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A transcriptomic approach toward understanding PAMP-driven macrophage activation and dietary immunostimulation in fishDoñate Jimeno, Carmen 18 December 2008 (has links)
Los peces son claramente el grupo más exitoso y diverso de vertebrados, representando el 40% de todas las especies de vertebrados y mostrando un impresionante nivel de diversidad en distintos aspectos biológicos. Exhiben un gran número de particularidades genómicas únicas entre los vertebrados, que presentan a los peces como un modelo muy interesante para diversas disciplinas, en particular aquellas relacionas con la evolución. Por estas razones, algunas especies de peces han tenido un papel muy importante en los últimos años en el incremento del conocimiento de la especialización del genoma en vertebrados. Por otra parte, tienen una importancia vital como comida, siendo la acuicultura un sector productor alimentario esencial en todo el mundo. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido caracterizar ciertos aspectos moleculares y funcionales del sistema inmune de dos especies distantes en la evolución, Sparus aurata (dorada) y Oncorhynchus mykiss (trucha arco iris), con especial énfasis en sus respuestas transcriptómicas a diferentes estímulos relativos a patógenos. Con esta finalidad, análisis in vivo e in vitro fueron combinados para evaluar mecanismos inmunitarios globales de estos teleósteos. Los Macrófagos representan un grupo importante de células que poseen un papel principal en la iniciación y coordinación de la respuesta inmune. Se desarrolló y caracterizó un cultivo primario de macrófagos diferenciados in vitro de dorada, investigando aspectos como morfología, capacidad fagocítica y respuesta a lipopolisacárido (LPS) de este tipo celular. En paralelo, CD83, una proteína de membrana utilizada como marcador estándar de células dendríticas en mamíferos fue clonada y analizada usando Q-PCR (PCR a tiempo real, cuantitativa). A continuación, los macrófagos diferenciados de dorada fueron comparados con los de trucha, evaluando sus diferencias en la activación de vías antivirales bajo la inducción de LPS y las implicaciones de la presencia de contaminantes en preparaciones comerciales de LPS. La expresión de varios genes antivirales fue cuantificada mediante Q-PCR. Para analizar más profundamente las respuestas inmunes de macrófagos, su regulación transcriptómica en respuesta a LPS bacteriano y Poly (I:C) viral fue estudiada utilizando una plataforma de microarray de cDNA enriquecida en genes con funciones inmunes, resultados que fueron posteriormente validados con Q-PCR, junto con el análisis mediante western blot de la liberación de la citoquina inflamatoria Factor de Necrosis Tumoral α (TNFα). Finalmente, la regulación de cortisol y la respuesta trancriptómica de los teleósteos a una modulación inmune fue evaluada a través de la administración de dietas inmunoestimulantes, que son comúnmente utilizadas en acuicultura. A través de diversos análisis, utilizando la plataforma de microarray, hibridaciones in situ y cuantificación de los niveles de cortisol en plasma por R.I.A., estudiamos respuestas específicas en tejidos (riñón anterior, bazo, intestino y branquias) en truchas alimentadas durante cuatro semanas con una dieta inmunoestimulante, en condicones basales y siguiendo una inducción con LPS. Los resultados obtenidos han sido presentados y discutidos en este trabajo. / Fish are by far the most successful and diverse group of vertebrates, representing 40% of all vertebrate species and displaying an amazing level of diversity in several biological aspects. They exhibit a number of genomic particularities unique among vertebrates that present fish as a very interesting model to gain an insight into a wide variety of disciplines, in particular those related to evolution. Therefore some fish species have played important roles in the latest years to increase the knowledge of vertebrate genome speciation. On the other hand, they are of tremendous importance as food for people, becoming the aquaculture industry an essential food-producing sector all around the world. The goal of the present study has been to characterize several molecular and functional aspects of the immune system of two evolutionary distant fish species, Sparus aurata (gilthead sea bream) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), with specific emphasis on their transcriptomic responses to different pathogen-related challenges. To that end, in vivo and in vitro analyses were combined to evaluate global immune mechanisms of these teleosts.The macrophage cell lineage represents an important group of cells which play a central role in the initiation and coordination of the immune response. A primary culture of in vitro differentiated macrophages of gilthead sea bream was developed and characterized; therefore aspects as morphology, phagocytic capacity and response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of these cells were investigated. In parallel, CD83, a cell surface membrane used as standard surface marker for dendritic cells in mammals, was cloned and then analyzed from the gilthead sea bream macrophages using Q-PCR (real-time quantitative-PCR). Once this in vitro model was characterized and validated, differentiated macrophages of gilthead sea bream were compared with those of rainbow trout to evaluate their differences in the activation of antiviral-related pathways upon LPS induction and the implications of the presence of contaminants in commercial LPS preparations when analyzing regulation of gene expression. Expression of antiviral genes in macrophages stimulated with different LPS preparations were quantified with Q-PCR. To further address rainbow trout macrophages immune responses, their transcriptomic regulation in response to bacterial LPS and viral Poly I:C was studied using a salmonid-specific cDNA microarray platform enriched in immune-related genes and validated with Q-PCR, together with the analysis of the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by western blot. Finally, the cortisol regulation and transcriptomic response of teleost fish to immuno-modulation were investigated via the administration of immunostimulant diets, which are commonly utilized in aquaculture. Using the salmonid-specific microarray platform, in situ hybridizations and quantification of plasma cortisol levels by radioimmunoassay, we studied tissue specific (head kidney, spleen, intestine and gills) responses in rainbow trout fed for four weeks with a commercial immunostimulant diet, in a basal situation and following a challenge with LPS. The results obtained are presented and discussed in this report.
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Organization and consequences of functional responses in microglia upon activation of the TLR4 complex / CD14 as a gate keeper in microglial responses to infection and damageJanova, Hana 22 September 2014 (has links)
Mikroglia sind residente Makrophagen-artige Zellen des Zentralnervensystems (ZNS), die das Gewebe kontinuierlich auf Anzeichen homöostatischer Störungen überwachen. Als die wesentlichen immunkompetenten Effektorzellen im Hirnparenchym exprimieren sie eine Vielzahl von Rezeptoren für pathogen-assoziierte molekulare Strukturmuster (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). Zu diesen Rezeptoren zählt der Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, der nicht nur Reaktionen der Mikroglia auf bakterielle Infektionen, sondern auch auf Gewebe Schädigungen ermöglicht. Stimulation des TLR4 mit bakteriellem Lipopolysaccharid (LPS) und endogenen schädigung-sassoziierten molekularen Strukturen (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), die durch Gewebebeeinträchtigung freigesetzt werden, löst sowohl TRIF- als auch MyD88-abhängige Signalkaskaden aus. Die damit induzierte Freisetzung von Zytokinen und Chemokinen rekrutiert und instruiert periphere Immunzellen für eine Protektion und unterstützende Geweberegeneration des ZNS. Wir zeigen hier, dass der TLR4-Korezeptor CD14 ein essenzieller gate keeper für die Generierung von Immunantworten im ZNS ist, die durch LPS oder E. coli-Verabreichung, aber auch durch mechanisches Trauma und ischämischen Schlaganfall ausgelöst werden. In gewissem Gegensatz zu extraneuralen Makrophagen nutzen Mikroglia CD14 zur Erlangung einer extremen Sensitivität gegenüber sehr geringen LPS-Mengen. Gleichzeitig schützt CD14 Mikroglia vor überschießenden Reaktionen auf hohe LPS-Dosen und verhindert dabei insbesondere die exzessive Produktion von CXCL1, eines chemoattraktiven Signals für neutrophile Granulozyten. Entsprechend unterstützt CD14 die ZNS-Rekrutierung von Monozyten und Neutrophilen durch niedrige LPS-Dosen, während es die verstärkte Einwanderung von Neutrophilen durch hohe Dosen von LPS oder E. coli verhindert. Als eine besonders wichtige Funktion beschreiben wir dabei die absolute CD14-Abhängigkeit DAMP-ausgelöster und TLR4-vermittelter Immunreaktionen. CD14-Defizienz (unter cd14-/--Bedingungen) oder CD14 Blockade (durch Antikörper) löschen mikrogliale Reaktionen, die durch Plasma-Fibronektin (als repräsentatives DAMP-Molekül) ausgelöst werden können, komplett aus und beeinträchtigen die Leukozyten-Infiltration nach ZNS-Trauma. Bei einer ischämischen ZNS-Schädigung weisen cd14-/--Mäuse im Gehirn nicht nur weniger Monozyten auf, sondern gleichzeitig ein vergrößertes Infarktvolumen. Wir konnten für Interferon (IFN) b eine Schlüsselfunktion in der CD14-vermittelten Eindämmung der CXCL1-Synthese darstellen, die auf eine negative CD14/TLR4-TRIF-IFNβ-INAR1-Jak- Rückkopplung für MyD88-getriebene Chemokine schließen lässt. Obwohl CD14 somit TLR4-vermittelte Reaktionen auf infektiöse und nicht-infektiöse Agenzien orchestriert, wird seine Expression durch verschiedene TLR-Liganden und Zytokine reguliert. Letztlich unterliegen damit CD14-kontrollierte Funktionen selbst einer komplexen Kontrolle durch ZNS-residente und eingewanderte periphere Zellen. Diese Regulationen können über die Einbeziehung oder den Ausschluss der Kapazitäten des TLR4-Komplexes für eine Schadenserkennung während der ZNS-Reaktionen in unterschiedlichsten pathologischen Szenarien entscheiden.
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Studies on an effector NLP1 expressed during the late phase of plant infection by Colletotrichum orbiculare / ウリ類炭疽病菌の植物感染後期において発現するエフェクターNLP1の研究Nur, Sabrina Ahmad Azmi 23 July 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21311号 / 農博第2296号 / 新制||農||1064(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5145(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙野 義孝, 教授 田中 千尋, 教授 寺内 良平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Induction and regulation of antiviral defence mechanisms through intracytoplasmic sensorsLee, Min-Hi 25 June 2009 (has links)
Das Wechselspiel zwischen Viren und ihren Wirtszellen beginnt meist an pattern recognition-Rezeptoren (PRRs), die für die Erkennung unterschiedlichster Pathogene anhand bestimmter Strukturen, sogenannten pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), zuständig sind. Nach Detektion lösen die PRRs über verschiedene Signalkaskaden eine antivirale Antwort aus, die zur Expression antiviraler Gene führt. RIG-I und MDA5 sind zytoplasmatisch lokalisierte PRRs und erkennen RNA-Strukturen, die insbesondere während der viralen Replikation und Transkription verfügbar sind. Hantaviren sind humanpathogene RNA-Viren mit einem einzelsträngigen, segmentierten Genom. Die Konsequenzen hantaviraler Infektionen auf molekularer Ebene wurden bereits detailliert untersucht, aber die Mechanismen, die zur Induktion der Immunantwort führen, wie auch mögliche Immunevasionsstrategien, die wahrscheinlich in Zusammenhang mit der Pathogenität des jeweiligen Hantavirusstamms variieren, konnten bisher nicht identifiziert werden. Da Hantaviren im Cytoplasma ihrer Wirtszellen replizieren, stellen RIG-I und MDA5 potentielle Detektoren dar. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Bedeutung von RIG-I und MDA5 für die Erkennung von Hantavirus-Infektionen untersucht. Wachstumskinetiken zeigten, daß RIG-I die Replikation von pathogenen wie auch apathogenen Hantaviren beeinträchtigt. Außerdem konnte die RNA hantaviraler Nukleocapsid- (N-) ORFs als eine virale Komponente identifiziert werden, die Typ I Interferon über RIG-I induziert. Das Ausmaß der Interferon-Aktivierung korrelierte hierbei tendenziell mit dem Virulenzgrad der Virusstämme und war für die nicht-pathogenen Hantaviren nicht nachweisbar. Unterschiede in der Aktivierungsstärke können anhand vorläufiger Daten wahrscheinlich auf noch nicht identifizierte Motive zurückgeführt werden, die am 3’-Ende der N ORFs liegen. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde keine Interferon-Aktivierung durch hantavirale Komponenten über MDA5 festgestellt. / Host-virus interaction is usually initated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are responsible for the recognition of various pathogens based on so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon detection, PRRs trigger an antiviral immune response through different signalling cascades that lead to the expression of antiviral genes including interferon genes. RIG-I and MDA5 are cytoplasmically localised PRRs and recognise RNA patterns that are particularly available during viral replication and transcription. Hantaviruses are RNA viruses with single-stranded segmented genomes. The consequences of hantaviral infections have been analysed in detail, but the mechanisms that lead to the induction of the innate immune response as well as immune evasion strategies depending on the pathogenicity of the respective hantavirus strains have not been identified yet. Since hantaviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of their host cells, RIG-I and MDA5 represent potential PRRs for hantaviral detection. This thesis investigates the impact of RIG-I and MDA5 on recognition of hantaviral infections. Growth kinetics show that RIG-I impairs the replication of pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic hantaviruses. Furthermore, the RNA of hantaviral nucleocapsid protein (N) ORF could be identified as a viral component responsible for the induction of RIG-I signalling. It is shown that the degree of interferon promotor activation correlates with the virulence of the hantavirus strain from which the N ORF was derived. Based on preliminary data, differences in activation strength may be attributed to not yet identified motifs at the 3’ end of the ORF. In contrast, no interferon activation through MDA5 could be observed.
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Interactions entre résistance induite chez Solanum tuberosum et traits d’histoire de vie et effecteurs de Phytophthora infestans / Interactions between induced resistance in Solanum tuberosum and Phytophthora infestans life history traits and effectors by Cécile THOMASThomas, Cécile 21 March 2019 (has links)
La gestion de Phytophthora infestans, agent du mildiou de la pomme de terre, nécessite l’application d’une quinzaine de traitements par saison culturale. Pour réduire l’usage des fongicides, combiner résistance induite et résistance quantitative pourrait être une bonne stratégie. Elle nécessite cependant une meilleure connaissance des interactions entre les réponses physiologiques de Solanum tuberosum et l’écologie de P. infestans. Dans cet objectif, les réponses de défense induites chez la pomme de terre ont été confrontées aux traits d’histoire de vie et effecteurs de P. infestans. Quatre génotypes présentant différents niveaux de résistance ont été traités avec un filtrat de culture concentré (CCF) de P. infestans induisant la PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Des folioles détachées ont ensuite été inoculées avec des souches rapides ou lentes de P. infestans. Les expressions de 14 gènes de défense et de 6 effecteurs ont été analysée simultanément par qRT-PCR.Les symptômes de la maladie ont été mesurés classiquement ou par analyse d’images dans le visible et en fluorescence. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la réduction des symptômes après induction de la PTI est fonction du couple génotype-souche. En effet, l’efficacité des défenses induites par le CCF dépend des stratégies d’échappement (vitesse de croissance) ou d’adaptation (effecteurs) de P. infestans et du potentiel d’inductibilité du génotype (expression des protéines PR). Ainsi, pour optimiser l’utilisation de la résistante induite il serait nécessaire de sélectionner des génotypes inductibles et capables de modu / The management of Phytophthora infestans, responsible for potato late blight, requires the application of about 15 fungicide treatments per cropping season. To reduce the use of pesticides, combining induced resistance and quantitative resistance could be a positive strategy. However, this method requires a better understanding of the interactions between Solanum tuberosum physiological responses and P. infestans ecology. To this end, defense responses induced in potato have been opposed to the pathogen life history traits and effectors. Four potato genotypes with different resistance levels were treated with a concentrated culture filtrate (CCF) of P. infestans inducing PAMPtriggered immunity (PTI). Then, detached leaflets were inoculated with fast- or slow-growing strains of P. infestans.The expression of 14 defense genes and the expression of 6 effectors were analyzed simultaneously by qRT-PCR. Disease symptoms were measured either conventionally or by visible and fluorescence image analysis. The results obtained show that the reduction of symptoms after induction of PTI was specific to the genotype-strain pair. Indeed, the effectiveness of induced defenses by CCF depends on either the escape (growth rate) or adaptation (effectors) strategies of P. infestans and on the genotype inductibility potential (expression of PR proteins). Thus, to optimize the use of induced resistance, it would be necessary to breed inducible genotypes that are able to modulate strains growth rate.
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Toll Like Receptor 4 Stimulation Increases Scavenger Receptor A Expression On Murine MacrophagesGuthrie, Mackenzie L 01 May 2017 (has links)
Sepsis is the body’s response to an overwhelming infection and is a serious consequence of critical illness. It can cause tissue damage, organ failure, and death. Sepsis continues to have an unacceptably high mortality rate, due to the lack of effective treatments. Specific therapeutic targets for sepsis remain elusive since the complex functional changes that result in a septic state remain poorly understood. Macrophage Scavenger Receptor A (SRA, CD204) is a surface receptor that binds negatively charged, endogenous and exogenous ligands. We have discovered that SRA plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. We have shown that mice with SRA have increased inflammation, decreased survival, and increased bacterial burden compared to SRA deficient mice. We have also found an increase in the expression of SRA on monocytes and macrophages in septic wild type mice. To determine the mechanism responsible for increased SRA expression in sepsis we treated a mouse macrophage cell line, (J774a.1), with mediators that stimulate toll like receptors (TLRs), innate immune receptors which are activated in sepsis. The cells were cultured with ultra pure LPS (a TLR 4 ligand), PAM3CSK4 (a TLR 2 ligand), glucan (a Dectin-1 ligand), ultra pure LPS and PAM3CSK4, or ultra pure LPS and glucan for 24 hours. The cells were stained with an SRA antibody, and flow cytometry was used to measure the SRA expression for each treatment group. LPS treatment alone resulted in a significant increase in SRA expression when compared to control cells. Specifically, LPS increased SRA expression by 53.4% compared to media alone (p
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Urinary Excretion of (1-3)-Beta-D-Glucans.Head, Debra K 13 December 2008 (has links) (PDF)
(1→3)-β-D-Glucans are carbohydrate polymers that are present in the cell wall of various fungi and bacteria; they are pathogen associated molecular patterns that circulate during infection and modulate immunity. Our laboratory has previously established the pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered glucans; the present studies investigated the renal excretion of (1→3)-β-D-glucans following intravenous and oral administration. Three fluorescently-labeled glucans were administered to adult male rats in the presence or absence of toxic challenge. Urine specimens were collected and analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography and GPC/MALLS. 71 ± 3% of fluorescence remained in the >5K MWCO fraction; this fraction showed a minor peak with a molecular mass (171 ± 11K) corresponding to injected glucan (~150K). Most excreted glucans were of lower molecular mass (13 ± 8.5K), indicating most (1→3)-β-D-glucans are excreted by the kidneys as smaller polysaccharides. The presence of urinary glucans may be an important indicator of fungal infection.
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Investigation of SAR-associated small molecules as inducers of resistance in cucumber and biofilm formation by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in ArabidopsisFufeng, Angela B. 13 June 2019 (has links)
Greenhouse environments often promote bacterial and fungal infections in important crop plants. Exogenous application of chemical inducers could help reduce the severity of infection, or even prevent infection. Small molecules such as glycerol, azelaic acid and pipecolic acid have been implicated as being important signaling molecules during Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). To examine if these small molecules could be used to induce resistance in crop plants, exogenous treatment assays were developed in cucumber. Glycerol spray and azelaic acid infiltration induced modest resistance at locally treated leaves. Pipecolic acid soil treatment induced modest resistance in aerial tissue of cucumber plants, and strong resistance when plants were treated weekly. This knowledge may be useful in promoting the commercialization of SAR-associated compounds to protect important crop plants against disease.
Plants possess multiple defense pathways that include an SA signaling component to initiate resistance to microbial pathogens. However, during Age-Related Resistance (ARR) in Arabidopsis, a number of studies support that SA acts as an anti-microbial and anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in the plant intercellular space. Little is known about the role of Pst biofilm formation during infection of young plants or if other defense responses act to suppress bacterial biofilm formation. Therefore Pst biofilm formation and the effect of PAMP Triggered Immunity (PTI) on bacterial biofilm formation was examined. PTI was induced with flg22 in wild-type Col-0, fls2, bak1-3 (PTI mutants) and sid2-2 (SA biosynthesis mutant). In vivo bacterial biofilm-like aggregate formation was monitored using Pst DC3000 PDSK-GFPuv and epifluorescence microscopy. Pst aggregate occurrence and size were positively correlated with bacterial success in susceptible plants (wild-type Col-0, fls2, bak1-3, sid2-2), while fewer and smaller bacterial aggregates were observed in Col-0 undergoing PTI. To determine if the extracellular polysaccharide, alginate was a major contributor to biofilm formation, in vivo bacterial aggregate formation was monitored using alginate deficient Pst-GFP. Alginate deficient Pst-GFP and wild-type Pst grew to similar levels in wild-type plants suggesting that the ability to produce alginate was not necessary for Pst pathogenicity and success in planta. Fewer alginate-deficient Pst aggregates were observed compared to wild-type Pst in inoculated plants, suggesting that the ability to produce alginate was modestly important for aggregate formation. These data provide novel insights into how biofilms form in planta, the association between pathogen virulence and biofilm formation, and how plant defense responses such as PTI not only reduce bacterial growth, but also target biofilms. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
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Plasma Factors as Endogenous Agonists and Modulators of TLR4 Signaling in Microglia / Plasma Faktoren als Endogene Agonisten und Modulatoren von TLR4 Signalen in Mikroglia ZellenScheffel, Jörg 21 June 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Conception d’un procédé de microfabrication pour l’assemblage 3D puce-à-puce de circuits intégrés hétérogènes à des fins de prototypageMaurais, Luc January 2018 (has links)
L’utilisation de photodiodes avalanche monophotoniques (PAMP) pour une utilisation au
sein d’imageur préclinique par tomographie d’émission par positrons est d’intérêt. En effet,
l’utilisation de ces photodétecteurs intégrés au CMOS est poussée par leurs excellentes
performances de résolution en temps ainsi que leur haute sensibilité. Cependant, l’utilisation
de ces détecteurs nécessite également un circuit intégré de contrôle visant à protéger
les photodiodes de courants trop élevés lors de déclenchement d’avalanches et de contrôler
leurs temps mort. Ces circuits de plus en plus sophistiqués nécessitent un espace significatif
diminuant ainsi la surface photosensible à la surface de la puce et diminuant leurs
sensibilités. L’assemblage 3D puce-à-puce est donc nécessaire dans le but d’augmenter la
surface photosensible et de ne pas limiter les fonctionnalités de contrôles électroniques
individuelles à chaque PAMP.
Ce document présente le développement d’un procédé d’assemblage 3D puce-à-puce visant
l’intégration de matrices de PAMP. Les étapes de microfabrication nécessaires visent l’intégration
d’interconnexions verticales au travers du substrat (TSV) permettant de transmettre
les signaux d’une couche à l’autre et le collage 3D de ceux-ci. De plus, des mesures
de caractéristiques de bruits ont été effectuées sur des puces ayant subi certaines étapes
de microfabrication du procédé d’assemblage 3D. Ces mesures ont été effectuées dans le
but de déterminer l’impact potentiel du procédé d’assemblage sur les performances des
PAMP intégrés en 3D.
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