This master's thesis deals with the design of a suitable payment system for a newly emerging e-shop. It analyzes the e-business environment and informs about existing payment methods, their advantages and disadvantages. Last but not least, this thesis deals with the development of electronic payments in the Czech Republic. The main part of the work is the analysis of various payment methods and their comparison on several levels.

Prekyba yra pati seniausia ir svarbiausia ekonominių santykių tarp valstybių forma. Šiame darbe nagrinėjama tarptautinė prekyba bei jos finansavimo būdai, formos, sąlygos, metodai. Taip pat aprašomi, tarptautinio sandėrio ypatumai: skirtumai tarp vietinio ir tarptautinio sandorio, prekybos sąlygų interpretavimą vienodinančios tarptautinės taisyklės. Aptariant galimus tarptautinės prekybos finansavimo šaltinius, analizuojamas bankų vaidmuo atliekant tarptautinius atsiskaitymus, rizikos ir problemos, susijusios su tarptautiniais atsiskaitymais. Galiausiai siekiama išnagrinėti tarptautinės prekybos trumpalaikius ir vidutinio bei ilgo laikotarpio finansavimo metodus. Siekta išsiaiškinti, kokios galimybės įmonėms Lietuvoje pasinaudoti tarptautinės prekybos finansavimo sąlygomis bei rizikos mažinimo metodais. Deja, Lietuvoje šiuo metu praktiškai naudojamų tarptautinės prekybos kreditavimo būdų tėra tik keletas. Tai trukdo tobulėti Lietuvos kreditavimo sistemai, priartėti prie europinių standartų. Kartais eksportuotojai ir importuotojai apie kai kurių kreditavimo būdų teikiamą naudą ir galimybes žino labai nedaug. Žinių stoka neleidžia jiems teisingai pasirinkti tarptautinės prekybos kreditavimo būdą ir taip sukurti savo įmonėse pelningą veiklą. Priešingai, kai kada tai gali būti net bankrotų priežastimi. / Trade is the oldest and most important form of inter-state economic relations. The present work deals with the international trade and the ways, forms, conditions and methods of its financing. Characteristics of international deals are also being dealt with together with the differences between a local and an international deal, as well as international rules that make interpretation of trade conditions similar. Possible financing resources of international trade are being discussed and the role of banks analyzed in executing international settlements, including the risks and problems related to international payments. Finally, it is aimed at analyzing the short-, medium- and long-term international trade financing methods. The aim has also been to make clear what possibilities are at hand for the companies in Lithuania to use the conditions of international trade financing and methods of risk reduction. However, there are but a few ways of international trade financing currently in use in Lithuania. It hampers the improvement of the Lithuanian crediting system and slows down the pace of reaching European standards. Occasionally, exporters and importers know very little about benefits and possibilities offered by certain ways of crediting. Lack of knowledge prevents them from choosing the right method for international trade financing and, as a result, does not provide for profitable business of such companies. Furthermore, it sometimes may result in bankruptcies.

This work is focused on business process modeling and subsequent use in, how it works selling electronic magazines online. In the theoretical section describes possible options for modeling languages, then selected BPM notation and described in detail. The second section describes the technologies used to support sales of electronic magazines. In this work an example is Skimagazin magazine. In the final phase of work are given individual detailed models of how the sale works in practice. The models are mainly focused on describing how to communicate with each individual system elements and users or administrators. Due to the large degree of detail models are listed here only the main models for the functioning of online sales. At the end structure of data objects is described.

This master's thesis was written to create a model of the solution of the specialized e-commerce focusing on the sale of textiles. Part of this work is the model solution, economics of the project and the proposal of the project promotion.

El presente proyecto se basa en la creación e implementación de una aplicativo que consolide las tarjetas de transporte publico de Lima, mediante la cual los usuarios podrán realizar recargas en cualquier momento, visualizar saldos disponibles y además tener la opción de suscribirse a una membresía mensual con la que podrán obtener viajes gratis compartiendo los códigos de promociones con amigos y familiares. Ahora bien, analizaremos también la problemática del transporte público en Lima desde el punto de vista de los usuarios al momento de abordar una unidad de transporte identificando cuales son los principales problemas que las personas tienen al momento de hacer una recarga de su tarjeta, y cuáles serían las posibles soluciones tomando en cuenta el constante crecimiento del uso de aplicativos móviles en los usuarios limeños. Por lo tanto, ofreceremos un aplicativo de fácil uso e interacción, tomando como principal referente al cliente y sus necesidades. Para implementar este aplicativo se requiere de un capital promedio de S/.80,895.000, los cuales incluyen los gastos pre operativo, activaciones iniciales, capital de trabajo inicial y la implementación del aplicativo, mediante empresas diseñadoras como Peruapps o Hostper. Dicho monto será obtenido mediante aportes de cada accionista del proyecto y financiamiento no tradicional, como crowdfunding de empresas y universidades peruanas. Por último, validaremos nuestro modelo de negocio mediante la intención de descarga del aplicativo en los usuarios activos del transporte público en Lima. / This project is about the creation and implementation of an application that consolidates the public transportation cards of Lima, through which users can recharge at any time, view available balances and have the option of subscribing to a monthly membership with which they can get free trips sharing the codes of promotions with friends and family. However, we will also analyze the problem of public transportation in Lima from the point of view of the users at the time of approaching a transport unit identifying which are the main problems that people have at the time of making a recharge of their card, and which would be the possible solutions taking into account the constant growth of the use of mobile applications in the Lima users. Therefore, we will offer an application that is easy to use and interact with, taking the customer and their needs as the main reference. To implement this application requires an average capital of S /.80,895.000, which includes pre-operational expenses, initial activations, initial working capital and the implementation of the application, through design companies such as Peruapps or Hostper. This amount will be obtained through contributions from each shareholder of the project and non-traditional financing, such as crowdfunding of Peruvian companies and universities. Finally, we will validate our business model through the intention of downloading the application in the active users of public transport in Lima. / Trabajo de investigación

Background: The convergence of payment behaviours can contribute to the diffusion of new payment technologies and thus economic performance. There is evidence that the electrification of the retail payment system promotes the performance of the banking sector and economic growth. The retail payment market is a prime example of a two-sided market where new payment instruments need to reach a critical mass of users to become viable and grow further (Martikainen, Schmiedel & Takalo, 2015). Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse Bitcoin, as a payment method, and review the models already used to shed more light on its further potential adoption by retailers. We apply the DOI theory and review the TAM model to determine the underlying characteristics of Bitcoin that will enable further adoption or rejection among retailers. Method: We conduct a case study on Bitrefill AB which offers a rich method for investigating and researching. With the process of interpretation in context, we make inference from the case of Bitrefill in connecting with events and experiences of other retailers (Expedia, Alibaba, Overstock and CheapAir). Conclusion: According to the results, the adoption of Bitcoin relies heavily on positive relative advantages to other payment methods, compatibility and simplicity of its use while negative characteristics that pull it back from being adopted include the complexities in understanding the technology behind it, damaging outcomes varying from the expected.

The aim of this study was to examine the handling process within financial assistance from a gender equality perspective, in order to problematize and create a deeper understanding of notions of gender in the social services. The different working methods of the social services were compared with the politically based gender equality goals. The study was based on eight individual qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers in financial assistance from different municipalities in Sweden. The main subjects of the interviews were how the authority works on the basis of gender equality in their payments of financial assistance, their guidelines and future change from a gender equality aspect. To analyze the data, theories of gender perspectives were used from the social theorists Yvonne Hirdman and Raewyn Connell. This study showed that the social services were using four different payment methods. To conclude, the study indicated that the different municipalities fulfilled the requirements of the gender equality goals to varying degrees and reproduced or challenged notions of gender. Despite these varying results, our study showed that, in relation to previous research, there has been a development in the financial assistance services in terms of gender equality.

The growing e-commerce market has fundamentally changed the consumption behaviors among swedes, and it is more popular than ever for people to carry out their everyday transactions online. These new shopping opportunities place different demands on the consumer compared to traditional shopping, and the consumer behavior has come to include more analysis regarding risk and security especially when it comes to the final payment step. This study therefore aims to create an understanding of consumers' experience of the importance of payment methods during the online buying process. To execute this aqualitative approach was used where the data collection has been carried out through method triangulation, in the form of a combination of observations together with semi-structured interviews. A total of 10 purchase interviews were made with respondents aged 26 - 59, where the participants fictitiously made an optional product purchase online, which they simultaneously verbally described through sharing their thoughts and motivations for their actions in the process. The observations were complemented with interviews to confirm the buying process but also to achieve an in-depth understanding of their behavior.  Results show that most of the respondents generally value the benefits that different payment methods provide when buying online, because it facilitates smooth and secure online transactions. Half of the participants prefer to pay directly for online purchases, while the other half prefer to pay after the product has been delivered, but it varies in what way these preferences affect their behavior during the buying process. Most of the respondents appear to place less emphasis on specific payment options during the buying process and devote more focus to other factors. It is shown that only three out of ten respondents value the payment method (invoice via Klarna) as a significant factor in their buying process in a way that they experience this influencing their choice of website. Part of the conclusion is that the result shows tendencies that the importance of payment methods in the online buying process varies with the type of purchase situation the payment takes place in, related to the consumer's perceived uncertainty about the purchase.

El intercambio de las personas, en relación a los bienes y servicios, registra modificaciones, de medios y lugares; se aprecia el trueque, el patrón de metales preciosos, el papel de los chinos del siglo IX, …, también, como se pasa de las plazas de las ciudades, los buques, …, a la internet. Las personas fueron depositando confianza en cada cambio que se registra en la historia. Estos cambios llegan el día de hoy a las denominadas monedas virtuales o criptomonedas. Esto es lo que origina el objetivo del presente trabajo, desarrollar una propuesta para que el uso del Bitcoin sea empleado como medio de pago en las empresas peruanas. Para ello, se consideró la entrevista a personas que usan Bitcoin en sus transacciones comerciales en el Perú y la entrevista desarrollada a 61 empresarios escogidos bajo la muestra de conveniencia, ubicados en la ciudad de Arequipa. La criptomoneda más empleada es el Bitcoin que aparece en el 2009. Las criptomonedas no tienen ley, ni le pertenecen a nadie, es solo la confianza que se tiene en estas, las que pueden hacerla posicionar. Para lograr mejorar esta confianza, se proponen estrategias de comunicación y capacitación, para crear una oportunidad alguna persona, natural o jurídica, que apoye a las empresas que deseen hacer uso del Bitcoin, siendo el 4.9% del total que existen. Las empresas que usan bitcoin, los motiva el hecho que un cliente desee pagar con ello y la falta de conocimiento, es la principal causa para que no lo usen. / The exchange of people, in relation to goods and services, registers changes, of means and places; Barter is appreciated, the pattern of precious metals, the role of the Chinese of the ninth century, ..., also, as it passes from the squares of the city, ships, ..., to the internet. People were placing confidence in every change that is recorded in the story. These changes come today to so-called virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies. This is what originates the objective of this work, to develop a proposal so that the use of Bitcoin is used as a means of payment in Peruvian companies. For this, the interview was considered to people who use Bitcoin in their commercial transactions in Peru and the interview developed to 61 businessmen chosen under the convenience sample, located in the city of Arequipa. The most used cryptocurrency is the Bitcoin that appears in 2009. The cryptocurrencies have no law, nor belong to anyone, it is only the confidence that you have in these, which can make it position. In order to improve this trust, communication and training strategies are proposed, to create an opportunity for any individual, natural or legal, that supports companies that wish to use Bitcoin, 4.9% of the total that exist. Companies that use bitcoin, are motivated by the fact that a customer wants to pay with it and the lack of knowledge, is the main cause for not using it. / Trabajo de investigación

Vi befinner oss i en transformation där elcykeln tillför en ny dimension av mobilitet. Samtidigt sker ett teknologiskifte där Internet of Things (IoT) möjliggör uppkoppling av produkter till varandra och från produkt till människa, på ett sätt som tillför nya värden. Elcykeln är inget undantag. Med IoT blir elcykeln intelligent; den smarta elcykeln är här. Smarta elcyklar är nytt på den svenska marknaden. För att förstå hur affärsmodeller och betalningsmodeller kan skapas kring denna nya produkt undersöks inställning till, och drivkrafter för, den smarta elcykeln. Vidare prövas inställningen till olika betalningsmodeller.Resultaten visar att elcykelcyklisten är intresserad av att skaffa sig en smart elcykel och helst vill man betala hela beloppet direkt vid köpet, även om man är öppen för alternativa betalformer som bygger på cykeln som tjänst.I arbetet konstateras att det finns samband mellan teknikintresse och inställningen till smarta elcyklar liksom samband mellan inställning till olika betalningsmodeller och inställning till den smarta elcykeln.Arbetet utgör en grund för vidare forskning kring den smarta elcykeln och affärsmodeller baserade på elcyklar uppkopplade genom IoT.