difference in transportation and sorting expenses between these two systems, however this difference is too small to make any of the systems profitable for recovery of paper and plastic material. Only collection of glass material proved to be economically profitable in both systems.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in electronic version.