El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo desarrollar una mejora en el proceso comercial de ventas de un dealer (distribuidor) PYME del mercado de medios de pago del sector financiero. Se ha iniciado el trabajo con la descripción del mercado, giro del negocio y el proceso a estudiar. Seguidamente de los 5 capítulos que se van a desarrollar en el trabajo y se muestran a continuación: En el primer capítulo se verá el marco teórico donde se define conceptos actuales de mejora continua, metodologías, productividad, etc. En el segundo capítulo se analizó los problemas existentes en la empresa identificando como principal problema el incumplimiento de la cuota mínima en las ventas establecidas y junto a ello se encontró las causas raíces que se analizaran en este capítulo. En el tercer capítulo se dieron las propuestas de solución entre las que encontramos realizar la documentación del proceso comercial, diseñar manuales del proceso de ventas, estandarizar la metodología de trabajo, diseño de indicadores comerciales e implementación de un sistema de ventas. En el cuarto capítulo se realizó el plan piloto aplicado con 20 ejecutivos de ventas con la metodología de trabajo remoto, con el objetivo final incrementar la productividad llegar al cumplimiento de las cuotas individuales y el cumplimiento del objetivo en general como distribuidor. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo se detallan las conclusiones y recomendaciones que resultan como parte de la mejora continua que se le dará al proceso comercial de ventas de la empresa. / The objective of this research work is to develop an improvement in the commercial sales process of a SME dealer (distributor) in the financial sector's means of payment market. Work has begun with the description of the market, business line and the process to be studied. Following the 5 chapters that will be developed at work and are shown below : In the first chapter we will see the theoretical framework where current concepts of continuous improvement, methodologies, productivity, etc. are defined. In the second chapter, the existing problems in the company were analyzed, identifying as the main problem the breach of the minimum quota in the established sales and, together with this, the root causes that were analyzed in this chapter were found. In the third chapter, the solution proposals were given, among which we find the documentation of the commercial process, design manuals of the sales process, standardize the work methodology, design of commercial indicators and implementation of a sales system. In the fourth chapter, the pilot plan applied with 20 sales executives was carried out with the remote work methodology, with the final objective of increasing productivity, reaching the fulfillment of individual quotas and the fulfillment of the general objective as a distributor. Finally, the fifth chapter details the conclusions and recommendations that result as part of the continuous improvement that will be given to the company's sales commercial process. / Tesis

Aim of this master’s thesis was design of front-end and back-end interfaces of electronic shopping system. Design consists of completing individual use-case and workflow diagrams. Next it was explored possible security risks, designed security actions against these risks, explored payment methods usable in electronic shopping systems and methods of its implementation. There was chosen PHP programming language in combination with MySQL relation database management system to be used for development of final application. As result of this work was development of electronic shopping system final application with extended user options, ability of placement at any business type and possibilities that present-day internet user expects from electronic shopping system. To accomplishment the aim of this work contributed implementation of extended user options as advanced catalog items sorting, multi level catalog structure and advanced search options. It succeeded in choosing and implementing designed security prevention and implementing of template engine into final application. Whole system is described in detail using data modeling and class diagrams.

E-handels snabba utveckling det senaste årtiondet har öppnat upp nya möjligheter för både företag och konsumenter och det har gjort att betalsätten förändrats. I takt med den tekniska utveckling som skett har även konsumenters intentioner och uppfattningar förändrats och faktorer som användbarhet, användarvänlighet, tillit och risk är starkt kopplat till köpbeteende online. De två vanligaste betalsätten för svenska e-handels konsumenter idag är bankkort/kreditkort och faktura. Studiens syfte var att undersöka svenska konsumenters intention och uppfattning av betalningssätten kort och faktura samt situationer med fler betalningsalternativ vid handel online. Till vår hjälp har den teknologiska acceptansmodellen (TAM) används tillsammans Pavlous (2003) e-handels modell för att se om faktorerna de fann också påverkade svenska konsumenter. En enkät togs fram med fokus på tre delar, 1) bankkort/kreditkort, 2) faktura och 3) flera betalsätt. Den insamlade data analyserades med hjälp av SPSS och resultatet visade att faktorn som hade störst påverkan var användbarhet. För betalsätten bankkort/kreditkort och när flera alternativ listades visade analysen att faktorn risk inte påverkade intentionen till att använda betalsätten. Faktura var det betalsätt som upplevdes som minst riskfyllt bland respondenterna. Resultatet visade också att trots bankkort/kreditkort har en högre risk, är de flesta benägna att använda det betalsättet vid nästa köp kontra faktura, som hade en lägre risk vilket kan förklaras att bankkort/kreditkort är det betalsätt i Sverige som används mest. / The rapid development of E-commerce over the past decade has opened up new opportunities for both businesses and consumers, and this has changed the payment methods. In line with the technological development that has taken place, consumers' intentions and perceptions have also changed and factors such as usability, ease of use, trust and risk are strongly linked to online purchasing behavior. The two most common payment methods for Swedish e-commerce consumers today are bank cards / credit cards and invoices. The purpose of this study was to examine the intention and perception of payment methods, cards and invoice of Swedish consumers, as well as situations with more payment options when shopping online. To our aid, the Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) has been used together with Pavlous (2003) e-commerce model to see if the factors they found also affected Swedish consumers. A questionnaire was developed focusing on three parts, 1) bank card / credit card, 2) invoice and 3) several payment methods. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS and the results showed that the factor that had the greatest impact was usability. For the payment methods bank card / credit card and when several options were listed, the analysis showed that the risk factor did not affect the intention to use the payment methods. Invoice was the payment method that was perceived as least risky among the respondents. The result also showed that although bank cards / credit cards have a higher risk, most people are inclined to use the payment method in the next purchase, as opposed to invoice, which had a lower risk which can be explained by bank card / credit card being the most used payment method in Sweden.

Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of the financing of outpatient care during the transition to predominantly single-channel: funding, in order to provide high-quality and affordable medical care. The main purpose of the master's thesis is to develop methods of financing and approaches to the provision of medical care, to identify problems and proposals for their solution, for the effective use of financial means of compulsory health insurance through the implementation of optimal and stimulating mechanism of payment of medical organizations -Fund holders. In conclusion, the recommendations on improving the funding mechanism for the object of study are outlined. / Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию финансирования амбулаторно-поликлинического звена в период перехода на преимущественно одноканальное финансирование, в целях оказания качественной и доступной медицинской помощи. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является проработка методов финансирования и подходов оказания медицинской помощи, для выявления проблем и предложений по их решению, для эффективного использования финансовых средств обязательного медицинского страхования путем реализации оптимального и стимулирующего механизма оплаты медицинских организаций - фондодержателей. В заключении обозначены рекомендации по совершенствованию механизма финансирования для объекта исследования.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research focuses on social assistance within the context of the developmental state. In South Africa, the Social Assistance Act, 2004 (Act No.13 of 2004) makes provision for the administration of social assistance and the payment of social grants. The Act provides for the payment of eight grant types including the payment of the Old Age Grant (OAG). The research focuses on the OAG and the payment methods exercised by OAG beneficiaries. The South African Social Security Agency is established in terms of the South African Social Security Agency Act, 2004 (Act No. 9 of 2004) and the payment of social assistance has been transferred to the Agency. The literature review revealed that African countries in particular have followed a different path to the rest of the development world with regard to social security. There is a strong reliance on community management involvement of social protection programmes in middle Africa. The South African system is more advanced and is legislated. South Africa’s social security system is a system of targeted social grants. It makes access to social security a basic human right, as it is contained in the Bill of Rights. The rise of the developmental state after World War 11 was championed by Japan, in particular, and this rise gave effect to the Asian Miracle. A comparison of different systems in the developing context is undertaken in the study. One of the criteria from the comparison of systems is that developmental decisions should be informed by a country’s vision or longterm strategy. The research is being undertaken at a pinnacle point in the history of South Africa, in particular of the Agency responsible for the administration and payment of these grants. The SASSA introduced the SASSA debit card (Appendix I) in 2012. Beneficiaries can use this card at any store with a point of sale device to make purchases and withdraw money at selected vendors published in the SASSA merchant list on the website of the Agency. The implementation of this decentralised system is however not without disagreement about the ideal path – questions about the advantages of electronic versus cash payments; and SASSA as ‘Paymaster’ versus the use of external service providers, is still being debated. This research attempts to assist in this debate through an investigation of alternative methods to disburse social grants, with specific focus on the old age grant recipients. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing fokus op maatskaplike ondersteuning in die konteks van die ontwikkeling-gerigte staat. In Suid-Afrika, maak die Wet op Maatskaplike Bystand, 2004 (Wet No.13 van 2004) voorsiening vir die administrasie van maatskaplike bystand en die betaling van maatskaplike toelae. Die wet maak voorsiening vir die betaling van agt soorte toelae, insluitend die betaling van die ouderdomstoelaag . Hierdie navorsing was gerig op die ouderdomstoelaag en die betalingsmetodes wat vir ouderdomstoelaag begunstigdes beskikbaar is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Maatskaplike Sekerheidsagentskap is in terme van die Suid- Afrikaanse Sosiale Sekerheidswet, 2004 (Wet No. 9 van 2004) ingestel en die betaling van maatskaplike bystand is aan hierdie agentskap oorgedra. Die literatuurstudie het getoon dat lande, veral in Afrika, ‘n ander pad as die res van die ontwikkelende wêreld ten opsigte van maatskaplike sekerheid gevolg het. Daar is ‘n groot afhanklikheid van gemeenskapsbestuur betrokkenheid by die ontwikkeling van sosiale programme in middel Afrika. Die Suid-Afrikaanse maatskaplike sekerheidstelsel is meer gevorderd en word deur wetgewing onderbou. Dit maak toegang tot maatskaplike sekerheid ‘n menslike reg, deur dit in die Handves van Menseregte te onderskryf. Die bevordering van die ontwikkeling-gerigte staat na die Tweede Wêreld Oorlog is veral deur Japan aangevoer, en die aanneem hiervan het die Asiatiese Wonderwerk bewerkstellig. ‘n Vergelyking van die verskillende stelsels in die ontwikkeling konteks word onderneem in die studie. Een van die kriteria met betrekking tot die vergelyking van die verskillende stelsels is dat die ontwikkelingsbesluite ondersteun moet word deur middel van ‘n visie of lang termyn strategie. Die navorsing vind plaas op ‘n kritieke tyd in die geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika, veral ten opsigte van die agentskap wat vir die administrasie en uitbetaling van hierdie toelae verantwoordelik is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Maatskaplike Sekerheids agentskap het die SASSA debietkaart in 2012 uitgereik. Begunstigdes kan die kaart by enige winkel met ‘n verkooppunttoestel, soos op die lys van uitgesoekte handelaars op SASSA se webtuiste bekendgestel is, gebruik om aankope te doen of geld te onttrek. Die inwerkstelling van die gedesentraliseerde stelsel is ongetwyfeld nie bepalend en gesprekke rondom die ideale stelsel is steeds onderweg – vra rondom die voordele van ‘n elektroniese stelsel teenoor ‘n kontantstelsel; sowel as vrae om SASSA as die ‘betaalmeester’ teenoor die gebruik van eksterne diensverskaffers, duur steeds voort. Die navorsing onderneem om hierdie debat te bevorder deur ‘n ondersoek na alternatiewe betaal metodes om sosiale toelaes te versprei, met spesifieke fokus op die betaling van die begunstigdes van die ouderdomstoelaag.

The goal of the thesis is to analyze chosen electronic payment systems. The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. Theoretical part is dedicated to cover types of electronic payment system. Also is devoted to the issues of certain legal aspects that are common to all payment systems; defines the necessary concepts and business entities commonly encountered in the payment processing environment. Practical part focuses on the evaluation of usability, safety and usefulness for merchants mainly working with credit cards and particularly with alternative payment system like PayPal, iDEAL, Sofortbanking and Webmoney. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of certain payment systems. Describes the practical applicability of PCI DSS and 3-D Secure protocol.

Att fakturera är något som alla företag måste göra för att tjäna pengar. Fakturering kan ske på flera olika sätt och det finns olika åsikter vad som är att föredra bland företag när det handlar om hantering av fakturor. Teorin menar på att använda sig av elektroniska faktureringssätt är mer effektivt än fakturering via traditionell post. Syftet med denna forskning var att ta reda på varför företag i Sverige år 2015 väljer att skicka, mottaga och hantera fakturor med post när det finns alternativa metoder som PDF via mail och vad det är som gör att företag inte byter från det ena förhållningssättet till det andra. / To invoice is something that all companies must do to earn money. Invoicing can be done in several ways and there are different opinions in what is to be preferred among companies when it comes to handling invoices. However the theory argues, that the use of the electronic invoicing method is more effective than invoicing through traditional mail. The purpose of this study was to find out why companies in Sweden in 2015 choose to send, receive and manage invoices by email when there are alternative methods as PDF through email and what it is that makes companies not change from one approach to another.

Nachdem eine Bargeldabschaffung schon vor längerem u.a. von Wissenschaftsvertretern wie Rogoff, Summers und Bofinger diskutiert und im Ergebnis befürwortet wurde, scheint das Thema aufgrund aktueller Entwicklungen sowie bereits vollzogener Maßnahmen verstärkt in Wissenschaft und Praxis angekommen zu sein, wo es kontrovers diskutiert wird. Dabei werden sowohl für als auch gegen Abschaffung bzw. Beschränkung des Bargeldes gewichtige Gründe ins Feld geführt. Aufgrund der großen Aktualität und Relevanz der Thematik wird sie zuerst aus theoretischer Sicht beleuchtet, bevor empirische Entwicklungen aufgezeigt, sowie die gegensätzlichen Argumentationslinien der Befürworter und Gegner einer Abschaffung bzw. Beschränkung des Bargeldes sowie bereits veränderte institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen dargestellt und bewertet werden. / The topic of abolishing cash is discussed since some time, and economists such as Rogoff, Summers and Bofinger argue for it. Due to some current developments, as much as some already taken measures, the public is increasingly discussing it in a controversial way. There are good reasons for such a fundamental change, as well as against it. Against the backdrop of the current discussion, this paper emphasises the theoretical background, empirical developments and the competing argumentative lines of the supporters and opponents of an abolishing or limitation of cash, as well as the respective institutional change which has already happened.

The toll system selected countries, taxes of road transport in Italy, legislation, used technology, compatibility, taxes of vehicles, repair and system organization, next fiscal arrangements in the area road transport, payment methods, Telepass, contractual and technical interoperability.

Nachdem eine Bargeldabschaffung schon vor längerem u.a. von Wissenschaftsvertretern wie Rogoff, Summers und Bofinger diskutiert und im Ergebnis befürwortet wurde, scheint das Thema aufgrund aktueller Entwicklungen sowie bereits vollzogener Maßnahmen verstärkt in Wissenschaft und Praxis angekommen zu sein, wo es kontrovers diskutiert wird. Dabei werden sowohl für als auch gegen Abschaffung bzw. Beschränkung des Bargeldes gewichtige Gründe ins Feld geführt. Aufgrund der großen Aktualität und Relevanz der Thematik wird sie zuerst aus theoretischer Sicht beleuchtet, bevor empirische Entwicklungen aufgezeigt, sowie die gegensätzlichen Argumentationslinien der Befürworter und Gegner einer Abschaffung bzw. Beschränkung des Bargeldes sowie bereits veränderte institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen dargestellt und bewertet werden. / The topic of abolishing cash is discussed since some time, and economists such as Rogoff, Summers and Bofinger argue for it. Due to some current developments, as much as some already taken measures, the public is increasingly discussing it in a controversial way. There are good reasons for such a fundamental change, as well as against it. Against the backdrop of the current discussion, this paper emphasises the theoretical background, empirical developments and the competing argumentative lines of the supporters and opponents of an abolishing or limitation of cash, as well as the respective institutional change which has already happened.