Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The growth and development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit occurs over a period of about 150 days after anthesis to full ripeness. During this period morphological and physiological changes occur defining fruit quality. These changes are a result of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression during fruit development as regulated by environmental, genetic and environmental-by-genetic factors. A number of previous studies partially characterised the transcriptomes of apple leaf, fruit pulp, whole fruit, and peel plus pulp tissues, using cDNA micro arrays and other PCR based technologies. These studies, however, remain limited in throughput and specificity for transcripts of low abundance. Hence, the aim of this project was to apply a high throughput technique to characterise the full mRNA transcriptome of the ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit peels and pulp tissues in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the morphophysiological changes that occur during fruit development.

A produção de resíduos pelas indústrias alimentícias têm se tornado um problema ambiental. Esses subprodutos sem o devido descarte se acumulam no meio ambiente causando poluição que leva a contaminações que podem provocar danos ao organismo humano. A sustentabilidade deve ser prioritária para o setor de processamento alimentício, realizando o aproveitamento de qualquer despejo industrial que possa se transformar em foco de contaminação ambiental. A cebola (Allium cepa L.) é um dos vegetais mais consumidos mundialmente, e em consequência disso, seu processamento gera uma grande quantidade de resíduos. A casca desse alimento apresenta teores consideráveis de flavonoides, compostos bioativos de elevada capacidade antioxidante. A transformação desse resíduo em um produto de fácil utilização e que possa agregar valor à matrizes alimentares torna-se uma alternativa para utilização desse resíduo que até então não apresenta um aproveitamento valioso para o setor alimentício. Três variedades de casca de cebola foram processadas na forma de pós e analisadas quanto a sua composição química e quanto à sua ação antioxidante. O produto elaborado que apresentou maior capacidade antioxidante foi o pó de casca de cebola roxa que em seguida foi adicionado ao produto cárneo de frango para avaliar seu potencial frente à oxidação lipídica. Houve o controle na estabilidade oxidativa do produto, porém a adição do conservante natural alterou os parâmetros de cor das almôndegas de frango, tornando mais escura a coloração do produto. Diante do exposto, a elaboração do produto a partir do resíduo da cebola pode se constituir em uma alternativa viável aos produtos sintéticos utilizados para fins da conservação em produtos cárneos uma vez que mostrou-se um potencial antioxidante. / Waste production by food industries have become a serious environmental problem. These by-products without proper disposal may accumulate in the environment causing pollution or contamination that may cause damage to the human body. Sustainability should be a priority in processing food sector, realizing use of any industrial dump it can become the focus of environmental contamination. The onion (Allium cepa l.) is one of the most consumed vegetable worldwide, and as a consequence, its processing generates a large amount of waste. The peel of this food has considerable amounts of flavonoids, bioactive compounds of high antioxidant capacity. The transformation of this waste in an easy-to-use product that can add value to food matrices becomes an alternative to the use of this waste that does not present a valuable use for the food industry. Three varieties of onion peel were processed as into powders and their chemical composition, mainly antioxidant activity were analysed. In the present study, the elaborated product that showed the highest antioxidant capacity was the purple onion peel powder which was added to the meat product processed chicken to assess its potential against lipid oxidation. There was the fat decay control of the product, however the addition of natural preservative caused differences in the color parameters of chicken meatballs, making the darker the color of the product. Therefore, the elaboration of a product from the onion waste was a viable alternative to synthetic products used for conservation purposes in meat products and proved to be a potential antioxidant.

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[pt] Em um cenário onde a geração de resíduos ao redor do mundo cresce cada vez mais, técnicas de tratamento de resíduos são fundamentais para garantir menores emissões de gases de efeito estufa ao meio ambiente. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise realizada com cascas de dois tipos distintos de tangerina, com a finalidade de estudar o potencial de geração de biogás das mesmas através da realização de um ensaio BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential). A digestão anaeróbia de resíduos orgânicos corresponde a um tratamento biológico que apresenta uma solução com produtos valiosos, como o biogás, no combate ao aumento de emissões poluidoras, já que o mesmo pode ser utilizado como energia térmica, elétrica ou combustível em detrimento aos combustíveis fósseis. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa também realiza um estudo acerca do processo de fabricação de sucos naturais por parte de pequenos e grandes produtores e de como os mesmos podem utilizar as cascas dos restos da produção dos sucos para a geração de biogás como fonte de energia limpa. Os resultados encontrados apresentam para a casca da tangerina Ponkan um potencial de geração de biogás de 615,38 NmL/gSV e, para a casca da tangerina Montenegrina, o valor encontrado foi de 565,84 NmL/gSV. Os resultados obtidos sugerem um potencial de geração de biogás positivo para o substrato analisado, a tangerina, quando comparados aos demais resultados de outras frutas encontradas na literatura. / [en] The constant increase in global warming that occurred after the middle of the twentieth century and intensified by anthropogenic actions based on the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane, is a reality that worries not only for the harmful damages to the environment and the quality of life of human beings, but also for the preservation of future generations (Silva and Paula, 2009). In the mid-1980s, with the Brundtland conference, the concept for sustainable development emerged which is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations (BRUNDLAND, 1987). In order to avoid excessive damage to the existence of human beings, recent studies by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2018) examined the need to limit global warming to 1.5 Celsius instead of 2 Celsius, as previously predicted by the Paris Climate Agreement signed in 2015. According to the study, the absence of measures to be taken at present may generate extremely harmful damage to the environment, human beings, fauna, and flora of the planet. Limiting global warming to 1.5 Celsius involves large reductions in the emission of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Thus, a strong demand in the bioenergy sector is necessary, highlighting the importance of using appropriate management measures which contribute to minimizing the problem, as is the case with the use of anaerobic digestion as a treatment for organic solid waste. The growing increase in the world population and the accelerated urbanization process of cities have resulted in the generation of excessive amounts of solid urban waste (Roth & Garcias, 2008), which, if poorly managed, contribute not only to the increase in damage caused to environment, but also inflict several problems in the social and economic aspect of modern society, thus aggravating the problem.

This work aims at giving a systematic review of the numerical approaches and obtained results published in recent years. Focus is set on both the recent trends and achievements as well as challenges and open questions. Thesis critically reviews work done in previous thesis related to food packaging material and design, at Blekinge Institute of Technology with the collaboration of Tetra Pak liquid food packaging company. Here, 27 numbers of master’s thesis are critical review all the while using 4 PHD works for referencing.  Focus of these thesis works relates to the mechanics and its sub-branch fracture mechanics. Due to this all the theory related to mechanics and fracture mechanics, which is compulsory to know for understanding is defined initially. Main material which are under consideration throughout the work are PP, LDPE, PET-LDPE, and aluminum foil. As three materials are used in the liquid food packaging which are PE, paper board and aluminum. Uses of this material and there required physical properties are measured. Testing methods which are used to check whether the material meets the required parameters are tensile testing, tear testing, peel testing and shear test.  Also, some methods are used along with these tests to perform the test more precisely, to evaluate and compare result i.e., Nakajima test, Digital image correlation. DIC testing technique is used to compare the results obtained from simulation. It is also understood that DIC method provided the user with increased quality of obtained results.  Most of the topics of discussions have been reviewed for corresponding thesis, displaying the used ideas, theory, applied experimentation and realized conclusions. Using these above it was able to derive a conclusion based on the developed research questions and hypothesis. Defined problems in previous work are studied also solution as a future work is suggested to overcome these problems. Mainly the slippage issue while holding PE in clamps. Furthermore, various development is discussed which is done to introduce new material which is more possible being used in the future.

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Fiber-reinforced rubberlike materials (FRRM) commonly used in tires undergo large deformations, and exhibit different response in tension and compression along the fiber direction. Assuming that the response of a fiber-reinforced rubberlike material can be modeled as transversely isotropic with the fiber direction as the axis of transverse isotropy, we express the stored energy function, W, in terms of the five invariants of the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor and the fiber direction, and account for different response in tension and compression along the fiber direction. It has been shown in the literature that in shear-dominated deformations, the 5th invariant, I5, significantly contribution to the stress-strain curve. We have implemented the constitutive relation in the commercial software, LS-DYNA. The numerical solutions of several boundary value problems studied here agree with their analytical solutions derived by using Ericksen's inverse approach, in which a part of the solution is assumed and unknowns in the presumed solution are then found by analyzing the pertinent boundary value problem. However, computed results have not been compared with experimental findings. For W of the FRRMs an expression that is a complete quadratic function of the five invariants is also examined. Homogeneous deformations such as simple extension, simple shear, and biaxial loading problems are studied to delineate the mechanical behaviors of FRRMs. Consistency with the infinitesimal deformation theory requires that linear terms in the 4th and 5th invariants, I4 and I5, be included in the expression for W. Stability analysis of deformations reveals the qualitative changes triggered by the second order terms of the quadratic function. Analytical solutions for inflation, extension and twist deformations caused by internal pressure, end torque, and axial force for a pressurized cylindrical laminate are derived using Ericksen's inverse method. Effects of fiber orientations on the mechanical behaviors of a +/-α angle-ply cylindrical tube are investigated using the derived analytical solutions. The T-peel test, widely used for characterizing adhesion across a plethora of adhesives, adherends, and geometries, results in a range of responses that may complicate meaningful interpretation of the test data. This research effort, involving several specific specimen types, was undertaken to investigate concerns that commonly used configurations may not always result in plateaus in the force-displacement response. We experimentally and numerically study debonding of T-peel specimens having 75 mm bond length and 0.81 mm thick adherends made of either 6061 aluminum (Al) or one of the three steels (G70 70U hot dip galvanized, E60 elctrogalvanized (EGZ), 1010 cold-rolled steel (CRS) bonded with either LORD® 406 or Maxlok™ acrylic adhesive. For the EGZ and the Al adherends, specimens with a bond length of 250 mm and adherend thickness of 1.60 mm are also examined. Effects of adherend materials and thicknesses, bond lengths, and adhesives on test results are examined using three metrics to interpret the T-peel bond performance. We find a limited correlation between the commonly used "T-peel strength" and the energy dissipated per unit debond area. For those two metrics, the relative performances of the CRS and the Al specimens are quite different. Quasi-static plane strain deformations of the test specimens are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM) and a cohesive zone model using the commercial software, ABAQUS, to help interpret the test data. Numerical results provided energies required to elastically and plastically deform the adherends, and help determine the transition from non-self-similar to self-similar debonding. The FE simulations also facilitate determination of the fraction of the crosshead displacement at which self-similar debonding occurs. Results reported herein should help practitioners select appropriate specimen dimensions for extracting meaningful data for adhesive performance. / Ph. D.

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