No description available.

No description available.

Tout au long de cette thèse, de nouveaux colorants organométalliques ont été élaborés dont le but est de les utiliser en tant que photosensibilisateurs au sein des cellules solaires DSSC dont la simplicité de mise en œuvre, le faible coût de production et un design attractif en sont les atouts majeurs. Des analogues du black dye ont dans un premier temps été élaborés, une étude approfondie par des calculs DFT a permis une approche plus constructive sur le choix des designs moléculaires. Des aldéhydes dérivés de la biomasse comme la vanilline, le syringaldéhyde ou le 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural ont permis de substitués le ligand terpyridine par différents groupes (hétéro)aromatiques en position 4’ pour moduler les transferts de charges. Dans un second temps, une chaîne hexyloxyméthyle est introduite en position 4’’ pour diminuer les recombinaisons de charges lors du fonctionnement de la cellule solaire et par la même occasion placer la LUMO plus proche des points d’ancrages pour de meilleures injections de charges vers le semi-conducteur. L’utilisation de groupes cyanoacrylates a aussi été envisagé à la place des acides carboxyliques afin d’obtenir des absorptions plus panchromatiques. Des complexes du type [Ru(tpy)2] et [Ru(tpy)(bpy)NCS] ont également été synthétisés et étudiés pour leur stabilités plus accrues au cours du temps au sein de la cellule solaire par rapport aux complexes à ligands NCS. Certains colorants ont été testés en cellules solaires en combinaison du dioxyde de titane comme semi-conducteur et du couple I3-/I- en tant que médiateur rédox. / Throughout this thesis, new organometallic dyes have been developed to use them as photosensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), whose simplicity of implementation, low cost production and attractive design are major assets. Black dye analogues were first developed, a thorough study of DFT calculations allowed a more constructive approach to the choice of molecular designs. Biomass-derived aldehydes such as vanillin, syringaldehyde or 5-hydroxymethylfurfural have been used to substitute the terpyridine ligand by different (hetero)aromatic groups in the 4’ position in order to modulate charge transfers. In a second step, a hexyloxymethyl chain was introduced in the 4'' position with the aim of reduce charge recombination during the solar cell operation and in the same time to place the LUMO closer to the anchoring groups for better charge injections to the semiconductor. The use of cyanoacrylate groups was also considered in place of the carboxylic acids in order to obtain more panchromatic absorptions. [Ru(tpy)2] and [Ru(tpy)(bpy)NCS] complexes have also been synthesized and studied for their increased stability over time in the solar cell compared to the NCS ligand complexes. Some dyes have been tested in solar cells in combination of titanium dioxide as the semiconductor and the I3-/I- couple as the redox mediator.

One electron oxidation of DNA has been studied extensively over the years. When a charge is injected into a DNA duplex, it migrates through the DNA until it reaches a trap. Upon further reactions, damage occurs in this area and strand cleavage can occur. Many works have been performed to see what can affect this damage to DNA. Netropsin is a minor groove binder that can bind to tracts of four to five A:T base pairs. It has been used in the studies within to determine if it can protect DNA against oxidative damage, caused by one-electron oxidation, when it is bound within the minor groove of the DNA. By using a naphthacenedione derivative as a photosensitizer, several DNA duplexes containing netropsin binding sites as well as those without binding sites, were irradiated at 420 nm, analyzed, and visualized to determine its effect on oxidative damage. It has been determined netropsin creates a quenching sphere of an average of 5.8 * 108 Šwhether bound to the DNA or not. Herein we will show netropsin protects DNA against oxidative damage whether it is free in solutions or bound within the minor groove of a DNA duplex.

A detailed understanding of natural photosynthesis provides inspiration for the development of sustainable and renewable energy sources, i.e. a technology that is capable of converting solar energy directly into chemical fuels. This concept is called artificial photosynthesis. The work described in this thesis contains contributions to the development of artificial photosynthesis in two separate areas. The first one relates to light harvesting with a focus on the question of how electronic properties of photosensitizers can be tuned to allow for efficient photo-induced electron transfer processes. The study is based on a series of bis(tridentate)ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, the geometric properties of which make them highly appealing for the construction of linear donor-photosensitizer-acceptor arrangements for efficient vectorial photo-induced electron transfer reactions. The chromophores possess remarkably long lived 3MLCT excited states and it is shown that their excited-state oxidation strength can be altered by variations of the ligand scaffold over a remarkably large range of 900 mV. The second area of relevance to natural and artificial photosynthesis that is discussed in this thesis relates to the coupled movement of protons and electrons. The delicate interplay between these two charged particles regulates thermodynamic and kinetic aspects in many key elementary steps of natural photosynthesis, and further studies are needed to fully understand this concept. The studies are based on redox active phenols with intramolecular hydrogen bonds to quinolines. The compounds thus bear a strong resemblance to the tyrosine/histidine couple in photosystem II, i.e. the water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase enzyme in photosynthesis. The design of the biomimetic models is such that the distance between the proton donor and acceptor is varied, enabling studies on the effect the proton transfer distance has on the rate of proton-coupled electron transfer reactions. The results of the studies have implications for the development of artificial photosynthesis, in particular in connection with redox leveling, charge accumulation, as well as electron and proton transfer. In addition to these two contributions, the excited-state dynamics of the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded phenols was investigated, thereby revealing design principles for technological applications based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer and photoinduced tautomerization.

Emerging evidence has shown that the capacity of a tumor to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset of cells, termed “cancer stem cells“. Conventional treatments, however, may miss the cancer stem cells, which have been shown in several tumor types to be more resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents, because the cancer stem cell survives and regenerates the neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of quantum dots in detection and eradication of cancer stem cells. The properties of stem cells were inestigated in breast, pancreatic, ovarian cancer and melanoma cells. The accumulation and distribution of quantum dots was assessed by the means of laser scanning confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. It was shown, that anti-CD44 and quantum dot conjugates are internalized selectively inside CD44+ cells, while anti-CD44 and organic dye FITC conjugates remained attached to cell membrane for at least 24 hours. Moreover, the complex of quantum dot (QD) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) accumulates inside cells and initiate cell death upon QD-directed exposure of 470 nm irradiation. These results show the capability of quantum dots not only to detect and internalize stem-like cells but also to carry the therapeutic agent inside cells without losing its activity. / Pastaruoju metu vis gausėja įrodymų apie vėžyje esančią nedidelę subpopuliaciją, pavadintą „vėžio kamieninėmis ląstelėmis“. Teigiama, jog būtent vėžio kamieninės ląstelės yra atsakingos už naviko formavimą, atsparumą taikomai terapijai bei metastazių formavimą. Šio darbo tyrimo tikslas – ištirti nanodarinių pritaikymo galimybes vėžinių kamieninių ląstelių aptikimui ir sunaikinimui. Darbe buvo ištirtos krūties, kasos, kiaušidžių vėžio ir melanomos ląstelių savybės, pagal literatūroje nurodytą vėžio kamieninių ląstelių aptikimo metodiką. Panaudojant lazerinę skenuojančią konfokalinę ir gyvavimo trukmių vaizdinimo mikroskopiją buvo įvertintas kvantinių taškų, kaip galimų diagnostiką ir terapiją atliekančių nanodarinių kaupimosi ir lokalizacijos ląstelėse tyrimai. Buvo parodyta, jog antikūnais prieš paviršiaus antigeną CD44 padengti kvantiniai taškai selektyviai pateko tik į CD44+ fenotipo ląstelių vidų. Anti-CD44-FITC konjugatai taip pat selektyviai žymėjo norimas ląsteles, tačiau net po 24 valandų nepateko į ląstelių vidų. Taip pat buvo parodyta, jog kvantinio taško (KT) ir sensibilizatoriaus chlorino e6 (Ce6) nanodarinys lokalizuojasi ląstelių viduje pūslelėse ir sukelia ląstelių žūtį tik toms ląstelėms, kurioms pritaikytas apjungtas KT-Ce6 komplekso ir 470 nm spinduliuotės poveikis. Tokie rezultatai parodo, jog galima kvantinį tašką ne tik selektyviai nukreipti į norimas ląsteles, bet taip pat ir įnešti į jų vidų, neprarandant terapinės molekulės aktyvumo.

Pastaruoju metu vis gausėja įrodymų apie vėžyje esančią nedidelę subpopuliaciją, pavadintą „vėžio kamieninėmis ląstelėmis“. Teigiama, jog būtent vėžio kamieninės ląstelės yra atsakingos už naviko formavimą, atsparumą taikomai terapijai bei metastazių formavimą. Šio darbo tyrimo tikslas – ištirti nanodarinių pritaikymo galimybes vėžinių kamieninių ląstelių aptikimui ir sunaikinimui. Darbe buvo ištirtos krūties, kasos, kiaušidžių vėžio ir melanomos ląstelių savybės, pagal literatūroje nurodytą vėžio kamieninių ląstelių aptikimo metodiką. Panaudojant lazerinę skenuojančią konfokalinę ir gyvavimo trukmių vaizdinimo mikroskopiją buvo įvertintas kvantinių taškų, kaip galimų diagnostiką ir terapiją atliekančių nanodarinių kaupimosi ir lokalizacijos ląstelėse tyrimai. Buvo parodyta, jog antikūnais prieš paviršiaus antigeną CD44 padengti kvantiniai taškai selektyviai pateko tik į CD44+ fenotipo ląstelių vidų. Anti-CD44-FITC konjugatai taip pat selektyviai žymėjo norimas ląsteles, tačiau net po 24 valandų nepateko į ląstelių vidų. Taip pat buvo parodyta, jog kvantinio taško (KT) ir sensibilizatoriaus chlorino e6 (Ce6) nanodarinys lokalizuojasi ląstelių viduje pūslelėse ir sukelia ląstelių žūtį tik toms ląstelėms, kurioms pritaikytas apjungtas KT-Ce6 komplekso ir 470 nm spinduliuotės poveikis. Tokie rezultatai parodo, jog galima kvantinį tašką ne tik selektyviai nukreipti į norimas ląsteles, bet taip pat ir įnešti į jų vidų, neprarandant terapinės molekulės aktyvumo. / Emerging evidence has shown that the capacity of a tumor to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset of cells, termed “cancer stem cells“. Conventional treatments, however, may miss the cancer stem cells, which have been shown in several tumor types to be more resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents, because the cancer stem cell survives and regenerates the neoplasm. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of quantum dots in detection and eradication of cancer stem cells. The properties of stem cells were inestigated in breast, pancreatic, ovarian cancer and melanoma cells. The accumulation and distribution of quantum dots was assessed by the means of laser scanning confocal and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. It was shown, that anti-CD44 and quantum dot conjugates are internalized selectively inside CD44+ cells, while anti-CD44 and organic dye FITC conjugates remained attached to cell membrane for at least 24 hours. Moreover, the complex of quantum dot (QD) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) accumulates inside cells and initiate cell death upon QD-directed exposure of 470 nm irradiation. These results show the capability of quantum dots not only to detect and internalize stem-like cells but also to carry the therapeutic agent inside cells without losing its activity.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Anderson Orzari Ribeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2016. / Considerando o histórico de fármacos enantiomericamente puros e suas interações específicas com células alvos, nesse trabalho foram sintetizadas e caracterizadas quinze ftalocianinas com substituintes opticamente ativos e analisada suas propriedades fotoquímicas para possível aplicação como fármaco fotossensibilizador. Todas as ftalocianinas foram caracterizadas por RMN 1H, espectroscopia de massas, absorção na região do UV-vis, rendimentos quânticos de fluorescência e geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio sob irradiação. Resultados evidenciam que os diferentes grupos inseridos na periferia do anel ftalocianínico influenciam na solubilidade e na agregação do macrociclo, porém não influenciam significativamente nos rendimentos quânticos de geração de espécies reativas nas condições empregadas. Em relação a atividade óptica dos grupos e seus pares enantioméricos, pode-se concluir que não há relação direta entre configuração espacial e características fotoquímicas e fotofísicas, visto que não houve nenhuma relação que possa ser estabelecida como "regra" para esses compostos. Posteriores testes biológicos devem ser realizados par determinar interação entre células e as diferentes ftalocianinas sintetizadas. / Considering the history of enantiomerically pure drugs and their specific interaction with target cells, in this study were synthesized and characterized fifteen phthalocyanines with optically active substituents to be applied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy.. All phthalocyanines were characterized by 1H NMR, mass spectrometry, absorption and fluorescence emission, quantum yields of fluorescence and the quantum yield of generation of oxygen reactive species under irradiation. Results show that the different groups inserted on the phthalocyanine peripheral ring have influence on the solubility and the aggregation of the macrocycle in solution. With respect to optical characteristics, analyzing the groups and their enantiomeric pairs, it can be concluded that there is no direct link between configuration and photochemical and photophysical characteristics, as no relationship could be established as "rule" for these compounds. Further analyses should be taken to understand the influence of chiral ligands in the interaction of these phthalocyanines with target cells.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Anderson Orzari Ribeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia/Química, 2017. / No presente trabalho apresentamos a sintese e caracterizacao do fotossensibilizador hipericina e alguns de seus sais hipericinato, bem como o estudo de sua atividade fotodinamica in vitro em celulas de adenocarcinoma mamario humano. A hipericina sintetizada foi caracterizada por espectroscopia 1H RMN, espectrometria de massas e espectroscopia no infravermelho. As propriedades fotofisicas e fotoquimicas da hipericina e dos hipericinatos foram determinadas por analises dos espectros de absorcao na regiao do UV-Vis, espectros de excitacao e emissao, coeficiente de absortividade molar (¿Ã) e capacidade de geracao de especies reativas de oxigenio atraves da degradacao do DPBF (1,3-difenilbenzofurano). Para os estudos in vitro utilizou-se a linhagem de adenocarcinoma mamario humano (MCF-7) avaliando a toxicidade e fototoxicidade da hipericina e hipericinatos, localizacao celular, capacidade mutagenica e genotoxica, capacidade clonogenica, tempo de captacao celular e identificacao de via de morte celular. Os resultados apresentam indicativos de que os hipericinatos possuem eficiencia relativa superior ao da hipericina na producao de oxigenio singlete, bem como uma menor taxa de agregacao em meio biologico. Ainda, nos ensaios in vitro, foi verificado que a atividade fotodinamica foi maior para os hipericinatos em comparacao com a hipericina, demonstrando que as modificacoes moleculares no composto promovem alteracoes na sua interacao com a linhagem celular estudada. / In this study we present the synthesis and characterization of photosensitizers like hypericin and hypericinates and its in vitro photodynamic ativity in human mammary adenocarcinoma cells. The synthesized hypericin was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy. The hypericinates were characterized by analysis of absorption spectra in the UV-vis region, excitation and emission spectra, molar absorptivity (å) and reactive oxygen species generation capacity through the degradation of DPBF (1,3-diphenylbenzofuran). For in vitro studies, human mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) lineage was used to evaluate the toxicity and phototoxicity of hypericin and hypericinates, as well as their cell colocalization, mutagenic and genotoxic capacity, clonogenic capacity, time of cellular uptake and path of cell death identification. The results indicated that hypericinates have higher relative efficiency in the production of singlet oxygen than hypericin and lower rate of aggregation in biological medium. Furthermore, in in vitro assays, it was verified that the effectiveness of the photodynamic activity was higher for the hypericinates than hypericin, demonstrating that the molecular modifications in the hypericin macrocycle promotes changes in their interaction with cell line studied.

[pt] Terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) é um tratamento médico baseado na excitação ótica de um fármaco chamado fotossensibilizador. Quando os fotossensibilizadores são expostos a luz em comprimento de onda específico, eles podem produzir espécies reativas, como oxigênio singlete, capazes de matar células próximas ao local irradiado, tais como células cancerígenas. Nanomateriais híbridos formados de nanopartículas metálicas e componentes poliméricos são investigados por seu potencial em aplicações biomédicas devido à sua habilidade de simultaneamente permitir detecção para diagnóstico e terapia (teranóstico). Graças à multifuncionalidade assegurada pelas propriedades plasmônicas das nanopartículas metálicas e atividade terapêutica dos nanotransportadores de drogas, o encapsulamento de nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) envolvidas por polímeros biocompatíveis se tornaram um caminho fascinante para testar a terapia fotodinâmica, com a grande vantagem de prevenir efeitos de agregação em condições biológicas. Essa dissertação tem enfoque na estabilização e atividade fotodinâmica de um nanomaterial híbrido constituído de AuNPs sintetizadas em água por ablação a laser pulsado. O copolímero Pluronic F-127 foi utilizado como componente polimérico para estabilizar as nanopartículas. A produção de oxigênio singlete pelos fotossensibilizadores clorina e6 e azul de metileno foi estudada em ausência e em presença das AuNPs, utilizando 1,3-difenilisobenzofurano (DPBF) como sonda molecular. A reação específica de DPBF com oxigênio singlete modifica seu espectro de absorção na faixa visível, permitindo obter taxas de produção da espécie citotóxica. As amostras foram irradiadas com um LED emitindo em 650 nm e os espectros de absorção foram monitorados como função do tempo durante a irradiação. Foram obtidas taxas de fotodegradação dos fotossensibilizadores e rendimento quântico de produção de oxigênio singlete nos diferentes casos. / [en] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment based on the optical excitation of a drug, called photosensitizer. When photosensitizers are exposed to light of specific wavelength, they can produce reactive species, such as singlet oxygen, capable of killing cells close to the irradiated site, such as cancer cells. Hybrid nanomaterials, comprising metallic nanoparticles and polymeric components, are investigated for their potential in biomedical applications due to their ability to simultaneously allow detection for diagnosis and therapy (theranostic). Thanks to the multi functionality assured by the nanoparticle plasmonic properties and therapeutic activity of the drug nanotransporters, the encapsulation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) wrapped by biocompatible polymers has become an attractive way to test photodynamic therapy, with the great advantage of preventing effects of aggregation under biological conditions. This dissertation focuses on the stabilization and photodynamic activity of a hybrid nanomaterial composed of AuNPs synthesized in water by laser ablation. The copolymer Pluronic F-127 was used as a polymeric component to stabilize the nanoparticles. The production of singlet oxygen by the photosensitizers chlorin e6 and methylene blue was studied in the absence and presence of AuNPs using 1,3 diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as a molecular probe. The specific reaction of DPBF with singlet oxygen modifies its absorption spectrum in the visible range and allows to obtain rates of cytotoxic species production. Samples were irradiated with a LED emitting 650 nm radiation and the absorption spectra were monitored as a function of time during irradiation. Rates of photosensitizers degradation and quantum yields of singlet oxygen production were obtained in different cases.