Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Gregg, Heather S. Second Reader: Freeman, Michael. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Internal war, Civil War, Insurgency, Revolution, Counterinsurgency, Conflict duration, Stalemate, Conflict resolution, Negotiated settlement, Political will, Philippines, New People's Army (NPA), Sri Lanka, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), Colombia, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-85). Also available in print.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--York University, 2002. Graduate Programme in Education. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-148). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ75380.

<p> Peace psychology was recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) as a specialty area of psychology in 1990. This research study analyses the past 25 years of peace psychologists&rsquo; efforts as the Society of Peace, Conflict, and Violence: Peace Psychology Division 48 of the APA (Division 48). Today the field has grown to include an international network of educators, researchers, practitioners, and advocates. The core mission of peace psychology is the transformation of conflict resolution away from violence and toward peacebuilding through psychologically informed interventions that operate at all levels of human relationships.</p><p> This research study focuses on both the theory and practice of peace psychology. The psychology informing peace building interventions is reviewed from the inception of psychology to the present, with specific emphasis on contributions from clinical and depth psychology. The research demonstrates how the organized psychological relationships among conflict, peace, and violence form a central axis which governs human relationships. Clinical and depth psychology contribute significantly to understanding the psychological processes of conflict, aggression, and interventions that promote mental health and wellbeing within both individuals and relationships. While these theories illuminate key operations within the mental framework, they also govern processes addressed directly by peace psychology&rsquo;s interventions.</p><p> The three areas reported in the findings include the professional functions performed by peace psychologists, the essential characteristics that are at the center of the practice, and lessons from the lived experiences of the participants. The various roles represented by peace psychologists&rsquo; contributions are described because they illustrate specific, identifiable contexts within which participants engaged professionally, and help illuminate how and where peace psychology is practiced. The researcher interviewed seven past presidents of the Division following oral history methodology. The interviews were analyzed using grounded theory. Advice from the leaders informs present and future challenges for the field of peace psychology.</p>

There is a growing interest in how to build sustainable peace in the world, preventing countries from relapsing into violent conflict. Recognising that there are several important peacebuilding actors, this Master thesis takes its point of departure in local civil society actors as a peacebuilding force. For this interpretative qualitative study, Colombia is used as the case of investigation. This is as a result of a renewed interest in the country due to the peace negotiations that were initiated between the Colombian government and the largest guerrilla group in the country, Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), in October 2012. Interviews with diverse civil society actors in Colombia were used as primary data, and in addition literary reviews of primary and secondary information have been added to the material. There are diverging views of what peacebuilding means, and one of the research objectives of this thesis is to draw from previous research to build a general framework for what peacebuilding wants to achieve, i.e., identify the international peacebuilding objectives. The second research objective is to compare the seven activities and functions of civil society in peacebuilding, as described by Paffenholz and Spurk in the Comprehensive framework for the analysis of civil society in peacebuilding, to see how the work of civil society in Colombia compares to the international peacebuilding objectives. The research shows that all seven activities and functions of civil society in peacebuilding: protection, monitoring, advocacy and public communication, in-group socialisation, social cohesion, facilitation/mediation, and service delivery, are performed by the interviewed civil society actors. When the activities and functions are compared to the international peacebuilding objectives, the research demonstrates that the peacebuilding activities carried out by civil society adds to the efforts performed by other actors to achieve stability and security, restore political and judicial institutions, address socio-economic dimensions and transform relations. Acknowledging the particular regional dynamics of the Colombian internal armed conflict and recognising the need for local ownership for peacebuilding to be successful, the conclusion drawn is that peacebuilding in Colombia has to be attained at the local, regional as well as national level. The polarisation and distrust between civil society and the state hinders a joint effort to build peace in Colombia, which further complicates the prospects for attaining sustainable peace in the country. Based on the understanding gained from the conducted research, this thesis affirms that peacebuilding must be adapted to the local realities and requires active participation from both government and civil society.

<p> An individual narrative relating subjective experience with communal social norms and practices is the modern way of understanding identity. Modern science also bridges the gap between a subjective experience and theoretical knowledge. In translating from the micro-social level of direct experience to the macro-social or collective experience, the particular and the subjective tend to be drowned out by conceptual totalities. Consumer capitalism however, at its extreme virtual limits, makes subjective experience central, and pushes metaphysical idealism back. The artist's knowledge, acquired through the juxtaposition of the human self at its most intimate level with the general or objective order of materials, also erodes a modern metaphysics. Language in psychoanalysis allows us to engage in self-identification and discover the subject within the spoken or written word by uncovering traces of an illicit desire that is repressed in metaphysics and rationalism. Psychoanalysis provides insight into how the decoded social space of capitalist production can be reconfigured as a meaningful space of subjective desire. Today's ubiquitous digital discourse, coupled with the universality of a machine time in the increasingly mechanized market, gives us globalization. A form of consciousness defined by the operations of the market recognizes the interwoven functions of humans and technologies/materials in a wide and complex production&mdash;including economic and social/cultural aspects. Outside of the dialectical structure of modern knowledge, social identity can only be a temporary coalescence of a subject that is staked upon a set of events of a specific and foundational significance. As a modern polarity of identity and negation is closed with globalization, social identity becomes situated with respect to a global information economy that increasingly reflects, not commodity objects and alienated subjects, but difference as such: capitalist production is nothing but the unbreakable rhythm that rearticulates a homogeneous Globality with each of its cycles. Under these conditions, otherness is an intelligible difference, rather than a repressed periphery of the ego ideal. As difference or alterity beyond the identity of subject and object, the Other is the counterpart of the void that is subjectivity itself. In the knowledge economy primarily constituted as the production of difference, subjectivity and otherness are modalities of a more thorough ecological integration with the environment.</p>

<p> This study seeks to demonstrate connections between theatre and conflict, as inspired by metaphor and embodied by case studies of four theatrical organizations working in conflict zones: The Freedom Theatre in Palestine, Ajoka Theatre in Pakistan, DAH Teater in Serbia, and Belarus Free Theatre in Belarus. In so doing, it attempts to name the overlaps and relationships as sub-concepts that exist as connective tissue between conflict and theatre, writ large. These sub-concepts - subverting to play, imagining hidden histories, embodying the unspeakable, and blurring illusion and reality - offer a taxonomy of various dimensions of the theatre-conflict relationship. This taxonomy explores the symbiotic embeddedness of theatre and conflict as a possible explanation for the existence of theatrical organizations in conflict zones.</p>

No description available.

Contemporary civil wars are often characterized not only by fighting between rebels and governments, but also by rebel violence against their own community members. In spite of repeated peace negotiations, many of these conflicts seem to go on endlessly. Such instances may reflect attempts or failures on the part of the non-state side to consolidate. To confront the government on the battle field or at the negotiation table, rebels need to become an effective fighting force as well as effective negotiators. So, what do rebels do to consolidate to wage war and negotiate peace? The dissertation approaches the question of rebel capacity by disaggregating the non-state side in civil war and in connection with peace talks. The dissertation offers a set of original case studies from three ethno-separatist conflicts: Sri Lanka, Indonesian Aceh, and Senegal. It combines qualitative methods with one study also containing basic regression analysis. The empirical analysis reveals that the risk perceptions, information asymmetries, and commitment issues that often mark the relationship between the state and non-state parties are also prevalent within the non-state party. The overall argument is that rebels’ consolidation of their capacity to fight and negotiate entails different processes. More specifically, it first specifies conditions under which rebels use violence against members of their own ethnic community as part of the war against the government by emphasizing the importance of timing, territorial control, and ethnic demographic concentration. Second, it explores and highlights the importance of the rich repertoire of non-violent methods which rebels employ to enhance their fighting capacity. Third, it draws attention to the significant role of social network structures on the non-state side by empirically examining these structures, and their relationship to civil war dynamics and peace negotiations. Fourth, it sheds new light on pre-negotiation and ripeness theory by specifying the elements on the non-state side that need to be mobilized for a peace settlement, and what mobilization measures are used at what time. By furthering an understanding of the non-state side in civil war and peace processes, the dissertation helps third parties to engage more constructively in peacemaking, and humanitarian and development assistance.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypotheses that the thirteen independent or predictor variables selected from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), the F-Scale; Forms 40 and 45 (F-Scale), and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), would be significant discriminators between the criterion variables, which were matched-pair groups of law enforcement officers and convicted felons.A review of the relevant literature on available crime statistics in contemporary society, and on the selection, training, and education of police officers supported the need for this study. In addition, the research indicated that techniques for reliably evaluating characteristics that contribute to psychologically effective law enforcement officers were not extant.A total of fifty subjects participated in this study. Twenty-five law enforcement officers were matched in pairs with twenty-five convicted felons on the extraneous variables of age, race, sex, scholastic capacity, and socio-economic status. The law enforcement officers were agents of a state police organization, a county police department, four city police departments, and a university police department, located in the Midwest, whose official function was maintenance of law and order, peace-keeping, and enforcement of the regular criminal code. The convicted felons were inmates of a county jail in the same Midwestern state, who had been adjudicated through due process of the commission of a crime of such a serious nature that they had been sentenced to a year or more in a correctional institution. The total population in the study ranged between the ages of 21-2 and 49-1.Three instruments were used to measure personality needs and traits of the subjects in the two groups. They included 13 needs, factor-dimensions, scores, and traits selected from a possible 41 measured by the EPPS, the F-Scale, and the 16 PF. The administration, scoring, computer analyses, and interpretation was done between June 1, 1973, and July 4, 1974.Statistical treatment of the data consisted of the application of a stepwise multiple regression. A level of F ratio for entering and removing a variable from the equation was specified. At each step in the regression, the variable that made the treatest increment to R2 was entered, if it exceeded the prespecified F for entering a variable. The contribution of each variable was examined by entering it last in the equation until no variable had an F to enter larger than the prespecified F for entering, and no smaller than the prescribed F for removal. Additionally, a multi-variate stepwise discriminant analysis was run on the data. The results were congruent with those achieved by the stepwise multiple regression.The results indicated that predictor variables factor-dimension Q4 (Ergic Tension) of the 16 PF, the final score on the F-Scale (Authoritarianism) and the Change and Dominance variables of the EPPS were the best discriminators between the criterion variables. The measure of Ergic Tension was the strongest predictor variable, accounting for 41.76 percent of the variance. The measure 9.71 percent, the change variable accounted for 4.74 percent, and the of authoritarianism accounted for four predictor variables that were dominance variable accounted for 3.77 percent of the variance. The needs for aggression, exhibition, heterosexuality, amounts of ego strength, submissiveness, protension, shrewdness, guilt proneness, and strength of self sentiment, as measured by the EPPS and the 16 PF were not significant predictors and did not discriminate between the criterion variables in this study.An additional finding of the study was that given the raw scores of one hundred individuals on the significant discriminators between the law enforcement officers and the convicted felons, the examiner could correctly discriminate between the two in eight-four of one hundred cases.