Au cours de ce travail, une série de plateformes constituées d'un espaceur central connecté à deux complexes de MnII à haut spin a été synthétisée. De nombreux ligands ont été étudiés et greffés sur un ensemble d'espaceurs de longueur variant entre 1,5 et 5,5 nm. La distance Mn-Mn a été mesurée avec succès par résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE) impulsionnelle à haut champ en utilisant la méthode PELDOR (Pulsed Electron-Electron Double Resonance). L'emploi de complexes de MnII avec de faibles valeurs d'éclatement en champ nul (ECN) a permis d'améliorer la sensibilité de cette méthode. Pour les plateformes constituées d'un espaceur polyproline, un bon accord a été observé entre la distribution de la distance Mn-Mn obtenue par PELDOR et par dynamique moléculaire, mais des composantes plus courtes dans la distribution ont été détectées pour certains paramètres expérimentaux. Ces observations ont été rationalisées en tenant compte du terme pseudo-séculaire de l'Hamiltonien dipolaire, non négligeable pour les systèmes étudiés où les spins observés et détectés sont similaires. Lorsqu'un espaceur rigide est employé, l'interaction pseudo-séculaire est bien plus marquée, ce qui se traduit par une distribution de distances plus large que prévu par la dynamique moléculaire. L'étude de nouveaux centres paramagnétiques pour la méthode PELDOR comme les radicaux trityl persistants a également été entreprise. Le tenseur g de ces radicaux a été déterminé avec précision par RPE à haut champ en utilisant MnII comme référence. Des calculs de DFT (Density Functional Theory) ont été effectués pour comprendre la relation entre la structure et le spectre RPE de ces radicaux trityl. / In this work, the synthesis of a set of platforms that incorporate a central linker of varying length connected to two high-spin MnII complexes has been performed. Several ligands were screened and efficient synthetic methodologies were developed to graft them on various spacers covering the 1.5 – 5.5 nm range. The Mn-Mn distance has been successfully measured using high-field pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, more precisely pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR). We showed that the use of MnII complexes with low zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters led to an improved sensitivity. For flexible polyproline-based platforms, distances and distribution profiles obtained with PELDOR were in good agreement with molecular dynamics (MD) estimations, but additional features in the distance distributions could be observed under specific conditions. These finding were rationalized by taking into account the pseudo-secular term of the dipolar Hamiltonian, which was found to be non-negligible for the studied platforms, where pumped and detected spins are very similar. When the linker was rigid, the influence of the pseudo-secular interaction was much more prominent, leading to distance profiles with a higher width than predicted by MD calculations. Other emergent spin labels for pulsed EPR-based distance measurements such as persistent substituted trityl radicals were studied and their g-tensor was accurately measured using high-field EPR with MnII as an internal reference. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to understand the relationship between the structure and the EPR properties of the studied trityl radicals.

No description available.

The function of a biological molecule is linked to its underlying structure, and determination of that structure can lead to significant insights into its function and how this is performed. There already exist a number of important tools in structural biology, however, the pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique called pulsed electron-electron double resonance (PELDOR) is the only one capable of accurately measuring isolated distances between attached spin-labels over the range of ~2 to 10 nm, a range which is usually impossible to measure directly with other techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystallography. This can provide constraints for refinement of structures determined from NMR and X-ray crystallography, or insights into protein docking and protein mechanics. With recent developments in EPR spectrometer instrumentation and spin-labelling it has become possible to conduct PELDOR experiments in the high field EPR regime ( > 3 Tesla) where measurement sensitivity is increased. These experiments can reveal relative orientations of nitroxide spin-labels in complement to their separation, however, analysis and interpretation of these results has been difficult to perform routinely. This thesis presents a characterisation of the high field spectrometer HiPER showing that it is well suited when optimised for making PELDOR experiments. To perform analysis of PELDOR signals from this spectrometer custom signal simulation code has been written. Two case studies are presented. The first relates to the use of the Rx spin label with the PELDOR experiment to derive orientation information from the spin labelled protein Vps75. The recently developed spin label Rx is proposed to attach more rigidly to underlying structure, offering potentially increased accuracy in determination of structure constraints and additional information about relative orientations of different structural features. An orientation selective PELDOR study is presented which compares molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of spin labels attached to sites on the α-helix of the protein Vps75. This has shown great potential for utilising the Rx spin label in a repeatable way on α-helix residue sites for determination of structural constraints. The second case relates to orientation selective PELDOR measurements of spin labelled oligomeric membrane protein structures. High field PELDOR offers great potential in increasing measurement sensitivity and accuracy of structural constraints in oligomeric proteins. A methodology of signal analysis for this class of protein is presented along with measurements of the membrane channel protein MscS. Difficulties of PELDOR measurement on these labelled proteins are discussed and observed relaxation of the spin echo, relevant to pulsed EPR experiments, are investigated and possible mechanisms are presented.

No description available.

The function of biomacromolecules is controlled by their structure and conformational flexibility. Investigating the structure of biologically important macromolecules can, therefore, yield information that could explain their complex biological function. In addition to X ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) methods, in particular the pulsed electron electron double resonance (PELDOR) technique has, during the last decade, become a valuable tool for structural determination of macromolecules. Long range distance constraints obtained from pulsed EPR measurements, make it possible to carry out structural refinements on structures from NMR and X ray methods. In addition, EPR yields distance distributions that give information about structural flexibility. The use of EPR for structural studies of biomacromolecules requires in most cases site specific incorporation of paramagnetic centres known as spin labelling. To date, spin labelling nucleic acids has required complex spin labelling chemistry. The first application of a site directed and noncovalent spin labelling method for distance measurements on DNA is described. It is demonstrated that noncovalent spin labelling with a rigid spin label can afford detailed information on internal DNA dynamics using PELDOR. Furthermore, it is shown that noncovalent spin labelling can be used to study DNA protein complexes. PELDOR can also yield information about spin label orientation. Therefore, spin labels with limited flexibility can be used to measure the relative orientation of the spin labelled sites. Although information on orientation can be obtained from 9.7 GHz PELDOR measurements in selected applications, measurements at 97 GHz or higher, increases orientation selection. It is shown that PELDOR measurements on semi rigid and rigid nitroxide biradicals using a home built high power 97 GHz EPR spectrometer (Hiper) and model based simulations yield quantitative information on spin label orientations and dynamics. The most widely used spin labels for EPR studies on biomacromolecules are the aminoxyl (nitroxide) radicals. The major drawbacks of nitroxide spin labels include low sensitivity for distance measurements, fast spin spin relaxation in solution and limited stability in reducing environments. Carbon centered triarylmethyl (trityl) radicals have properties that could eliminate some of the limitations of nitroxide spin labels. To evaluate the use of trityl spin labels for nanometer distance measurements, models systems with trityl and nitroxide spin labels were measured using PELDOR and Double Quantum Coherence (DQC). This study shows that trityl spin labels yield reliable information on interlabel distances and dynamics, establishing the trityl radical as a viable spin label for structural studies on biomacromolecules.