Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) are the most common soft tissue cancer among children and are characterized by their expression of the myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin. Yet RMS cells cannot undergo normal myogenesis and are caught between the proliferation program and the terminal differentiation program. Many questions still remain about the defects present in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In this work, we set out to understand the role of myogenin in these cells. To begin, we found that myogenin and its co-factors were present in rhabdomyosarcoma cells at levels that should support terminal differentiation. We examined the expression profile of several myogenin target genes in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and then assayed for myogenin activity using luciferase reporter constructs that contain myogenin dependent promoters to test for myogenin function. Many myogenin target genes were down regulated in RMS cells but that the target promoters on the luciferase constructs were activated. Terminal differentiation is a complicated process that involves many proteins. In cancer cells, it is important to compare the levels proteins with known functions to those levels in wild-type cells at the protein and RNA levels. Establishing the defect of rhabdomyosarcoma cells can lead to further insights into normal myogenesis, and may also lead to new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of this childhood cancer.

Alx4 is a paired-type homeodomain transcription factor that plays a key role in development, strongly expressed in the first branchial arch and craniofacial region. Pax3 also belongs to this family, and it displays a similar pattern of expression to that of Alx4. When Pax3 or Alx4 activity is lost individually, defects arise in an overlapping set of embryonic structures. In addition to their expression patterns, this suggests that these two factors may interact to play a role in normal murine development. We demonstrate an overlapping pattern of expression of Pax3 and Alx4 in the developing embryo and that Pax3 and Alx4 physically interact in vivo and in vitro. Pax3 and Alx4 can activate transcription from a P3 homeodomain consensus site, and preliminary analysis of mice null for both Pax3 and Alx4 show a novel mutant phenotype. We have therefore demonstrated a physical and genetic interaction between Pax3 and Alx4.

Alx4 is a paired-type homeodomain transcription factor that plays a key role in development, strongly expressed in the first branchial arch and craniofacial region. Pax3 also belongs to this family, and it displays a similar pattern of expression to that of Alx4. When Pax3 or Alx4 activity is lost individually, defects arise in an overlapping set of embryonic structures. In addition to their expression patterns, this suggests that these two factors may interact to play a role in normal murine development. We demonstrate an overlapping pattern of expression of Pax3 and Alx4 in the developing embryo and that Pax3 and Alx4 physically interact in vivo and in vitro. Pax3 and Alx4 can activate transcription from a P3 homeodomain consensus site, and preliminary analysis of mice null for both Pax3 and Alx4 show a novel mutant phenotype. We have therefore demonstrated a physical and genetic interaction between Pax3 and Alx4.

Cranial placodes are ectodermal regions that contribute extensively to the vertebrate peripheral nervous system. The development of the ophthalmic trigeminal (opV) placode, which gives rise only to sensory neurons of the ophthalmic lobe of the trigeminal ganglion, is a well-studied model of sensory neuron development. While key differentiation processes have been characterized at the tissue and cellular levels, the molecules governing opV placode development have not been well described. This study identifies the canonical Wnt signaling pathway as a regulator of opV trigeminal placode development. Introducing dominant-negative TCF and dominant-active β-catenin expression constructs by in ovo electroporation, we have manipulated the canonical Wnt pathway within the opV placode domain and surrounding ectoderm of chick embryos. Inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling results in the failure of targeted cells to express or maintain Pax3 protein, the earliest known specific molecular marker of opV placode cells. Misexpression of dominant-active β-catenin as an activator of canonical Wnt signaling, however, is not sufficient to promote the opV placode cell fate. We conclude that canonical Wnt signaling is necessary for normal opV placode development, and propose that other molecular cues are required in addition to Wnt signaling to promote cells to an opV placode fate. Strategies for manipulating the Wnt pathway at the level of ligand and receptor are also reviewed. Because it is clear that Wnt signaling is not acting alone in early development of the opV placode, we have also begun to investigate additional signaling pathways, such as FGFs, that may be involved in these developmental processes.

La dérégulation de la transcription résultant de mutations des molécules clés des voies de signalisation est une caractéristique des cancers. Dans les mélanomes, les facteurs de transcription MITF et BRN-2 contrôlent la survie, la prolifération, la différenciation et la migration/invasion cellulaire, avec une forte expression de MITF caractérisant les cellules les plus différenciées. BRN-2 est surexprimé dans les cellules de mélanomes où il peut réprimer l’expression de MITF conduisant ainsi les cellules vers un phénotype moins différencié et plus invasif. Comment BRN-2 est régulé est une question majeure. Nous avons montré que l’expression de BRN-2 est modulée en réponse aux variations des concentrations en oxygène et glucose et que cet effet est en partie médié par la PI3K. L’inhibition de la voie PI3K réduit l’invasion des cellules de mélanome et diminue l’expression des protéines BRN-2 et PAX3. PAX3 régule l’expression de BRN-2 par liaison directe sur son promoteur. Ces résultats suggèrent, qu’en plus des voies β-caténine/LEF1 et BRAF/MAPK, la voie PI3K régule l’expression de BRN-2 et pourrait jouer un rôle majeur dans le changement du phénotype prolifératif à invasif / Deregulation of transcription arising from mutations in key signaling molecules is a hallmark of cancer. In melanoma, MITF and BRN-2 transcription factors control survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration/ invasiveness, with high levels of MITF being a characteristic of differentiated melanocytes. BRN-2 represses MITF expression, thereby driving cells to a less differentiated and more invasive phenotype. How BRN-2 is regulated is therefore a key issue. We showed that up-regulation of BRN-2 expression in response to glucose involves the PI3K pathway. Inhibition of PI3K reduces invasiveness and decreases the levels of BRN-2 and PAX3. We showed that PAX3 regulates BRN-2 expression by direct binding on its promoter. Altogether, our results highlight a crucial role for the PI3K pathway in regulating BRN-2 expression and imply that PI3K signaling may be a key determinant of melanoma subpopulation diversity and prime cells for a proliferative to invasive phenotype switch.

Mon travail de thèse a porté sur l'étude des mécanismes contrôlant la progression du cycle cellulaire et le devenir des cellules progénitrices dans différents tissus. Sortie du cycle cellulaire et différenciation cellulaire pendant la formation du muscle du membre Nous avons montré que la sortie du cycle cellulaire, régulée par les inhibiteurs de kinases cycline-dépendantes (CDKI) et la différentiation musculaire contrôlée par les facteurs myogéniques (MRF), peuvent être découplées génétiquement pendant la formation du muscle. Nous avons identifié une séquence régulant l'expression de CDKI, spécifique au muscle, activée par les MRF dans les myoblastes et réprimée par la voie Notch dans les progéniteurs, permettant de contrôler la balance entre amplification des progéniteurs et établissement du muscle squelettique. Contrôle de la croissance des dérivés de crête neurale craniale Bien que Pax3 et Pax7 soient essentiels pour la formation de la crête neurale, leurs rôles durant le développement craniofacial restent inconnus. À l'aide de mutants murins pour Pax3/7 présentant des fentes faciales, nous avons montré que ces défauts sont liés à la surexpression de la voie de signalisation régulée par le récepteur Aryl hydrocarbon (AhR, récepteur à la dioxine). L'augmentation de l'activité d'AhR pousse les cellules mésenchymateuses faciales hors du cycle cellulaire alors que son inhibition restaure la prolifération de ces cellules, permettant la fermeture de la face des mutants Pax3/7 et démontrant qu'une interaction entre une voie de signalisation impliquée dans la réponse au stress environnemental et les gènes régulés par Pax3/7 est nécessaire pendant le développement craniofacia. / This thesis aims to decipher how Pax3 and Pax7 transcription factors control cell cycle progression of progenitor cells in different tissues.Cell cycle regulation of Pax3+ myogenic progenitors during limb muscle developmentWe showed that cell cycle exit, mediated by the cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors (CDKI), and muscle differentiation, controlled by the myogenic regulatory factors (MRF), can be genetically uncoupled during development. We dissected a functional interplay between Notch signalling and both MRF and CDKI activities, for maintaining the cycling status of the progenitor cells. Further, we identified a CDKI, muscle-specific DNA regulatory element, activated by the MRF in myoblasts but repressed by Notch signalling in progenitor cells, controlling the equilibrium between amplification of the progenitor pool and the establishment of functional muscle.Control of Pax3+ neural crest derivatives growth, and maintenance during craniofacial developmentAlthough studies showed Pax3 and Pax7 to be essential during early neural crest development, their role during craniofacial formation is unknown. Using Pax3/7 mutant mice displaying facial clefts, we uncovered that these defects are associated with an up-regulation of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR, the receptor to dioxin) signalling pathway. In Pax3/7 mutants, increased AhR activity drives facial mesenchymal cells out of the cell cycle, while inhibiting AhR rescues the cycling status of these cells and the facial closure of Pax3/7 mutants. Our results identify a molecular link between an environmental stress response pathway and a Pax3/7 downstream gene regulatory network during normal craniofacial development.

<p>Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma and demonstrates features of skeletal muscle. Of the two predominant (pediatric) subtypes, embryonal (eRMS) and alveolar (aRMS), aRMS has the poorer prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of <50%. The majority of aRMS tumors express the fusion protein PAX3/7-FOXO1. As PAX3/7-FOXO1 is not currently druggable, we aimed to identify proteins that are downstream from or cooperate with PAX3-FOXO1 (PF) to enable tumorigenesis with the hope that these proteins may be more amenable to pharmacological inhibition.</p><p>First, in a microarray analysis of the transcriptomes of human skeletal muscle myoblasts expressing PF, we observed alterations of several Wnt pathway genes, including the Wnt inhibitor Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 3 (SFRP3). Loss-of-function studies interrogated the role of SFRP3 in human aRMS cell lines using shRNAs. Suppression of SFRP3 inhibited aRMS cell growth, reduced proliferation accompanied by a G1 arrest and induction of p21, and induced apoptosis. SFRP3 suppression modestly increased Wnt signaling; however, activation of the Wnt pathway in human aRMS cells in vitro and in a xenograft murine model of aRMS in vivo only partially recapitulated the phenotype observed with SFRP3 suppression. To identify other signaling pathways downstream of SFRP3 signaling, we conducted an oncogenic signaling pathways screen and a microarray. In the former, we identified Notch signaling as conferring resistance to SFRP3 suppression-mediated decreased cell growth and confirmed Notch crosstalk with Wnt signaling and SFRP3 in aRMS cells. In the latter, SFRP3 suppression increased genes associated with skeletal muscle differentiation and decreased those associated with cell cycle progression. </p><p>Second, we established a role for SFRP3 in a conditional xenograft murine model of aRMS. Doxycycline-inducible suppression of SFRP3 reduced aRMS tumor growth and weight by more than three-fold. Analysis of the tumors by qPCR and IHC revealed an increase in myogenic differentiation and β-catenin signaling. The combination of SFRP3 suppression and vincristine was more effective at reducing aRMS cell growth in vitro than either treatment alone, and ablated tumorigenesis in vivo. In conclusion, SFRP3 is necessary for the growth of human aRMS cells both in vitro and in vivo and is a promising new target for investigation in aRMS.</p> / Dissertation

No description available.

A síndrome de Waardenburg é uma síndrome geneticamente heterogênea, com uma taxa de penetrância muito alta e expressividade extremamente variável. O objetivo desse estudo foi a caracterização molecular de uma amostra brasileira de pacientes com SW, dando continuidade ao estudo clínico feito em Pardono (2005), por meio do estudo de 48 probandos classificados com a síndrome de Waardenburg tipo 1 ou 2. Foram estudados os genes PAX3, MITF, SOX10, SNAI2, EDN3 e EDNRB, por meio do sequenciamento pelo método de Sanger, e investigadas as microdeleções e microduplicações dos genes PAX3, MITF e SOX10 pela técnica de MLPA (Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification). Dentre os resultados obtidos, identificou-se 17 mutações potencialmente patogênicas (35,4% dos probandos). Dessas, seis são variações de número de cópias (12,5% dos probandos). Além disso, foi realizado um levantamento na base de dados LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database), no qual constam 105 mutações não sinônimas exônicas consideradas causativas da SW. Diversos algoritmos foram utilizados para avaliar a possível patogenicidade dessas mutações, os quais levam em conta as frequências das mutações na base de dados do projeto 1000 genomas e 6500 exomas, anotam as previsões dadas pelos programas Polyphen2, MutationTaster, LRT e SIFT e verificam a conservação em mamíferos e primatas. Por meio dessa análise, verificou-se que em 19 mutações desse tipo (18%) faltam evidências de sua patogenicidade, colocando-se em dúvida a sua relação com a síndrome de Waardenburg / Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome, with a very high penetrance rate and highly variable expressivity. The focus of this study was the molecular characterization of a Brazilian sample of patients with WS (48 probands classified with Waardenburg syndrome type 1 or 2). The analysis of genes PAX3, MITF, SOX10, SNAI2, EDN3 and EDNRB were performed by the Sanger sequencing method. Microduplications and microdeletions in genes PAX3, MITF and SOX10 were investigated by MLPA technique (Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification). We detected 17 mutations considered as potentially pathogenic in 17 probands of the sample (35,4 % of probands). Among these, six are copy number variations (12,5% of probands). In addition, we performed a survey using the database of LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database), which contains 105 non-synonymous exonic mutations considered causative of WS. Several algorithms were used to evaluate the possible pathogenicity of these mutations, taking into account the frequency of mutations in the database project in 1000 genomes and 6500 exomes, and using programs : Polyphen2, MutationTaster, LRT and SIFT. These algorithms also verify the conservation of the variations in mammals and primates. Through this analysis, lack of evidence was found for the pathogenicity of 19 non-synonymous mutations (18%) and association of these with Waardenburg syndrome is questioned

A síndrome de Waardenburg é uma síndrome geneticamente heterogênea, com uma taxa de penetrância muito alta e expressividade extremamente variável. O objetivo desse estudo foi a caracterização molecular de uma amostra brasileira de pacientes com SW, dando continuidade ao estudo clínico feito em Pardono (2005), por meio do estudo de 48 probandos classificados com a síndrome de Waardenburg tipo 1 ou 2. Foram estudados os genes PAX3, MITF, SOX10, SNAI2, EDN3 e EDNRB, por meio do sequenciamento pelo método de Sanger, e investigadas as microdeleções e microduplicações dos genes PAX3, MITF e SOX10 pela técnica de MLPA (Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification). Dentre os resultados obtidos, identificou-se 17 mutações potencialmente patogênicas (35,4% dos probandos). Dessas, seis são variações de número de cópias (12,5% dos probandos). Além disso, foi realizado um levantamento na base de dados LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database), no qual constam 105 mutações não sinônimas exônicas consideradas causativas da SW. Diversos algoritmos foram utilizados para avaliar a possível patogenicidade dessas mutações, os quais levam em conta as frequências das mutações na base de dados do projeto 1000 genomas e 6500 exomas, anotam as previsões dadas pelos programas Polyphen2, MutationTaster, LRT e SIFT e verificam a conservação em mamíferos e primatas. Por meio dessa análise, verificou-se que em 19 mutações desse tipo (18%) faltam evidências de sua patogenicidade, colocando-se em dúvida a sua relação com a síndrome de Waardenburg / Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetically heterogeneous syndrome, with a very high penetrance rate and highly variable expressivity. The focus of this study was the molecular characterization of a Brazilian sample of patients with WS (48 probands classified with Waardenburg syndrome type 1 or 2). The analysis of genes PAX3, MITF, SOX10, SNAI2, EDN3 and EDNRB were performed by the Sanger sequencing method. Microduplications and microdeletions in genes PAX3, MITF and SOX10 were investigated by MLPA technique (Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification). We detected 17 mutations considered as potentially pathogenic in 17 probands of the sample (35,4 % of probands). Among these, six are copy number variations (12,5% of probands). In addition, we performed a survey using the database of LOVD (Leiden Open Variation Database), which contains 105 non-synonymous exonic mutations considered causative of WS. Several algorithms were used to evaluate the possible pathogenicity of these mutations, taking into account the frequency of mutations in the database project in 1000 genomes and 6500 exomes, and using programs : Polyphen2, MutationTaster, LRT and SIFT. These algorithms also verify the conservation of the variations in mammals and primates. Through this analysis, lack of evidence was found for the pathogenicity of 19 non-synonymous mutations (18%) and association of these with Waardenburg syndrome is questioned