This study examines the expressed thoughts, writings, objectives, and actions of peace advocate Norman Angell in the critical years of the First World War and attempts to ascertain if and how his objectives and methods of operation changed. As a basis for comparison, Angell's earlier life is briefly examined. Because Angell first achieved prominence with the publication and success of his book, The Great Illusion, activities growing out of that success, including the Norman Angell movement, also are examined.

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The intention of this work has been threefold. Firstly it examines in some detail the history of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) from its inception during the late 1950's to the beginning of the 1990's, as the Peace Movement begins to respond to the changes wrought by the ending of the cold war at the end of the 1980's. It examines in detail the relationship between the movement and their supporters and opponents. In particular, detailed attention is paid to the relationships that have existed between CND and the British Labour Party, as well as the wider Political Opportunity Structure - other major political parties, associated pressure groups, the Trade Union movement and the established churches. Secondly, it examines the utility of the various Social Movement theories that are in existence, and applies these directly to CND in both an historical and contemporary context. Extensive examination of these theories will reveal that in the case of the majority (Resource Mobilisation, Relative Deprivation, New Social Movement theory), these are of limited utility in the case of CND in particular and British Social Movements in general. Finally, with the use of original survey data and statistical analysis, the thesis will evaluate these perspectives, and will conclude with a discussion of new approaches to the study of the wider Social Movement phenomenon. In particular, the final chapter will discuss the concept of 'Habitual Membership' as a possible explanation for continuing CND membership and activity in the post cold-war period of the early 1990's.

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<p> The purpose of this study is to consider the relevance and applicability of the spirit and insights of the Axial Flowerings to the modern practice of conflict resolution. </p><p> Jaspers, a German philosopher, articulated the term Axial Age in his book that was translated into English in 1953. Jaspers identified, in the context of history, the Axial Age as a pivotal change in human condition that was marked by the emergence of reflexivity, historicity and agentiality of the individual in four distinct and distant areas - China, India, eastern Mediterranean, and Greece. </p><p> Jaspers' focus on the Axial Age was Eurocentric, and rooted in the ethos of Christianity. In recent years, Jaspers' term has been expanded and elaborated to include Axial civilizations more broadly, and Axial Age civilizations to bring into consideration the undocumented civilizations, as also other contemporary ancient civilizations that did not feature in Jaspers' thesis. </p><p> Ideas have been the well spring of intellectual development of mankind. Ideas agitated by seminal thinkers have been agents of change, for better or for worse, throughout history. There is, thus, a direct nexus between the history of ideas, and the Axial Flowerings. Modern scholars have debated religion, ethics, culture, power distribution, social justice, as also individuals and their relationship to associational living, that were the core concerns of society of the Axial epochs. Religion, and its contradictory proclivities of violence and non-violence; ethics and its binding force; culture and its varied manifestations; individuals and communities and their varying values; power and its asymmetries; are as germane to the present day discourse of conflict resolution, as they were in those far away times. Moreover, recently, additional subjects such as other civilizations, cultures, education, and the global ramifications of each, have entered the discourse of Axial Age, Axial Flowerings and other Axial breakthroughs. </p><p> The current convention of the conflict resolution discipline is that it is a 20^th century dispensation. My study argues that looking through the lenses of the history of ideas and the Axial Flowerings, points to ancient and noble ancestry for conflict resolution. It is, after all, a trite saying that from time immemorial conflict has been ever present in associational living, and that all conflicts are ultimately settled by each society through culturally legitimated processes. </p><p> I, therefore, argue detailed study of the Axial Flowerings together with the history of ideas is a fit and proper paradigm for conflict resolution, and presents a great opportunity to learn and profit from multi-disciplinary, and multi-dimensional insights of the Axial Age and the Axial breakthroughs, and to relate these to the present conditions.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2007. / Title from title screen (site viewed Dec. 4, 2007). PDF text: vii, 194 p. ; 9 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3273921. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Thesis (M.S.)--George Mason University, 2008. / Vita: p. 105. Thesis director: Ho-won Jeong. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Conflict Analysis and Resolution. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 16, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-104). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--Wheaton College, 2005. Action Research Paper (M.A.)--Wheaton College, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [54-57]).

Thesis (doctoral)--Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen.