Quantum and classical frameworks form two perspectives for describing physical systems. Their formulation also presents interesting isomorphism: for example, the Schrodinger equation can find its classical correspondence in the paraxial Helmholtz equation, and coherent atomic population transfers is analogous to coupling dynamics in waveguides. In classical coupled mode systems, quantum notion can be manifested in the following ways: (1) adiabatic (i.e., sufficiently slow) evolution of the Hamiltonian enables robust mode conversion and light transfer, where the dynamics is carried out in predominantly one eigenmode; (2) non-Hermitian Hamiltonians give rise to peculiar singularities known as exceptional points (EPs), associated with not only degenerate eigenvalues but coalescent eigenvectors. In this dissertation, we explore the above principles in light manipulation, sensing, and photonic emulation. First, we numerically demonstrate two examples of photonic devices based on adiabatic evolution engineering. We present a coupled waveguide system analogous to the atomic physics process of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, where the principle of adiabaticity not only allows high-extinction polarization mode splitting, but also counterintuitively mitigates the losses from the plasmonic structure involved. We show a modal hybridization effect in rib waveguide geometry that allows the mode to adiabatically evolve from one polarization to its orthogonal state upon electro-optic modulation in thin film lithium niobate, enabling an actively switchable polarization converter. We propose a generic EP emulator based on programmable photonics to tackle the challenging implementation of EP. Our approach combines on-chip operations of coupling, loss and detuning based on generic photonic modules (Mach-Zehnder interferometers), and a discrete scheme for mapping Hamiltonians to common mesh architecture. We demonstrate multiple exemplary EP functionalities, including loss-induced transparency, encircling second-order EPs in the PT and anti-PT symmetry picture, and a third-order EP. The proposed EP emulator marks a new paradigm for discrete, \textit{in situ} programming of EPs and multi-functional, repurposable EP devices. We also present our preliminary work on NV center-induced EPs. In contrast to conventional fluorescence-based schemes for addressing NV centers, we leverage NV centers' absorption to bring a coupled ring resonator system to an EP and numerically demonstrate the emerging dynamics. Our primary numerical results promise proof-of-concept magnetometry, combining NV centers' response to magnetic and microwave fields with the sensitivity enhancing nature of EP. This dissertation sheds light on unconventional photonics inspired by quantum-like principles. / 2025-08-29T00:00:00Z

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23688号 / 理博第4778号 / 新制||理||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳瀬 陽一, 教授 川上 則雄, 教授 松田 祐司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The objective of this study was to unveil a novel area of gene regulation in breast cancer and breast cancer prevention through the study of a recent discovered class of genetic regulators named long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins, but regulate the transcription of genes involved in different cellular processes, including differentiation, cancer initiation and progression. The link between lncRNAs and cancer is well documented in the literature. More recently, their relevance in the transcription field is beginning to be explored and their roles have been found to vary from guiding proteins to the genome to scaffolding proteins complexes needed for the transcription of a specific gene. Initial transcriptome analysis of normal breast of parous and nulliparous postmenopausal women revealed that several lncRNAs are differentially expressed in the parous breast. This observation provided evidence of a potential role of lncRNAs in the regulation of transcription and their function in pregnancy’s preventive effect in reducing the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Specifically, RNA sequencing of healthy postmenopausal breast tissue biopsies from eight parous and eight nulliparous women using Illumina platform was performed. The sequencing results showed that there are 42 lncRNAs differentially expressed between parous and nulliparous breast tissue. These data led to the hypothesis that these novel lncRNAs may be drivers in the process of development that occurs in the mammary gland during pregnancy, providing protection against breast cancer. After analysis of these 42 lncRNAs using bioinformatics tools, review of the scientific literature, and real-time PCR analysis, two lncRNAs (lncBHLHE41 and lncEPCAM) were selected to be tested in vitro, using different molecular techniques in human epithelial breast cell lines to determine their relevance in breast cancer. This project provided novel information on lncRNAs induced by pregnancy in the breast tissue, and identified two lncRNAs as potential key regulators in breast differentiation and cancer progression. The manipulation of these lncRNAs led to evidence of their function in vitro and, using xenograft studies, we determined their relevance in vivo. Although treatment for cancer using lncRNAs as targets is in its infancy at the clinic, the advancement in knowledge and technology to study their relevance in disease could lead to the development of therapeutics for breast cancer and breast cancer prevention in the near future. / Biochemistry

This dissertation investigates the commodity currency argument of primary and secondary effects of the terms of trade on exchange rates and real income, respectively. The Johansen procedure of cointegration testing is applied to dynamic models for a set of four developed countries (New Zealand, Australia, Norway and Iceland) and five less developed countries (Colombia, India, Malaysia, Thailand and Venezuela) each against it's major trading partner and the United States. The stationarity of the real exchange rates as well as cointegration between the nominal exchange rates and the ratio of national price-levels (price-ratio) are analyzed for two sets of data (annual and a relatively shorter quarterly) and for two different price measures (GDP deflator and CPI). The hypothesis of the terms of trade effects is investigated by including the terms of trade variable in the models of real exchange rates and models of nominal exchange rates and price-ratios. For developed countries, using annual data, real exchange rates are found to be stationary without the terms of trade in eleven cases, and on including the terms of trade evidence of cointegration is found in three further cases. For the quarterly data of the developed countries, there is some evidence of the real exchange rate being stationary without the terms of trade and some evidence of cointegration between the real exchange rates and the terms of trade for both price indices. Analysis of the long-run equilibrium relationship between the nominal exchange rate and price-ratio without the terms of trade showed some evidence of a cointegrating relationship. On including the terms of trade strong evidence of cointegration is obtained for New Zealand and Austra1ia but not for Norway. Moreover, while evidence for the long-run equilibrium relationships of purchasing power parity are mixed there is strong evidence of improvement in the terms of trade leading to appreciating exchange rates. Also, the terms of trade are found to be exogenous between small countries (New Zealand-Australia). Only quarterly data and CPI are used for the less dev.~loped countries. Results on stationarity of the real exchange rate, the equilibrium relationship between the exchange rates and price-ratio, and the role of terms of trade are again mixed. Finally, the short-run effects of the terms of trade on real income are investigated for New Zealand, Australia and Norway using quarterly data. Dynamic models of first, the real income and terms of trade and real income, terms of trade, and, second, the real exchange rates are analyzed. Validity of the commodity currency argument is evidenced only in some of the three-variable models. / Ph. D.

This study uses a random coefficient estimation procedure to test the hypothesis that much of the volatility in the U.S./Canada real exchange rate over the time period 1971 through 1999 is due to the relative price of non-traded goods to traded goods. The model specification used in this study provides estimates of the sensitivity of movements in the U.S./Canada real exchange rate to movements in both the relative price of traded goods and the relative price of non-traded goods to traded goods in each of the two countries. I test for purchasing power parity in each of the two components of the model and address the question of volatility through the examination of the time profile of the respective coefficient estimates. The empirical results support the conclusion that the average value of the coefficient on the relative price of non-traded goods to traded goods component is smaller than that on the relative price of traded goods component. However, purchasing power parity in both components can not be rejected when the period of study is limited to 1971 through 1994. Furthermore, examination of the time profile of the random coefficients on the relative price of non-traded goods to traded goods component suggests that it is much more volatile and, therefore, quite significant in capturing the volatility in U.S./Canada real exchange rate movements. With regard to purchasing power parity in both the traded goods component and the non-traded goods to traded goods component, these results are consistent with the implications of the theory of purchasing power parity. However, they are not entirely consistent with the evidence presented in recent literature. Specifically, evidence presented in recent studies can not support perfect purchasing power parity in either traded goods or non-traded goods and leads to the conclusion that non-traded goods are much less significant, if at all, in the determination of the U.S./Canada real exchange rate. This inconsistency with recent literature is most likely a result of the fact that the random coefficient modeling technique used in this study allows the coefficients to vary over time and, thereby, enables the volatility of both components to be captured in the model. Therefore, given the apparent significance of the relative price of non-traded goods to traded goods, the volatility of this component can logically be expected to significantly contribute to the volatility in the U.S./Canada real exchange rate. / Master of Arts