Due to the lack of efficient offline payment services for small value payment, and along with the booming of the Internet and telecommunications technologies, new electronic payment services and instruments are becoming increasingly popular and important in the first and second decades of the 21 century in China’s electronic commerce economy. The new electronic payment instruments, which primarily include Internet third party payment and virtual currency, are the subjects of research in this thesis. This thesis focuses on electronic payment law relating to the Internet, and the e-payment law which has been altered substantially by the Internet, rather than focusing on a comprehensive law of payment, clearance and settlement, or traditional mechanisms of payment, such as negotiable instruments and electronic funds transfers that occurs only within the intranet of closed banking systems. Although the new electronic payment instruments cannot escape from the influence of the traditional payment, and new payment instruments are based upon the traditional one both in technological infrastructure and in legal framework, the new electronic payment instruments do possess their own special features in technology, business models and in law. On this regard, readers might be asking why the author did not use the topic of “Internet Payment” or “online payment” instead of “new electronic payment” for the title of the thesis. The answer is because in China, telephone payment, along with Internet payment should be collectively considered as new electronic payment tools, and therefore, it is too narrow to just use the term “Internet Payment”. Also, the word “online” is, somewhat, a misleading word, and the author tries to specify in most cases whether it is an “Internet” or a “mobile network” or “landlines” or any other forms of networks in the following analysis when the concept of “online” has to be referred to. On the other hand, it is a truth that, among those new electronic payment instruments, it is the Internet that has been shaking and reshaping the infrastructure framework of payment, clearance and settlement; and telephone payment as well as mobile payment, to a great extent, are relying on the Internet. Therefore, Internet-related payment lies at the heart of the thesis. Furthermore, in China, new electronic payment instruments are largely created and facilitated through non-bank Internet third party payment providers and virtual currency, These two types of new electronic payment services possess enormous scale and are developing in a fast speed. Therefore, this thesis will treat the law on non-bank Internet third party payment platform providers and virtual currency as two crucial points to discuss.1 1.2 Research Questions The hypothesis of the thesis is that legal issues arising from new electronic payment services, which heavily rely on and is substantially attached to the Internet, are different from legal issues pertaining to traditional electronic payment services which are primarily intra-bank or inter-bank related. For example, in the Internet third party payment system (see Chapter 4 of the thesis), non-bank intermediaries are involved which is outside the regulatory framework of the traditional banking and payment system; also for example, in the virtual currency system (see Chapter 5 & 6 of the thesis), money is not issued by governments and denominated into any national legitimate currencies such as Renminbi in China, instead, money is issued by private Internet companies and denominated into currencies of those private companies. Thus, there are a number of legal questions to be considered: how is the Internet third party payment being regulated in China? What are the key issues in regulating the Internet third party payment? Is the current regulation appropriate? How to regulate the Internet games virtual currency in China? How is the Internet third party payment and virtual currency regulated in the European Union? Are there any lessons that China may learn from the European Union? In the thesis, the author examines these important legal issues relating to new electronic payment in detail, evaluate current existing regulations both in China and in the EU/UK, and propose specific regulatory approaches and measures for China.

The advance in information technology has encouraged many countries to develop diverse methods of delivering information and communicating. The enhancement of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has made it possible to deliver information and communication more rapidly and conveniently. Many emerging economies have taken advantage of ICT, including it in its development agenda. The development of ICT has had an impact on the provision of retail payment systems and its instruments. One of the main instruments, electronic money, promises to benefit the users with all the advantages of traditional notes and coins, and much more. Many countries have established or are considering the establishment of a regulatory framework of electronic money with its mass use in view. This volume examines the regulatory framework of electronic money, which some emerging economies have already established. It analyses the challenges faced in implementing laws and regulations for an evolving payment instrument where the regulatory framework may quickly become obsolete. The continuing development of electronic money with additional features and functions may invoke legislation leading to cross-regulatory functions among the authorities. The thesis is that the success of implementing the regulatory framework for electronic money will depend on the sound and effective coordination among relevant authorities. The role of the central bank and its relation to relevant authorities will be closely examined, because the central bank is often responsible for the development of payment systems, both wholesale and retail, especially in emerging economies, and plays a key role in its regulation. The use of a Memorandum of Understanding is proposed to ensure effective coordination and cooperation among relevant authorities. Malaysia will be used as the case study as the government has been enthusiastic in adopting electronic money, being involved in its development, implementation and regulation, which may not always be appropriate. Analysis in this thesis will be based on information as of 1 September 2004. The first three chapters of this volume will discuss the enhancement of ICT in emerging economies and the efforts taken to develop retail payment systems in consonant with ICT. Evaluation will be made on the relationship between ICT and the need to modernise the retail payment, which includes developing its regulatory framework. Analysis will then be made specifically on electronic money, focusing on stored-valued products. The overall development on stored-valued cards and why the acceptance of this product was initially slow will be examined, and then the underlying regulatory structure that may affect this is assessed. The last two chapters will focus on Malaysia. Analysis will be made on the approach taken in developing electronic money and its regulatory framework. The roles and functions of the relevant authorities involved will be critically examined, leading to a proposal to execute a Memorandum of Understanding among the authorities as a mechanism of ensuring the effective coordination and cooperation between the parties.

With the convenience of mobile network, people can do different kinds of activities, such as payments, shopping, auctions, and so on, whenever and wherever. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become so popular that the number of people using these online services has been increasing enormously in recent years. Hence, the security issues of e-commerce and the rights of users in transaction have raised our concerns. Electronic cash (e-cash) is definitely one of the most popular research topics among e-commerce area. It is very important that e-cash has to be able to hold the anonymity and accuracy in order to preserve the privacy and rights of customers. There are two types of e-cash in general, which are online e-cash and offline e-cash. Both systems have their own pros and cons, and they can be used to construct various applications. In this thesis, we propose a provably secure and efficient offline e-cash scheme with date attachability based on blind signature technique, where expiration date and deposit date can be embedded in an e-cash, simultaneously. With the help of expiration date, the bank can manage the huge database much more easily against unlimited growth, and the deposit date cannot be forged so that users are able to calculate the amount of interests they can receive in the future correctly. Furthermore, our scheme maintains the properties of e-cash, which are anonymity control, double-spending checking and unforgeability. We also provide security analysis and formal proofs in this thesis.

The rapid development of the information technology (IT), coupled with the dynamic changing industrial environment, is promoting the IT as a significant application for the banking to quickly response customer needs and maintains competitive advantage. To do so, banking need to have the ability to investigate the emerging technology, match the technology for economic opportunity, adjust the innovation for business grow, and evaluate the customer value for doing so. This study uses the ¡§Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle¡¨ (NEBIC) theory to analyze the above issues for the banking when banking promotes the electronic payment system. The results indicate that the application of the electronic payment system can create new value in opening the business globalization opportunity and reducing the transaction cost and time, repetitive data input and chance of human error. Based on these findings, some measures for emerging IT implementation are suggested. The study offers insights that the adopters can focus on to improve their understanding in business opportunity, needed capability for innovation and potential customer value when implementing an emerging technology.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’adoption de l’innovation et la lutte contre la fraude dans le paiement électronique du secteur bancaire tunisien, plus spécifiquement il vise l’exploration de la relation entre les composantes du marketing relationnel et les variables liées ; à l’individu, à la banque et au site marchand et leur impact sur l’intention d’utilisation des moyens de paiement électroniques dans les banques tunisiennes. L’objectif principal de ce travail étant la construction d’un modèle intégrateur qui illustre la relation entre le comportement du client et les facteurs influant l’adoption des moyens de paiement électroniques et la lutte contre la fraude. Sur le plan théorique, notre recherche a pour intérêt la contribution à l’amélioration des fondations sécuritaires pour les différents intervenants ainsi que le développement des moyens de paiement électronique. Sur le plan pratique l’intérêt de cette recherche est double, il s’agit de contribuer à la recherche sur les innovations dans le domaine d’e paiement d’une part et d’apprécier la relation entre les variables du MKG relationnel, l’adoption de l’innovation et la lutte contre la fraude monétique dans le domaine bancaire d’autre part. Notre stratégie de recherche adoptée suit une démarche quantitative selon un mode de raisonnement hypothético-déductif. La démarche est effectuée en trois itérations de terrain : une première à visée exploratoire, une deuxième confirmatoire et enfin une troisième dite complémentaire. Notre analyse des différentes itérations montre que l’engagement a un impact significatif sur l’intention d’utilisation des moyens de paiement et ce à l’image des recherches et des études antérieures. Ainsi, la perception de la qualité de service électronique (netqual) et la confiance ont un impact significatif sur l’engagement du consommateur à l’égard de l’utilisation des moyens électroniques en ligne. En renouvelant la lecture autour du concept de marketing relationnel par la mise en exergue du rôle de la satisfaction, la confiance et l’engagement comme variables clés dans la qualité de la relation, les principales contributions de cette recherche se présentent donc dans la proposition d’un modèle intégrateur combinant des variables qui autrefois ont fait l’objet des études séparées. / This research work explores innovative methods to fight fraudulent activity in electronic payment in the Tunisian banking sector, more specifically it aims to investigate the interrelation between the strategy of relationship marketing and the various involved parties: the individual, the bank and the merchant and their impact on the intention of employing electronic means of payment in Tunisian banks. The main objective of this work is to construct an integrative model, which illustrates the relationship between the customer's behavior and the factors, which lead to the adoption of electronic payment methods and fight against fraud. On the theoretical level, our research hopes to contribute to the improvement of the security foundations for the various stakeholders as well as the development of electronic payment methods. On the practical level, the aim of this study is twofold: (1) it contributes to the research on the innovations in the field of e-Payment (2) It values the link between the variables of the relational MKG, the adoption of innovative method and the fight against electronic fraudulent activities in the banking sector. Our adopted research strategy follows a quantitative approach based on the hypo-deductive reasoning method. The approach is carried out in three stages: an exploration stage, a confirmation stage and finally a complementary stage. Our analysis of the different stages demonstrates that commitment has a significant impact on the intention to employ the means of payment, as it has been already suggested by previous research studies. The research, however, suggests an integrative model which combines variables that have previously studied separately. Thus, the perception of the quality of electronic service (Netqual) and trust have a significant impact on the consumer's commitment to the use of electronic means online. Hence, a successful revamping of the strategy of relationship marketing should underscore the role of satisfaction, trust, and commitment as key variables in the quality of interactions.

Electronic payment order in civil procedure Abstract Electronic payment order is introduced into the Czech legal system by the amendment of the Civil Judicial Procedure Rules no. 123/2008 Sb. implementing a new institution within the payment order procedure. Electronic payment order is presented as an institution able to help the Czech judiciary system within the shortened civil procedure by the application of the computerization of civil procedure. I decided to begin my thesis with a chapter trying to clarify the role of electronic payment order within the frame of the computerization of justice. I provided a brief account of the development and contemporary trends related to the computerization of justice and I approached the individual institutions which I regarded as appropriate to mention in order to understand the given institution within the whole context. The third chapter deals with reasons for which the institution was implemented into the Czech legal system. I carried out a detail analysis of the explanatory report to the Act introducing the institution of electronic payment order and I made an effort to outline the main reasons for the amendment and to arrange the objectives intended to be achieved by the implementation of the new institution. The third chapter focuses on the institution of the...

Le téléphone portable va au-delà de ses fonctions premières de communication en intégrant des fonctions de paiement. Cette thèse propose une analyse économique des principaux enjeux du paiement mobile ; elle tente d’expliquer les causes de retard de cette technologie, ses difficultés d’émergence, d’envisager certaines pistes à même de modifier les trajectoires. Tout d’abord la technologie doit se stabiliser, offrir un service unique et interopérable pour tenter de faire émerger un réseau d’utilisateurs suffisant. L’analyse de l’environnement juridico-financier du m-paiement, technologie à mi-chemin entre la téléphonie et l’activité bancaire, a été nécessaire. La suite de la thèse est consacrée à une analyse orientée d’abord vers le consommateur puis évolue vers une analyse des relations entre fournisseurs de service. Un chapitre est consacré à l’élaboration d’un modèle empirique analysant les motifs et modalités d’adoption des utilisateurs, en fonction de la forme de la technologie mais aussi en fonction de l’usage de cette technologie. Enfin, les deux derniers chapitres sont consacrés à la modélisation des relations possibles entre fournisseurs de service. Ces deux chapitres présentent plusieurs modèles permettant de comprendre les atouts multiples mais aussi les limites du paiement mobile dans un environnement bancarisé. Ils proposent aussi un scenario explicatif du succès des solutions de m-paiement en pays émergent. Ils mettent ainsi en évidence l’intérêt du point de vue de la bancarisation de ces zones, de la présence d’offres coopératives mais surtout et paradoxalement de solutions simplifiées gérées par les opérateurs seuls. / Mobile phone overtakes its first communication functions including payment functions. This thesis proposes an economic analysis of the key issues of mobile payment, it attempts to explain the reasons of the delay and its difficulties to emerge. First technology must stabilize, offer a unique and interoperable service to try to bring out a sufficient network of users. The analysis of the legal and financial environment of m-payment technology halfway between telephony and banking was necessary. The rest of the thesis is devoted to an analysis oriented to consumer then progresses to an analysis of the relationship between service providers analysis. A chapter is devoted to the development of an empirical model analyzing the reasons and conditions of user's adoption. Finally, the last two chapters are devoted to the modeling of possible relationships between service providers. These two chapters have several models to understand the many advantages but also the limitations of the mobile payment in a banked environment. They also offer an explanatory scenario to the success of m- payment solutions in emerging countries. And they highlight the interest from the point of view of banking services in these areas, the presence of co-offers, but especially and paradoxically solutions managed by operators.

With wireless internet, wireless network(including mobile internet ) will become the new mainstream communication. At the same time, due to the mobility and efficiency of mobile devices, such as PDA, cellular phone, etc., more diverse new functions and services are becoming available. In the near future, mobile commerce and mobile payment systems certainly will become one of the consumer life styles. As a result, many scholars or organizations all propose the mechanism suitable for the mobile commerce and mobile payment system. However, compared to many countries around the world, mobile payment is yet to be developed in Taiwan. From the supply side, there exists a problem that those services control in hands in the telecommunication system industry¡Fand on the other side, there exist some problems from the users , like use habit is difficult to set up , and lack of suitable use situation, etc. This research is based on ¡§The BOT of e-commerce and wireless network development¡¨, which is erected from Taiwan Railway Administration (TRA). We use the situation to develop the mobile payment system and related business plan, hoping to provide a reference for investors of TRA, who want to develop e-commerce and needing a complete payment system and cashflow mechanism. The payment system of this research institute planning is especially in the environment to consumers, propose differently at present that the adding value of the existing mobile payment system is served. For example, we combine the storage fund mechanism and credit card on mobile, transmit trade information through wireless network or IVR, in order to reach all the unrestricting users. We also bring innovative cell-phone dial depositing and cash fund mechanism, in order to solve the situation that passengers are confined in the railroad car and can't move to anyway. The financial model is set up after the business plan, to carry on the feasible assessment of financial affairs of this special project. According to the results from the financial model, NPV of the project is 8,917,271 NT dollar, IRR is up to 22% , DPB is about 4.9 year; and therefore this project is feasible on financial affairs.

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With the technological development of e-commerce and the increasing necessity to use online transactions, more and more online electronic payments systems have appeared to meet global demand. Furthermore, user acceptance of these kinds of systems is different for individuals in different cultures, and culture could be a factor that has great potential impact on predictions of user acceptance. The world has evolved to a degree where transactions occur between different cultural environments. This study aims to provide an understanding of how culture affects users’ intentions of electronic payment systems. Based on the purpose of this study, a questionnaire has been conducted in the interest of collecting data for statistical purposes. To make more sense about the results, a case study on PayEx (an electronic payment system) in Linnaeus University has been conducted through analysing twenty users’ interview records. Finally, this study expands on user acceptance research through looking at the role of culture and social influence. In practice, the results of this study give the thought for accurate forecasting of user acceptance towards electronic payment systems with considering cultural influence.